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The integration of solarcellsinto construction materials, such roof tiles, isgaining traction. Nevertheless, solarcells' conversion efficiencyistemperature-dependent, and a high temperaturewouldlowerit. This study examines the functionality of mortar roof tilesthat have builtinsolarcells and safety glass. To control the temperature of the solar cells, phase modifying materials (P CM) are added to the first roof tiles at a concentration of 3% by weight.For solar roof tiles, the impact ofPhase change materials on the generation of solar-to-electrical power isassessed, and life cycle costanalysisiscarried out to determine the viabilityfrom an economicstandpoint.During six summerdays, the electricalenergy production of the solartileswith PCM appliedwas 4.1% higherthanthat of the tileswithout the component modification material. In contrast, during six winterdays, the improvementisbetween 2.2 and 4.3%. With the cost of the inverterincluded, the solar roof tileswith Phase change materials have an economicalpaybackperiod of 5.7 years. The application of Phase change materialsraises the initial cost of roof tiles by 1.2% ;nevertheless, the paybackperiodispredicted to bethreemonths shorter thanthat of the equivalentwithout PCM, given an overallimprovement in energy production of 4.1%.Whilemany countries are takingsteps to reducetheiremissions, the IEA’slatest report on global and carbonemissionsshowed an increase of 1.7 percent in emissionsyear-onyear2018 to 33.1 billion tons (IEA, 2019). Australia's 2018 increase in carbondioxideequivalentemissions of 0.7% raisesseriousconcerns about the countrysability to meetitsemissionreductioncommitmentunder the Paris Agreement (Cox, 2019).

Today, the industrial world is experiencing intense competition with challenges related to environmental issues, and the domestic paper industry is no exception. This study is a follow-up of the research conducted by Palupi et al. (2015) at Company X which, through an LCA study, found an acute water ecotoxicity value of 7.16 kPt, a chronic water ecotoxicity value of 6.5 kPt, and a soil human toxicity value of 2.69 kPt. However, that study did not come with a SWOT matrix. Therefore, using a desk study,the present study aimed to map a SWOT matrix. A desk study based on SWOT analysis from 12 international journals and two national journals sourced from Elsevier, IWA Publishing, MDPI Publisher, Taylor & Francis, and Garuda was used to determine the SWOT matrix. Desk studies have the objective of comprehensively evaluating published journal articles, books, and other sources on given problem domains.Based on the results of the study, some recommendations for actions on the internal and external factors of the company are offered, consiting of steps for the company to mitigate identified weaknesses and threats.This study found that most of the pulp and paper industry engaged in internal strengths and external opportunities and faced numerous internal weaknesses and external threats. Currently, Company X occupied the first quadrant (Growth), indicating that the company was in a highly profitable condition. The company was enjoying many strengths and opportunities. Therefore, it is critical for the company to use its strengths to capture opportunities to minimize its emissions to the environment and to implement LCA in the company.

Paper-based microfluidics offers a simple, cost-effective, and versatile platform for fluid manipulation and analysis. Despite significant advancements in paper fluidics, the flow control in paper channel remains a challenging task. In this regard, we have developed a flow delay channel in paper using rectangular tape patterns on the paper surface. We have investigated the effect of hydrophobic tape barriers with varying widths. The designing and cutting of the hydrophobic tape and paper channel was performed by CO2 laser machine using CorelDraw software. Once cut, the tape barriers were attached to the paper surface and then passed through the roller press machine for proper adhesion of tape pattern onto the paper’s surface. From experiments, we observed that by increasing the width of tape, the delay also increased. The hydrophobic tape on the paper surface caused resistance to the flowing fluid. Due to this surface resistance, flow velocity reduced, and the time delay increased. We believe that our novel approach will provide an alternative method of flow control for paper-based microfluidic devices and can be utilized in various food quality sensors and lateral flow devices.

This paper discusses the potential of paper-based microfluidic devices for affordable diagnostics, and the importance of flow control. We have explored the variation of the width of paper, effect of 2D flow, and altering the surface wettability of paper to increase the resistance to fluid flow by physicochemical barriers. We used Whatman filter paper No. 40 and No. 1, mustard oil, and oleic acid, to examine the fluid flow due to capillary forces. Moreover, the effect of increase in thickness of the storage reservoir to decrease flow rate in the paper was also investigated. The experiments provide valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow in porous media, and the findings have important applications in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

Contamination of recycled paper and board food packaging by mineral oil hydrocarbons caused several crises in the past years. Although the migration from paper and board to foodstuffs has been proved many times, the contamination mechanisms and causalities remain undetermined and face unresolved issues. This study takes part in the collaborative project FoodSafeBioPack, which aims at evaluating the migration of potentially carcinogenic polyaromatic molecules from recycled paper and board packaging to food. New chemical imaging methods are used to follow this contamination at the microscopic scale (fibers and fibrous network). The first images acquired of polyaromatic molecules distribution on fibers were used to develop a methodology that will help to follow their migration. The influence of using different solvents and molecules on the initial chemical potential is discussed. The description of the paper structure and initial conditions of transfer will support the development of a microscopic mass transfer model.

Madagascar undergoes, like all countries in the world, the effects of climate change. in fact, since the last 5 years, in the coastal regions and the basins, the temperature has raised from 2 to 2.5 ° and varies between 34 to 36 ° in the shadow during the rainy season and on the high hills, the temperature diminishes from 2 to 2.5 ° during the dry period and varies from 4 ° to 8 °. However, the structure of lodging of 60% of the people are not adapted to this temperature change. Particularly, in the coastal regions, the walls of the houses are made of sheet iron. The inside of these houses is very hot when the weather is hot and very cold when it is cold. The inhabitants can’t afford the houses made in bricks or breeze block and the natural sources of aggregates are in the process of exhaustion. In the other part, we have seen that tons of paper are ready to be burned at the administrative services (public treasury, public financing, universities, ...) and the newspaper publishers. So, it becomes a must to find another way to the construction materials, justifying in that case our research axis. This study aims at the developing of construction material based on recycled paper, binder and aggregate. It deals of picking up or gathering all waste of papers and outdates newspapers and transforming them into brick for building constructions. What’s more, papers have prominent thermal insulating properties. Our work is focused on the study of variants on the different manufacturing processes, the choice of binder, the preparation of the specimens with different binders and different dosages, the mechanical compression tests for different binders, the evaluation of thermal conductivity for different binders and the numerical simulation of the thermo mechanical behavior of samples. The result is a lightweight brick with good thermal insulation. Tests have also made it possible to declare that the material has acceptable mechanical properties : the compressive strength is 1.56 [N/mm2], higher than the value prescribed by the standard for lightweight concrete blocks for construction of 1.1 [N/mm2], the value of thermal conductivity is 0.114 [W/mK], ten times less conductive heat than concrete and it can replace glass wool for a double its thickness. The specific weight is 57.5 [kg/m2].The practical results were confirmed by finite element simulations.

Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV) are gradually becoming more popular in urban cities and buildings as it is able to effectively maintain the indoor air quality while also using minimal amounts of energy. The key component in the HRV is the Paper Heat Exchanger, which allows the heat exchange of indoor and outdoor air through a crossflow, while also filtering out stale air and dust particles. This article investigates the effect of manipulating the supply and exhaust air velocity on the enthalpy and temperature exchange efficiency of a paper heat exchanger. Data is obtained from experimental results, where the experiments are conducted in a test lab using heat recovery ventilators (HRV) installed with paper heat exchangers. Two paper heat exchangers from different suppliers were tested inside a HRV installed in an air conditioned room. The HRV fan speed was varied at a fixed interval of 0.5 m/s, and the air velocity was measured by using a wind speed meter. At the same time, a USB data logger was used to collect relative humidity and temperature of the air at the supply inlet, indoor air inlet, and return air outlet to determine temperature exchange efficiency and the enthalpy of air. The results of the testing shows that the HRV was able to achieve a temperature exchange efficiency of 47 to 63% and enthalpy exchange efficiency of 63 to 94% for PHEX-A, and a temperature exchange efficiency of 28 to 48% and enthalpy exchange efficiency of 57 to 85% for PHEX-B. The data shows that PHEX-A has higher efficiency than PHEX-B.

Heat Recovery Ventilator (VHR) is widely used nowadays as it is capable to maintain high Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) while minimizing the energy loss of indoor air through air-to-air heat exchanger principle. The main component that enables VHR to perform air-to-air heat exchange is known as Paper Heat Exchanger (PP-HEX). Hence, the objective of this research is to study and analyse the performance of a PP-HEX under different return and outdoor air temperatures as well as their effect on both enthalpy and temperature exchange efficiency. Moreover, some numerical models of VHR have been developed to optimize some complex cases and the numerical models are meant to reduce the physical experiments to analyze or improve complex cases in the future. To the best of the authors knowledge, there is no experimental data available from any sources to validate the numerical models. To address this issue, two different supplies of PP-HEX are tested with an actual VHR, and both PP-HEXs will be referred to as PP-HEX-A and PP-HEX-B due to confidentiality. Furthermore, the testing is conducted in a temperature-controlled testing laboratory and the testing conditions are set according to the ISO standard. The preliminary testing results show that the temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency of the PP-HEXs have the same trends while the outdoor air temperature is fixed and varying the temperature of indoor air. In contrary, the temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency of the PP-HEXs have the same trends while the indoor air temperature is fixed and varying the temperature of outdoor air as well. With the default voltage supplies (240V) to VHR and the setup conditions (according to the ISO Standard) of return air to be 27°C and outdoor air to be 35°C, the testing results show that PP-HEX-A has a temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency with a range of (37.97 – 40.28) % and (30.77 – 57.81) % respectively. While PP-HEX-B has a temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency with a range of (35.29 – 42.5) % and (39.6 – 55.93) % respectively.

This article reports the use of wastepaper pulp as a direct source of cellulose for producing superabsorbent polymer. The white papers obtained from the offices in Adamson University were cut into 1 inch square pieces and drenched with distilled water and borax. This procedure was done couple of times to achieve a pH of 8 and consistency of 1%-2%. Commercial cotton was used as control to compare and differentiate the properties and structures with the superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Various trials have shown the value of 60 acrylamide beads to produce SAP with optimum performance. FTIR analysis shows properties that are characteristics of cellulose-based SAP. In the present investigation, the influence of temperature, effect in varying salt concentrations, swelling rate and water retention at constant temperature were evaluated. The SAP’s maximum swelling capacity ranges from 0.6561 g to 1.0638 g regardless of the amount of NaCl used. The swelling rate of the SAP proves that it gets heavier with time. Hence, it can be implied that the ability of the SAP to retain water is good. The temperature dependence data revealed the sorption process was favorable at higher temperature. The SAP will absorb the highest amount of solution at 500C given that the solution is pure.

In this paper, the overall overview of concept of preservation regardless if it is preservation of physical records/archives or digital records/archives is discussed. The concept of the preservation discussed includes preventive preservation, restorative preservation, and content preservation. Then the concept of digital preservation. Furthermore, this paper highlighted the strategies and methods used in implementing the preservation of digital records/archives. The issues those are involved in the digital preservation implementation are also discussed.

Environmental and open public health aspects have an important and increasing role, especially in the exploration of natural fibers from recycle materials. The aim of this study is to synthesis cellulose from office waste paper and use it as a reinforcement filler to develop biocomposites. Epoxy reinforced kenaf fiber and cellulose composite were prepared in this study using polymer casting technique consisting of grinded kenaf fibre (natural fibre) 5% and epoxy 95% as reinforcement element. Cellulose was synthesized from recycled office papers and used as a filler to prepare cellulose/kenaf reinforced epoxy composite. Effect of cellulose to the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Samples were fabricated by weight percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of cellulose content. For mechanical properties impact test, Rockwell harness and tensile testings were conducted.

The design engineering is one of essential work in modern manufacturing environment. The optimization is principal technique to be used widely for searching the solution. However, primary process of optimization is to know the relation between design input parameters and target output. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach as an intelligent algorithm is proposed to construct the relation and also provides it in form of mathematic modeling. Even though the ANN modeling is so call a backblock due to difficulty to understand complicated equations, it is simply constructed by automate iteration process. A case of paper helicopter is used as an example of the application. The classical 2k Factorial design is used to provide an experiment plan to create training and testing data. 93 experiments are carried out. The architecture of ANN is set according to lowest Mean square error (MSE) of training and testing procedure. The result of 5-10-1 architecture has shown ability to accurately predict output, landing time, with MSE of 0.012. With such a highly quantitative accuracy of results, the developed model using the neural network approach can be used for finding the suitable input parameters to achieve a desired target output. In this case, the design of dimension (A) Depth of cut wing is 1.3 cm., (B) Length of wing is 12.9 cm., (C) Length of body is 9.0, (D) Width of body is 2.0 cm., and (E) Depth of cut body is 0 cm. yield the lowest area of a paper helicopter that can meet the target landing time, 2.85 + 5% second.

Flame spread over combustible solid must be precisely identify in fire hazard and this is the basic problem in fire safety engineering field. To explore the flame spread mechanism over combustible solid, the downward flame spread behaviour over paper and bagasse has been investigated in this experiment. It found that the combustion pattern for paper was slightly different from the bagasse on the front view and this was analysed through the observation. The result also showed that the flame spread rate for paper is higher compared to the flame spread rate for bagasse. It seem that, although bagasse is the combustible solid the rate of flame spread is lower and the usage of bagasse can help to control the flame spread.

This article introduces the use of PCI software production day draw satellite is projective like production process, analyzes the key technologies in the production, summarizes the Suggestions to improve the quality of results, strengthen quality control method is proposed, for the day draw satellite orthogonal projection as mass production work has carried on the beneficial exploration.

The article deals with the issues and methods of teaching translation and interpretation of scientific and technical papers to engineering students from a linguistic point of view. The authors describe the concept and special features of technical translation as a professional activity compared to different kinds of translation. The paper analyzes stylistic, lexical and phraseological, and grammatical peculiarities of scientific and technical papers. Moreover, the authors suggest the main techniques of translating scientific and technical papers such as direct and indirect translation methods.

This paper presents a review of literature relating to Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) in Gas District Cooling plant. The gas district cooling plant uses either vapour compression process or absorption process for the chilled water generation. Both processes have impacts on the economic aspects as well as the contribution to CO2 emissions; thus, integration of the cost and environmental analysis of both processes are necessary. An extensive body of literature exists on both subjects, however, there is very limited number of available literature on the integration of LCC and LCA. The purpose of this review is to find the most suitable optimization model which can integrate the LCC and LCA to provide the best decision in choosing the most cost-effective and environment-friendly system. This review assesses the literature from thirty-four journals, research papers, and case reports from the year 1995 to 2017. The result of this review shows that the goal programming methodology is the appropriate method for integrating LCC and LCA because it provides the optimal decision in choosing the most cost-effective, environment-friendly system for the chilled water generation.

Bubble flow reactors (BFR) are commonly used for various industrial processes in the field of oil and gas production, pharmaceutical industries, biochemical and environmental engineering etc. The operation and performance of these reactors rely heavily on a range of hydrodynamic parameters; prominent among them are geometric configurations including gas injection geometry, operating conditions, mass transfer etc. A huge body of literature is available to describe the optimum design and performance of bubbly flow reactors with conventional bubble injection. Attempts were made to modify gas injection for improved efficiency of BFR’s. However, here instead of modifying the geometry of the gas injection, an attempt has been made to generate swirl bubbles for gaining larger mass transfer between gas and liquid. Here an exceptionally well thought strategies have been used in our numerical simulations towards the design of swirl injection mechanism, whose paramount aspect is to inhibit the rotary liquid motion but facilitates the swirl movement for bubbles in nearly stationary liquid. Our comprehension here is that the swirl motion can strongly affect the performance of bubbly reactor by identifying the changes in hydrodynamic parameters as compared to the conventional bubbly flows. In order to achieve this bubbly flow, an experimental setup has been designed as well as computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code was used with to highlight a provision of swirl bubble injection by rotating the sparger plate.

The flame-retarded paper-based polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallcoverings were successfully prepared, using plant fiber paper as base material and adding inorganic flame retardants and flame-retarded plasticizer as additives. Flame retardancy, thermostability, smoke suppression and mechanical properties were tested regarding to the prepared wallcoverings. The results showed that 2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O could improve flame retardancy and thermostability of paper-based PVC wallcoverings; plasticizer tricresyl phosphate increased flame retardancy of the prepared materials auxiliarily. Also, flame-retarded paper-based PVC wallcoverings with higher flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical property was prepared using plant fiber paper with fix quantity of 90 g/m3 as base material, using 2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O as inorganic flame retardant, and using tricresyl phosphate as plasticizer. For the flame-retarded paper-based PVC wallcoverings in this study, the limit oxygen index (LOI) reaches 32.3, maximal smoke density is 16.91 %, and the horizontal and longitudinal wet tensile strength reaches 1.38 kN·m−1 and 1.51 kN·m−1 respectively. Meanwhile, its flame retardancy meets the requirements about flame retardancy for material Class B1 listed in Chinese National Standards GB 8624-2012, Classification for burning behavior of building materials and products. This research creates an effective path to prepare paper-based PVC wallcoverings with high flame retardancy.

Recently, the best method to make the concrete industry more sustainable was using the waste materials to replace the natural resources. Currently waste paper sludge is a major economic and environmental problem in this country. In this research, the alternative method is to dwindle the usage of natural resources and the usage of cement in the construction. This method is to replace the usage of cement with the waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) and to use the recycle aggregate collected from the construction is used. The WPSA has ingredient likely cement such as self-cementation but for a low strength. The research was conducted at heavy laboratory UITM Pulau Pinang. Meanwhile, the WPSA is collected at MNI Industries at Mentakab, Pahang. The recycle aggregate is a separated half, which were fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate with the specific size. In this research, the ratio is divided into two (2) which is 1:1 and 1:2 for the aggregate and difference percentage levels of WPSA. The percentage levels of WPSA that use in this research are 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. A total of 36 cubes were prepared. Aim of this research is to develop a simple design approach for the mixture proportioning of WPSA and recycle concrete aggregate (RCA) within the concrete and to assess the effect of concrete mix with different percentage of WPSA and RCA ratio on the properties. It is found that the best design mix that achieves control low strength material (CLSM) is on 30% of WPSA with the ratio 1:2 on day 28 of compression test.

In recent years, there has been tremendous growth of interest in the utilization of non-wood based material to support the insufficient raw materials availability for the pulp and paper industry. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of 120 gsm linerboard and corrugated medium paper made from unbeaten durian rinds chemi-mechanical (CMP) pulp. The linerboard and corrugated medium paper were prepared and tested according to Malaysian Standards / International Organization for Standardization (MS ISO) and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standard methods. Based on the burst index (2.03 kPa.m2/g), RCT (1.97 N.m2/g) and CMT (129N), the linerboard and corrugated medium from CMP durian rind pulp have shown a good potential as an alternative raw material for papermaking and comparable with other types of wood and non-wood based papers as well as current commercial papers.