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Objective: The study retrospectively evaluated the effects of quetiapine on sleep in primary insomnia and neurodegenerative diseases using polysomnographic data. Materials and Methods: Between January 1, 2010, and June 1, 2023, the records of 49 patients who were followed up in the sleep outpatient clinic of the neurology department of our hospital and who underwent polysomnography examination were retrospectively reviewed. Patients aged between 18 and 65 years with primary insomnia and neurodegenerative diseases were included in the study. Results: The mean age of 49 patients (26 females and 23 males) were 56.67 years. The mean quetiapine dose was 59.37. Sleep latency, stage 1 (N1) duration, stage 2 (N2) duration, mean and minimum SO2 and apnea-hypopnea index were similar. Total sleep duration, stage 3 (N3) duration and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration were higher in neurodegenerative patients. N3 duration was shorter in patients with primary insomnia on quetiapine. Sleep duration and REM duration were longer in the neurodegenerative group and sleep latency was longer in primary insomnia in quetiapine users. Among quetiapine users, the N2 sleep percentage was higher and the nonREM 3 sleep percentage was lower in primary insomnia, whereas there was no difference in sleep percentages in neurodegenerative patients. Conclusion: Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent. It shortens sleep latency and decreases the percentage of REM sleep and wake time. It increases total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and N2 sleep. In this study, in primary insomnia patients using quetiapine, N3 sleep duration was shorter and sleep percentage was lower, whereas N2 sleep percentage was longer. There has been no placebo-controlled study of any antipsychotic drug for treating insomnia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), is an important cause of morbidity. It is frequently evaluated using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) in clinical practice. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between EDS and polysomnographic respiratory parameters in OSAS patients. Materials and Methods: The records of 274 adult patients who applied to our sleep and disorders unit between 2014 and 2016 and were polysomnographically diagnosed with OSAS were retrospectively reviewed. EDS was evaluated subjectively with ESS; OSAS patients were divided into two groups: those with EDS (ESS total score >10) and those without (ESS total score ≤10). Clinical and polysomnographic data were then compared between the study groups. Results: While there was no significant difference in terms of age, gender, and mean apnea durations (p>0.05) between the two groups with and without EDS, body mass index (BMI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), mean O2 desaturation was higher and minimum O2 saturation was lower (p<0.05) in the group with EDS. While there was no significant correlation between the ESS total score and age and mean apnea duration, there was a weak positive correlation between the ESS total score and BMI, AHI, mean O2 desaturation, hourly desaturation duration percentage, and desaturation depth; a very weak and negative significant correlation was found with minimum O2 saturation. Conclusion: EDS observed in OSAS is weakly related to standard polysomnographic respiratory parameters and composite respiratory indices, and it should be evaluated with other indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress caused by intermittent hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the relationship between carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy and to investigate whether there is a difference between trimesters in terms of sleep quality and CTS symptoms. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted between August 2021 and June 2022 at gynecology and obstetrics polyclinic. The sample of the study consisted of voluntary pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45 years. Demographic data of pregnant women were evaluated with personal information form, sleep quality with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), CTS symptoms with Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire (BCTQ), and grip strength with hand dynamometer. Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests were used in the analyses. Results: The mean age of 219 pregnant women included in our study was 29.00±4.50 years, and the mean gestational age was 22.70±11.18 weeks. According to PSQI, 80.5% (n=177) of the pregnant women had poor sleep quality (≥5 points). When the trimesters were compared in terms of the evaluated parameters, a significant difference was found between the 1st and 2nd trimesters and the 2nd and 3rd trimesters among the subjective sleep quality sub-dimensions of PSQI (p=0.002). A positive correlation was found between BCTQ-Symptom and PSQI subjective sleep quality and PSQI daytime dysfunction, and a negative relationship was found between dominant handgrip strength (p<0.05). In addition, a positive correlation was found between the BCTQ-Function score and PSQI subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, and total scores, and a negative relationship was found between dominant hand grip strength (p<0.001). Conclusion: The sleep quality of pregnant women is low, and the presence of CTS has been confirmed as one of the reasons that reduce sleep quality. CTS symptoms during pregnancy negatively affect the sleep quality of pregnant women in the 1st and 3rd trimesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between school children's sleep problems and their nutrition habits and anthropometric measurements. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 484 children aged 7-14 years attending three primary schools and three secondary schools in the city center of Muğla province. Data were collected using the child data form and the child sleeping habit questionnaire. The obtained results were analyzed using Student's t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: It was determined that 72.9% of the children participating in this study had sleep problems, among which 83% of the underweight and normal weight children and 17% of the overweight and obese children had sleep problems. It was determined that children who ate or drank drinks in the last two hours before going to sleep had more sleep problems (p<0.05). There was a low level of positive and significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and sleep duration and parasomnia, waist circumference and sleep duration, and neck circumference and sleep duration and parasomnia. Conclusion: In this study, no difference was found between the sleep problems of children who consumed healthy or unhealthy food, whereas those who ate close to sleep or consumed liquid had more sleep problems. While children's BMI, waist circumference and neck circumference increased, their sleep duration also increased. More parasomnia was observed in children with higher BMI and neck circumference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study determined the sleep hygiene level of senior undergraduate nursing students and to improve their sleep hygiene knowledge with an intervention program. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 60 fourth-year nursing students who participated in the pre-test and posttest application of the research between January 9 and February 13 2023. Sleep hygiene education created by the researchers was applied to the control group with a traditional PowerPoint lecture and to the intervention group with a social media-supported message. Data were collected using the "student information form" developed by the researchers, the "Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)", and the "sleep hygiene index (SHI)". Percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test were used in the evaluation of the data, and t-test in dependent groups was used in the evaluation of the dependent variables. Results: At the end of the pre-test and post-test of the study, an intergroup difference was found between the sleep hygiene of the students (p<0.05). In the in-group evaluations, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in the SHI post-test scores of the experimental group compared with the pre-test scores (t=3.35, p=0.002). In intragroup evaluations; there was a significant decrease in the PSQI scores of the experimental group (z=-3.152, p=0.002). Conclusion: The study found that both the sleep hygiene and sleep quality of the students were poor. The interventions used were found to be effective in improving sleep hygiene and quality. This research has shown that sleep hygiene, which is often overlooked, can be improved with the right interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Non-specific neck pain is pain in the lateral and posterior of the neck that is not caused by any specific reason. The preferred sleeping position in individuals with neck pain may affect pain severity, disability, upper extremity function, and sleep quality. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of sleep positions on the parameters of young individuals with nonspecific neck pain. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 91 (12 male, 79 female) university students aged 18-30 years with non-specific neck pain. Sleep positions were determined using sleep position images. Pain was assessed with the "Numerical Rating Scal", neck disability with the "Bournemouth Neck Questionnaire", upper extremity functionality with the "Upper Extremity Functional Index" and sleep quality with the "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index". Results: 60.4% of those who experienced neck pain also reported that they also experienced shoulder pain. With the sleeping position, there was no statistically significant relationship between neck pain severity, shoulder pain severity, neck disability, upper extremity function, and sleep quality (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the sleep position preferred by young individuals with non-specific neck pain did not have a significant effect on pain severity, neck disability, upper extremity function, and sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Autonomic dysfunction and inflammation are thought to play an important role in this increase. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis provides noninvasive detection of autonomic dysfunction. The number and distribution of blood cells are also considered important markers of inflammation. In this study, HRV and hemogram parameters were examined in patients with OSAS, and the relationship between them was investigated. Materials and Methods: The data of all patients who had overnight polysomnography (PSG) recording and hemogram parameters between 2019 and 2021 were reviewed. HRV analysis was performed on all patients included in the study. Along with demographic and clinical characteristics, the relationship between PSG parameters, HRV, and hemogram parameters was statistically analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15/hr and AHI<15/hr, and the parameters were compared. Results: A total of 321 patients (210 men, 111 women) were included in this study. The mean age was 54.8±16.1 years. The white blood cells count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit level, and neutrophil count, which are considered as indicators of inflammation, were significantly higher in the AHI ≥15/hr group (p=0.015; p=0.040; p=0.019 and p=0.012, respectively). Among the HRV parameters, the median low-frequency component power / high-frequency component power (LF/HF) ratio was 3.1 in patients with AHI>15/hr, while it was 2.1 in the AHI<15/hr group and was significantly higher in the moderate-severe OSAS group (p=0.012). A significant correlation was found between the LF/HF ratio and neutrophil count, leukocyte count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (r=0.201; p=0.005 and r=0.165; p=0.020 and r=0.189; p=0.008). Conclusion: In this study, the presence of increased inflammation and deterioration in sympathovagal balance in patients with OSAS has been demonstrated once again. The correlation of autonomic dysfunction with increased inflammation has been noted for the first time, suggesting that inflammation may play a primary role in sympathetic dysfunction, which is an important complication of OSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pregnancy causes changes in the duration and quality of sleep. Insomnia, insufficient sleep time, and symptoms associated with restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) are frequently described during pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the deterioration in sleep quality during pregnancy according to trimesters and to examine the effect of RLS/WEH and its correlation with clinical and biochemical markers. Materials and Methods: Hundred pregnant women were included in the study prospectively and consecutively. Pregnant women were evaluated to determine their clinical characteristics, including demographic data, habits, and medical backgrounds by using a questionnaire. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), disease duration, severity, triggering factors, and family history for RLS/WEH were recorded. Complete blood count, fasting blood glucose, kidney function tests, ferritin, iron and iron binding capacity were also analyzed. Results: The mean age was 28.8±6.0 years. PSQI values were significantly higher in the third trimester (p=0.044), and ESS values were similar between trimesters (p=0.524). RLS/WEH was detected in 34% of the pregnant women; there was no difference between trimesters (p=0.188). The PSQI score was significantly higher in RLS/WEH patients (p=0.013). There was no significant difference in clinical and biochemical parameters between pregnant women with and without subjective poor sleep quality at night (PSQI >5 points). Conclusion: It is shown that night sleep quality is deteriorated in pregnant women, especially in the last trimester. The fact that the frequency of RLS/WEH is not different in pregnant women with poor sleep quality suggests the existence of other factors underlying poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Physical activity and sleep are critical for the healthy growth and development of children. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between physical activity status and sleep problems of primary education students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th graders attending a primary education school in the east of Turkey and their parents (n=500). "Descriptive Information Form", "Physical Activity Efficacy Scale" and "Sleep Disturbance Scale For Children" were used in the study. The data were evaluated with arithmetic mean, percentage, standard deviation, independent groups t-test, and Pearson correlation test. Results: It was found that 73% of the students included in the study were in the 12-13 age group and average night-time sleep duration was found to be 8.37±1.27 hours. No correlations were found between students' age, gender, and family type and their Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children scores (p>0.05). A correlation was found between students' gender and their physical activity efficacy scale "in transportation" dimension scores and total mean scores (p<0.05). No correlation was found between the sleep disturbance scale for children and the Physical Activity Efficacy Scale (p>0.05). Conclusion: It is thought that primary education students did not experience sleep problems due to their high physical activity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the sleep and habits of adolescents. Materials and Methods: The data required for the research were collected between December 25, 2021 and February 10, 2022. The study group of the research consisted of adolescents aged 12-18 years. In the collection of research data, online survey method, socio-demographic data collection form, Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire were used from 350 adolescents between the ages of 12-18 who had parental consent, participated voluntarily, and were selected by the convenience sampling method, one of the improbable sampling methods. SPSS 26.0 data analysis program was used in the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study, and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the analysis of sleep habits of children according to gender, age and educational status. Results: In the evaluation of sleep and sleep habits of adolescents, 56.3% were boys and 43.7% were girls. When analyzed according to education groups, 23.7% are university students, 42.9% are high school students and 33.4% are secondary school students. The difference between the averages of sleep hours "child sleep habits" rankings according to their socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender and educational status) was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the sleep time variable, the difference between the mean scores of the "bedtime resistance", "delay in falling asleep", "sleep time", "sleep anxiety", "night awakenings", "parasomnias" and "sleep respiratory deterioration" dimensions were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors and sleep habits have an important place in the evaluation of sleep and sleep habits of adolescents. To evaluate the sleep and sleep habits of adolescents, it is recommended to conduct research on the biological, psychological and social aspects of the factors affecting their sleep habits in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study determined whether children have sleep disorders during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic restriction process, and if they do, to determine in which areas they have problems with sleep, as well as to examine the relationship of sleep disorder with chronotype and coronavirus anxiety. Materials and Methods: In April-November 2020, 98 patients attending Kocaeli University Child Psychiatry clinics and attending primary school 1-4th grade were recruited. "Sociodemographic Form", "Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire", and "Children's Chronotype Questionnaire" were applied to the parents. The short form of the "Coronavirus Anxiety Scale" and the information form about the pandemic process were applied to the children. Results: According to the sleep habits questionnaire, 70.4% of the group had clinically significant sleep problems. The most common sleep disorders observed in our study; are bedtime resistance, delayed falling asleep, and nighttime awakenings. A significant relationship was found between physical illness in the family (p=0.019), smoking (p=0.032), sleep pattern change during the pandemic (p=0.002), sleep change of the mother (p=0.006) and/or father (p=0.035), change in appetite (p=0.010), and sleep disorder. According to the chronotype scale, 66 children were morning and children's anxiety toward coronavirus was low. Conclusion: Our study shows that sleep disturbance in children is marked during the pandemic period, but this is due to changes in sleep patterns and parents' sleep rather than problems related to anxiety or chronotype associated with the pandemic. It will be useful to question these factors and make arrangements in this direction when evaluating the sleep-related problems of patients who apply to outpatient clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the digital game addiction and sleep quality in adolescents and examine the relationship between them. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 312 students from three high schools located in a district center in the Eastern Black Sea Region, who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using the descriptive information form, the digital game addiction scale, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Results: The mean age of the participants was 15.99±0.85 years. Of the participants, 78.5% played digital games on computers, mobile phones, tablets, or game rooms. The mean score of the participants on the digital game addiction scale was 12.46±5.57; 16.3% were game addicts. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index mean score was 4.72±2.53, with a score range of 0-13; 34.9% had poor sleep quality. Conclusion: In conclusion, a positive, low-level, statistically significant relationship was found between the digital game addiction scale and Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores (r=0.157, p=0.001). As the digital game addiction scores increase in adolescents, their sleep quality scores also increase. Game addiction and sleep-related problems in adolescents can negatively affect their physical and psychological health and academic success. Adequate supervision and protective measures are required to reduce the problems faced by adolescents when using digital technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nowadays, the use of computers has become widespread with technological developments, especially among children. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of children's computer game addiction on their chronotype sleep states. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in 109 parents and children between January 1, 2020 and May 31, 2020, using the "child information form", "computer game addiction scale for children", and "children's chronotype questionnaire". Data were evaluated in a computer environment using percentage distribution, mean, t-test, and correlation. Results: Of children included in the study, 50.5% were females and the average age was 9.20±1.45 years. Additionally, 94.4% were in the risk group for computer game addiction; 2.8% had morning, 8.3% had intermediate, and 89% had evening type chronotype. There was a significant difference between mothers' working status and imagining the computer game and associating it with real-life subscale scores of the computer game scale, as well as between children spending time on the computer/tablet and skipping tasks due to computer game subscale scores of the computer game scale (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found between total sleep scores of children and some sub-dimensions and total scores of computer game addiction. Conclusion: Our study determined that most children had the evening type chronotype and they were in the risk group for computer game addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Parasomnias are sleep disorders that are characterised by abnormal or unwanted movements, behaviours, emotions, perceptions, dreams and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the presence of childhood traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms in patients with parasomnia. Materials and Methods: This study included 38 patients with parasomnias and 40 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), who were diagnosed according to International sleep disorders classification 3 in the sleep outpatient clinics of İstanbul Provincial Health Directorate İstanbul 2nd Division Public Hospitals Association Sleep Disorders Diagnosis and Treatment Centers, between March 2018 and July 2018. All participants were evaluated with the childhood trauma scale, dissociative experience scale (DES), Beck depression scale and Beck anxiety scale. Mediator analyses were applied to process data. Results: A significant difference was found between the parasomnia and OSAS groups in terms of the cut-off scores of the childhood trauma questionnaire (childhood trauma questionnaire; p=0.004) and depressive symptoms (p=0.005). No significant differences were found in terms of DES scores (p=0.456) and anxiety symptoms (p=0.934). A significant difference was noted in the scores of the sexual abuse (p=0.038) and emotional abuse (p=0.001) subscales of childhood trauma questionnaire. No significant difference was found in other subscales. Conclusion: The finding that childhood trauma is higher in patients in the parasomnia group than in those in the control group emphasises the importance of cooperation with psychiatrists in order to diagnose and treat these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to improve healthy sleep habits among children aged 5-6 years through nursing interventions. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design including a control group. The study was conducted in two preschool education institutions that were affiliated with the Ministry of National Health in Zonguldak city between February and May during the 2018-2019 academic year. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire form, health education scale for preschool children and healthy sleep habit development program for 5-6-year-old children. Results: Findings in the intervention group were as follows: mean sleep duration, 10.5±0.82 h; mean daytime sleep duration, 2.00±0.85 h; mean sleeping hours on weekdays, 21.28±0.75 h; mean sleeping hours on weekends, 22.20±0.75 h; number of nocturnal, 0.92±1.12. Findings in the control group were as follows: mean sleep duration, 9.84±0.73 h; mean daytime sleep duration, 2.02±0.44 h; mean sleeping hours on weekdays, 21.59±0.74 h; mean sleeping hours on weekends, 22.25±0.86 h; number of nocturnal awakenings, 1.25±0.55. A significant difference was found between pre-education and post-education scale scores in the intervention group (p=0.002), but no significant difference was found in the control group. Conclusion: Nursing interventions using a healthy sleep habit development program might be effective in developing healthy sleep habits among children aged 5-6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare the clinical and polysomnographic features of rapid eye movement sleep-dependent obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (REM-OSAS) and positional OSAS (pos-OSAS). Materials and Methods: This study included all patients diagnosed with REM-OSAS and pos-OSAS who were examined at our sleep and disorders unit between January 2019 and November 2020. All patients underwent a full-night polysomnographic examination. Results: A total of 300 patients with OSAS were included in the study, of which 60 (20%) were diagnosed with REM-OSAS and 75 (25%) with pos-OSAS. REM-OSAS had a female predominance, whereas pos-OSAS demonstrated a male predominance (p<0.001). Body mass index was significantly higher in patients with REM-OSAS than in those with pos-OSAS (p=0.003). OSAS severity was found to be higher in patients with pos-OSAS than in those with REM-OSAS (apnoea-hypopnea index: 23/hour, p<0.001). The supine and REM sleep pulse rates were significantly higher and the minimum oxygen saturation level was significantly lower in patients with REM-OSAS than in those with pos-OSAS (p<0.001, p=0.010). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that OSAS severity was higher in patients with pos-OSAS than in those with REM-OSAS. Body position plays a more significant role than sleep stage on OSAS severity. REM-OSAS was more common in female patients, whereas pos-OSAS had a male predominance. Patients diagnosed with REM-OSAS had a significant tendency to be overweight. Oxygen saturation was lower in patients with REM-OSAS than in those with pos-OSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sleep safety is an important strategy to reduce sleep-related infant mortality in infants aged 0-12 months. Nurses, who have a role in the education of families, should raise their awareness and practise providing sleep safety recommendations during student years. This study aimed to determine the effect of sleep safety education given to nursing interns on their knowledge level. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled trial included students attending at the nursing department of a university and enrolled in the intern practice course. Students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received training on sleep safety in infants, whereas the control group was not trained. Data were collected using the introductory characteristics form and sleep safety information form on infants. Results: Most of the students in both groups did not receive training on sleep safety. Although the majority of the students cared for infants during clinical and field practice courses, very few students imparted sleep safety training to parents. No statistically significant difference was found between the knowledge scores of both groups before training (p<0.05). After sleep safety training, a statistically significant difference was found between the knowledge scores of the students in the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: It was found that students did not have adequate knowledge about sleep safety in infants. Sleep safety training increased the knowledge level of students in the experimental group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Central or mixed apneas may accompany obstructive apneas in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS). There is scant evidence about the potential impact of mixed apneas on the therapy modalities. Here, apneas/hypopnoeas' central and/or mixed effects on the positive airway pressure (PAP) modes chosen to be effective in patients with OSAS were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent a whole night polysomnography within last 2 years in our Sleep and Disorders Unit were consecutively examined. The patients included were those diagnosed with OSAS associated with central and/or mixed apneas. To determine the effective PAP modes, a second night polysomnography for titration was performed in these patients. Results: A total of 70 patients were included in the study, wherein 55 (78.6%) were males, with a mean age of 55.4±11.7 years. Continuous mode PAP (CPAP) therapy was effective in 60 patients (85.7%, group 1), whereas other modes (as BPAP-ST/ASV) were needed in 10 patients (14.3%, group 2). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of gender, age or comorbid diseases (p=0.314, p=0.193 and p=0.081, respectively). Although BPAP-ST/ASV mode was needed in the presence of central apneas (p=0.039), CPAP mode was effective in OSAS patients with mixed apneas (p=0.055). Conclusion: The results showed that gender, age or comorbid conditions did not play a significant role in the determination of effective PAP mode. Mixed type abnormal respiratory events differed from central apneas/hypopnoeas as they did not require the use of BPAP-ST/ASV mode, and CPAP mode was effective enough in OSAS patients that manifested mixed type abnormal respiratory events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to identify the sleep quality between smokers and non-smokers within Turkish research published in the last 10 years. Turkish studies on the sleep quality and smoking published from 2010 to 2020 in the national thesis centre were systematically screened. The effect size was calculated according to the odds ratio and analysed with CMA V3 program. Cochrane Q statistics and I2 value for heterogeneity analysis and funnel plot, Egger's Linear Regression test, Begg and Mazumdar rank correlations statistics, trim-and-fill method for publication bias were performed. Of 132 papers in ten years, 26 coding on smoking and good sleep quality were evaluated using a forest plot graph. By using the fixed effects model, a small effect in favour of good sleep quality (d=1.697, 95% confidence interval 1.501-1.920, p=0.000) was found in non-smokers. Heterogeneity test and I2 value found a significant and moderate heterogeneity between studies (Q=59,672, p=0.000, I2=58,104). In the subgroup analysis, the mixedgender group (p=0.001 I2=55,807) and medicine field studies (p=0.001 I2=60,874) had a moderator role. No study had significantly found that non-smokers had poorer sleep than smokers (p>0.05). The results suggest that one of every four people is a smoker, and one of every two people had a poor sleep quality. Moreover, 69.7% of the non-smokers (approximately 1.7 times) had a better sleep quality than smokers. Promoting smoking cessation for good sleep has been proposed based on national research data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) frequently seen in the adult population is an important public health problem. OSAS is related to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In studies, the relationship between OSAS, cardiovascular risk factors, and metabolic syndrome components is determined. This study aimed to evaluate the use of metabolic syndrome criteria to support prediagnosis of patients with sleep apnea who were admitted to sleep clinics. Materials and Methods: This study involved 247 patients (148 men, 99 women) admitted to our sleep clinic with prediagnosis of sleep apnea. The patients' demographic features and evaluated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel metabolic syndrome components were recorded. Results: After analysis of the relationship between Apne-hipopne index (AHI) and NCEP criteria separately, AHI was higher and more severe in men with waist circumference >102 cm (p=0.0001, kadınlarda x²=9.03, p=0.003 in women; x²=15.01, p<0.0001 in men respectively). No statistically significant relationship was found between dyslipidemia and AHI (p>0.05). Although AHI was significantly higher in hypertensive and hyperglycemic men (p=0.004 and p=0.002, respectively), no significant relationship was found in women for both groups (p>0.05). A statistically significant association was found between metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea (x²=5.82, p=0.016 in women; x²=8.017, p=0.005 in men). Conclusion: Our study showed that OSAS and metabolic syndrome components are clustered in patients. Patients diagnosed with OSAS must be followed closely. Besides, population with risk factors can be determined with simple anthropometric measurements and blood tests in primary health care centers and can be prioritized in sleep clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is thought that psychosocial risks cause sleep problems, and sleep quality is one of the important mediators in the relationship with diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between psychosocial risks and sleep disorders in health care workers. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in a university hospital between August 2014 and November 2015. The study population included all health workers in the university hospital (1664 people). Fourteen departments of the hospital were selected using the cluster sampling method. The aim was to reach 390 workers in all. As a result of this study, 226 health care workers were reached (58%) and a questionnaire was applied by faceto- face interviews. Sleepiness was measured with the Epworth scale and psychosocial risks were measured with the Swedish Workload-Control- Support scale. Results: It was observed that while 30.1% of the participants had sleepiness, 23.5% worked in high-stress jobs and 46.0% had low social support. While there was no significant relationship between job control and sleepiness (p>0.05), high workload and low social support were significantly associated with sleepiness (p<0.05). When adjusted for age and sex, increased work stress increases sleepiness risk by 3.78 (95% CI: 1.25 11.43) fold. When adjusted for age, sex and social support, the relationship between work stress and sleepiness was not significant (2.83 [95% CI: 0.88 9.09]). Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that sleep disturbance occurred more frequently in cases of work stress and work control with low work control and this relationship disappeared due to the effect of social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between certain risk factors and the daytime sleepiness of high school students. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-relational study, which was conducted on 2490 high school students between March 1 and April 30, 2019. The data was collected using a prepared questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness scale was used to evaluate the status of students' daytime sleepiness. A statistical analysis was then carried out using the number, percentage, mean, standard deviation chi-square analysis and logistic regression analysis (enter method). Results: According to the Epworth Sleepiness scale score, daytime sleepiness of the high school students involved in this study was borderline, with the risk factors determining this daytime sleepiness being low socioeconomic statute of families, aged between 17 and 19, perception of school success as middle-poor, as well as spending three or more hours watching television. Conclusion: In order to prevent daytime sleepiness in high school students, students should spend less time watching television, there should be interdisciplinary cooperation initiatives implemented in relation to the socioeconomic factors and informative studies involving students, with families and teachers having lessons with the school nurses to help identify daytime sleepiness and learn about the measures that can be implemented to prevent this daytime sleepiness in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is quite common in men with severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS). The aim of this study was to determine whether a hematological parameter can be used for predicting ED in male patients with OSAS. Materials and Methods: Patients who applied to neurology-sleep disorders outpatient clinic of our hospital between March of 2018 and 2020, who had Apnea-hypopnea index ≥30 in polysomnography test, and who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups as those without ED (group 1) and with ED (group 2) according to the score of International Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The recorded demographic and basic characteristics of the patients along with measured hemogram, fasting serum biochemistry, blood lipid profile, and serum sex hormone parameters were statistically analyzed. Results: Of the 85 patients enrolled in the study, 48 (56.5%) had ED. While average age of all patients was 47.43±10.73 years, it was 43.95±8.70 years in group 1 and 49.96±11.06 years in group 2 and differed significantly between the two groups (p=0.006). Mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values in group 1 were higher than those in group 2 (p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). Other parameters were similar among the groups. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only patient age remained significantly different (p=0.011). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between patient age and IIEF score (r =-0.287, p=0.004). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, cut-off value of the patient age was found to be 47.50 years with a sensitivity of 0.604 and a specificity of 0.646 (p=0.006). Conclusion: The results suggest that prevalence of ED increases in parallel with age in men with severe OSAS. No hematological, hormonal, or biochemical parameters for predicting ED have yet been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It has been shown that pain, depression, and fatigue related to Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) results in a significant socioeconomic burden. We aimed to determine the prevalence, demographic, and clinical properties of pain symptoms in OSAS patients. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 84 OSAS patients diagnosed after full-night polysomnography with the Brief Pain Inventory, Beck Depression Rating scale (BDS), Pittsburg Sleep Quality index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness scale (ESS), Fatigue Impact scale (FIS), and Fatigue Severity scale (FSS). Results: A total of 84 patients (62 males, 22 females) with a mean age of 54.37±11.03 years were included. Headache in 25 (43.1%), myofascial pain in 22 (37.9%), and other types of pain in 11 patients were defined. ESS, FSS, FIS total, physical, cognitive, and psychosocial scores were found to be significantly higher in patients with pain. The presence of pain did not differ according to the severity of OSAS, and no significant difference was found in any parameters between mild, moderate, and severe OSAS except for minimal O2 saturation. A positive correlation between last week pain severity and BDS scores, a negative correlation between PSQI scores and the decrease in pain rate as a result of the treatment, and a weak positive correlation between FIS-cognitive sub-score and pain intensity scores were found. Conclusion: In our study, excessive daytime sleepiness and the impact and severity of fatigue were found to be higher in patients with pain than in those without pain. The most obvious difference was seen in terms of cognitive, and psychosocial fatigue. Contrary to expectations, it was observed that OSAS severity did not affect pain according to our data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the subjective sleep quality, factors affecting sleep quality, and the risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) in the patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and Methods: We included the patients who were admitted to our chest diseases clinic and evaluated as stable COPD in the study. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI) and STOP-Bang survey were applied to the patients to evaluate the sleep quality and the risk for OSA. Results: We included 75 patients (67 males and 8 females) in this study. In total, 38.7% of the patients had a PSQI >5, whereas 61.3% of them had a PSQI ≤5. The comparison of groups revealed a significant difference in terms of diagnosis of hypertension, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep efficiency (p=0.005, p=0.049, p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference regarding the COPD stages between the groups (p=0.141). The question "to go to the toilet at night" from PSQI was the question had the highest score. According to the STOP-Bang score, 15 (20%) patients were identified at a low risk, 27 (36%) were at a medium risk, and 33 (44%) at a high risk for OSA. Conclusion: We determined that 37.8% of patients with stable COPD had a poor sleep quality and 44% of them were at a high risk for OSA. Patients with a poor sleep quality were more hypertensive and had lower subjective sleep efficacy. "To go to the toilet at night" was one of the factors that negatively affect sleep quality. Questioning patients with COPD at an advanced age in terms of nocturia can help in revealing an underlying co-morbid condition. Moreover, it is also important to implement measures that may lead to an increase in sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Digital game addiction negatively affects children's health and development. Hence, to determine these effects, it is imperative to examine the variables, such as the child's academic achievement, Body Mass index, sleep, and visual impairment. This study was conducted to investigate the digital game addiction in fourth-grade students based on various variables. Materials and Methods: This analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in a primary school in Ankara. The study sample consisted of 230 primary school students. The participation rate was 77%. Data were collected using the Personal Information form and Digital Game Addiction scale for Children (DGASFC). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, One-Way analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to evaluate the data. Authorization to conduct the research was obtained from the institution and the ethics committee. Results: The average height of the children participating in the study was 139.24±6.49 cm, and the average body weight was 36.43±8.69 kg. Overall, 17% of children had vision problems, 15.7% were overweight, and 13.9% were obese. According to DGASFC, 61.7% of children were in the low-risk group, 23.5% were in the risk group, and 3.5% in the digital game addiction group. Gender, mother's education level, academic achievement, working status of the mother, duration of playing digital games, and possession of digital game tools like computer, tablet, mobile phone, and game console made a statistically significant difference on the average DGASFC total score. Children's Body Mass index, visual impairment, father's educational level, and father's working status caused no statistically significant difference in the mean DGASFC total score. Conclusion: Unrestrained use of technological devices causes both academic failure and health risks. Therefore, digital game addiction should be prevented through early interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine if the parents who have a 0-13-month-old baby in Zonguldak were aware of acts and information regarding sleep safety. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study sample comprised parents who lived in Zonguldak City Center and agreed to participate in the study (n=198). Data were collected through face to face interview techniques and questionnaires. The SPSS 16.0 program was used for statistical evaluation. Results: The mean age of the babies was 6.97±4.04 months (1-13 months), and 50.5% of them were boys. The study revealed that 47.0% of parents were not aware of sleep safety, and 63.1% were unaware of Sudden İnfant Death Syndrome (SIDS). It was noted that 63.1% of parents lay their babies on the side, and 48.0% shared the same bed with their babies. Moreover, pillow use during sleep was noted to be 72.7%. Conclusion: The study determined that parents were unaware of SIDS and sleep safety guidelines, as described by the American Association of Pediatrics and preferred by the health personnel. It was determined that according to parents' position, which is the safe stand, the most preferred is that side position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluates the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Sleep Disturbance scale for Children (SDSC). Materials and Methods: SDSC is a Likert-type scale with 26 items and 6 subscales used to investigate sleep disturbances in school-age children. The SDSC is completed by the parent based on the preceding 6 months. The study was started after obtaining permission from the scale owner. First, an orderly adaptation of the scale to the Turkish language was performed (translation, expert panel, back translation, pilot study). Test-retest was applied to 30 participants. After these procedures, data collection was started with SDSC and demographic data form. The collected data were analyzed for reliability (stability of the scale with test-retest; internal consistency of the scale with Cronbach's alpha) and validity (construct validity of the scale with confirmatory factor analysis). T-score table was created for SDSC and its subscales. Results: Overall, 328 participants attended the study. Of these, 51.5% were females and 48.5% were males. The mean age was 10.3±2.8 years (min: 6; max: 16 years). The Cronbach alpha value, which tested the scale's internal consistency, was 0.79. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed X2/df=2.003, p<0.001, CFI =0.845, GFI =0.875, and RMSEA =0.055. The mean of the SDSC total score was 40.6±10.1 (min: 26; max: 86). The total SDSC score of 13 children (4%) were clinically significant in terms of sleep disturbance (T-score >70). Conclusion: The Turkish version of SDSC fulfilled the validity and reliability tests at an acceptable level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) might have early and late complications. One of the major problem is sleep disturbances. The aim of this study is to evaluate sleep quality of the patients who are undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, prevent the problems that may be faced according to outcome of the research and determine the nursing approaches in order to prevent for problems. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was performed in the adult bone marrow transplantation unit. The study sample consisted of 59 patients. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality index (PSQI) form was completed by the researchers. For statistical analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program used. Results: A total of 59 patients 44.1% were female, 55.9% were male. According to the distribution of PSQI total scores on the administration day 42.4%, first week 50.8% on the second week 50.8% of the patients had poor sleep quality. After the discharge, PSQI total scores indicated that at the first week 32.2%, second week 27.1% and the third week 25.4% of the patients had poor sleep quality. During the hospitalization period poor sleep quality significantly increased. Conclusion: It was observed that sleep quality was significantly impaired during the period of HSCT. For this reason, it is important to get information on the history of sleep quality and clinical follow-up by nurses when transplant patients are admitted to the clinic. Improving the care plan for the nurses on the sleep problems can positively affect the quality of life of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional behaviours and sleep quality in individuals applying to primary health care organization. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted in September-November 2018 with individuals who applied to three primary care clinics in central Erzincan for various reasons (s=316). Data was collected using a descriptive questionnaire, the nutrition sub-dimension of the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviour Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The height and weight of the individuals were measured. Results: It was determined that 63.6% of the individuals had poor sleep quality and the average score of the nutrition sub-dimension was determined to be 16.64±4.41. A slightly negative and significant relationship was found between the total score averages of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and nutrition sub-dimension (r=-0.196 [95% confidence interval: (-0.297)-(-0.085)]. Conclusion: In this study, more than half of the individuals had low levels of sleep quality and above-average levels of healthy nutritional behaviour. It is recommended for healthcare professionals to conduct training programs towards preventing the factors that cause poor sleep quality and unhealthy nutritional behaviour in individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstructive Sleep Apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is common in patients with epilepsy. A reduction in seizure frequency was reported following positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Thus, changes in seizures and related factors have been studied in patients with nocturnal epilepsy and OSAS. Materials and Methods: All patients with nocturnal epilepsy admitted to our sleep and disorders unit were evaluated consecutively for the last 5 years. Results: Of the 58 patients with nocturnal epilepsy and OSAS, 74.1% were male. The mean age was 48.6±14.3 years, and disease duration was 10.1±10.6 years. Moreover, 34 (58.7%) patients underwent successful PAP therapy. Conversely, seizures persisted or increased in 18 (31.0%) patients and decreased in 14 (24.2%), whereas 26 (44.8%) patients were seizure-free. Gender (p=0.773) and age (p=0.998) were not related to changes in seizure frequency. However, decrease in seizures was more common in patients with a shorter disease duration (p=0.032), higher number of seizures (p=0.027) and abnormality in electroencephalography (p=0.005). Sleep efficiency (p=0.468), slowwave sleep duration (p=0.264), or rapid eye movement sleep (p=0.238) was found to be unrelated. In patients without any decrease in seizures, the Apnoea-hypopnoea index was higher but not significant (p=0.160), whereas oxygen saturation level was significantly lower (p=0.037). Decrease in seizures was present in 71.9% of the patients under successful PAP therapy but in 66.7% of patients with non-compliance, although this disparity was not statistically significant (p=0.351). Conclusion: A decrease in seizures was associated with a shorter duration of epilepsy, higher number of seizures and abnormality in electroencephalography. Although the reduction in seizures was more prominent in patients with successful PAP therapy, this was not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between sleep quality and emotional-behaviour problems in adolescents. Materials and Methods: The study data were collected in the Gebze district of Kocaeli between February and May 2018. The study population consisted of 23,184 students from secondary schools in the Gebze district. A total of 530 students were selected from six schools using the stratified cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: In this study, 51.5% of the adolescents were males, and the mean age was 12.07 years. It was determined that 74.5% of the adolescents were normal in terms of emotional-behaviour problems, 14.9% were at the border and 10.6% were abnormal. It was determined that 41.1% of them had a poor sleep quality. A moderate statistically significant positive correlation was found between the adolescents' PSQI total score and SDQ total score (r=0.533, p<0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the PSQI total score and hyperactivity-inattention (r=0.387, <0.001), peer relationship problems (r=0.209, p<0.001), conduct problems (r=0.421, p<0.001) and emotional symptoms subscales (r=0.450, p<0.001). While 3.5% of adolescents with a good sleep quality were abnormal in terms of emotional-behavioural problems, it was determined that 20.6% of adolescents with a poor sleep qualities were abnormal in terms of emotional-behavioural problems and there was a significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: As the sleep quality of adolescents decreased, emotionalbehaviour problems increased. It was determined that emotionalbehavioural problems were more common in adolescents with a poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of diabetes and anthropometric measurements on disease severity in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS). Materials and Methods: Seventy-three volunteers, 20 female and 53 male, who were 30 years old and over, diagnosed with OSAS, who applied to Marmara University Institute of Neurological Sciences Sleep Unit and İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Sleep Disorders Center, participated in the study. The demographic characteristics of the patients were determined by the STOP-BANG test, face-to-face questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were made. Results: In the study, it was observed that the OSAS risk determined by STOP-BANG test in men and women was correlated with the measurements of weight, waist circumference, chest circumference and neck circumference, except body mass index and hip circumference. Diabetes was detected in 17 (23.2%) of OSAS patients, but no significant relationship was found between OSAS severity and anthropometric measurements. Conclusion: In our study, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between anthropometric measurements and OSAS severity, and this is especially evident in male gender. A higher rate of diabetes was found in OSAS patients compared to the general population. However, it was observed that anthropometric measurements did not play a role among the mechanisms underlying the relationship between OSAS and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of hypnotherapy on sleep quality levels of obesity patients, who applied to hypnotherapy for healthy and balanced nutrition. Materials and Methods: Studying group; consisted of 44 individuals who applied to a state hospital psychiatry outpatient clinic, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, who had a Body Mass index of 30 and above, and completed at least 10 weeks of sessions. Firstly, an information form was prepared for the participants and body mass index were determined. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index was applied to each participant before starting to session. Then, hypnotherapy session was applied to participants for at least 10 weeks, one session per week. After at least 10 sessions of hypnotherapy, Body Mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index were measured. The efficacy of hypnotherapy was assessed by the comparison of Body Mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index at the beginning and end of the therapy. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in the comparison of body mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index scores before and after the hypnotherapy (p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between the scores of Body Mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index. Conclusion: This study showed that hypnotherapy in the treatment of obesity has a positive effect on sleep quality in obese patients. There is a need for new studies that will examine the effectiveness of this group by establishing a control group in more people and the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder in which respiratory problems arise secondary to the involvement of skeletal muscles. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a disorder group characterized by the involvement of anterior horn cells. The most common respiratory problems in DMD and SMA patients are pharyngeal muscle weakness in sleep and sleep-related respiratory disorders. In this study, we evaluated sleep structure and sleep-related disorders in pediatric age group diagnosed with DMD and SMA. Materials and Methods: In pediatric patients who were diagnosed to have DMD or SMA upon genetic analysis between 2014 and 2018 were performed polysomnographic investigations in our Sleep and Disorder Units. Results: Age (p=0.074), gender (p=0.065) or Body Mass index (p=0.473) were compatible between the three groups, including 13 DMD patients, seven SMA patients, and six healthy control children. In DMD patients, although rapid eye movement (REM) sleep phase latency was longer and REM sleep phase duration was shorter compared to both healthy controls and SMA patients; it was not statistically significant. In SMA patients, total sleep time and deep non-REM (NREM) sleep duration were shorter than both healthy controls and DMD patients; though this difference was not statistically significant. Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) was detected in three DMD patients (23.1%) and six SMA patients (85.7%), no pediatric OSAS was detected in the control group (p=0.010). Mean Apnea-hypopnea index was 2.15+4.60/hr in DMD patients, 7.43+6.19/hr in SMA patients and 0.33+0.52/hr in control group (p=0.018). Conclusion: In our study, it was found that sleep structure is disturbed and pediatric OSAS is more commonly encountered in DMD and SMA patient groups, which two disorders causing muscle and respiratory problems due to muscular and neurogenic involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Medical students are under the risk of developing sleep disorders due to heavy curriculum and long studying hours. This condition causes sleep disorders to occur more frequently in medical faculty students compared to the normal society. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders in medical students and the examination of change according to classes. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire that based on ICSD-3 for assessing insomnia, Restless Legs syndrome (RLS) and parasomnia, Epworth Sleepiness Scale for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and Berlin Questionnaire for Sleep Apnea syndrome (SAS) were used. Results: In 762 students, the prevalence value was obtained as 22.8% for total EDS, 11.2% for insomnia, 25.2% for bruxism, and 5.6% for RLS. It was concluded that 35.5% of students were under the risk of developing SAS. It was observed that no significant difference was found between the classes in term of developing a sleep disorder. Among the genders, while EDS and sleep talking were significantly high in women, sleep terror was significantly high in men. Sleep eating status was found to be significantly high frequency in students with a body mass index over 30. Conclusion: This study proved that risk of developing insomnia and SAS have a much higher frequency in medical faculty students than society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Restless Legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sleep disorder in clinical practice. In the prevalence studies conducted in different populations for RLS, different results ranging from 5% to 15% were obtained. This ratio ranges from 3.19% to 22.2% in Turkey. RLS, known to have adverse effects on sleep quality, can also affect mood, attention and cognitive functions. In our study, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of RLS on cognitive functions. Materials and Methods: In this study, patients diagnosed with RLS in the neurology outpatient clinic of our hospital were evaluated. Patients with possible mild cognitive impairment were excluded from the study by using the Standardized Mini Mental Test. After exclusion of secondary causes for RLS, 45 patients with idiopathic RLS and 20 healthy individuals were included in the study. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), International RLS Severity Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Scale were administered to all subjects. Results: In the RLS group; there was a statistically significant decrease in the MoCA components which demonstrate particularly orientation, abstract thinking and memory functions and in the MoCA total scores, compared to the control group (p=0.032, p=0.012, p=0.024, p=0.019, respectively). At the same time, there was a significant difference in the PSQI, ESS, ISI, BDI, and BAI values in the RLS cases. Conclusion: This study shows that the idiopathic RLS which correlated with disease duration may lead to insufficiency over functions in cognitive domains especially orientation, abstract thinking, and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sleep is crucial for healthy growth and development of children. Unsuitable television viewing habits are one of the important factors that disturb sleep patterns. This study was conducted to evaluate the sleep and television viewing habits of primary school students. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive study. The data were collected from parents of students aged 6-11 years, who were studying at a primary school between December 2016 and February 2017. The study sample consisted of 299 parents. In order to collect data, a personal information form, an information form to determine television viewing habits and the Children's Sleeping Habits Questionnaire were administered to the study subjects. Percentages, means, standard deviations, frequencies, and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the data. Ethical permission and consent from the parents were taken for conducting the study. Results: The mean age of the children was 8.64±1.16, and the parents' mean age was 35.55±6.23. The mean number of hours spent viewing television was 5.62 hours per day. The mean sleep time of the children was 9.37 hours. The mean total score obtained from Children's Sleeping Habits Questionnaire was determined to be 47.92±8.18. Conclusion: It was found that the child's success at school, the television viewing time during the weekday, the child's preference for viewing time, the response to being asked to turn the television off, and the parents' viewing time significantly affected the total Children's Sleeping Habits Questionnaire score. A significant difference was found between parental income status, educational status, school success, bedtime resistance, and sleep duration. Also, a significant difference was found between television viewing habits and at least one sleep problem, except night wakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disease characterized by recurrent complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) upper respiratory tract obstructions episodes during sleep and often a decrease in blood oxygen saturation. Night hypoxias and sympathetic activity increase of arousals in OSAS are thought to stimulate that endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability. Materials and Methods: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the severity of the disease and the night hypoxia severity with hemogram parameters in patients diagnosed with OSAS who examined in our clinics. A total of 94 cases were included in the study, including 24 controls, 24 mild, 23 moderate, and 23 severe OSAS. Results: The mean and minimum oxygen saturation values in polisomnography with the number of neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio were negatively correlated in the mild and severe OSAS groups. A negative correlation was observed between erythrocyte distribution width (EDW) and, mean oxygen saturation and minimum oxygen saturation in moderate and severe OSAS. When the mean and minimum oxygen saturation with regression analysis of EDW and N/L ratio were examined in each three groups; the 1 unit decrease in the minimum oxygen saturation increases the N/L ratio by 0.5-fold (p=0.02) in the mild OSAS, 0.5-fold (p=0.01) in the severe OSAS and it increases the EDW by ratio 0.5-fold (p=0.02) in the moderate OSAS. The 1 unit decrease in the mean oxygen saturation increases the N/L ratio by 0.4- fold (p=0.04) and the EDW by 0.8-fold (p=0.001) in the severe OSAS. Conclusion: As long as the OSAS severity increases, it is determined that the hematocrit values of patients increasing. However, as patients' sleep desaturation increase, we can see that EDW, the number of neutrophils, and N/L ratio also increasing. This situation suggests that the local inflammation caused by both mechanical stress and ischemiareperfusion cycles in the respiratory tract in OSAS is a consequence of spillage into the systemic circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sleep quality of patients with lung resection by posterolateral thoracotomy and to determine the factors affecting sleep. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out between May 2017 and August 2017 in the chest surgeon clinic and 70 patients between the ages of 18-75 who were admitted to surgery with posterolateral thoracotomy were taken. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, a Form of Factors Affecting Sleep Pattern (FFASP) and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data analysis was performed at 95% confidence interval using number, percent, mean, standard deviation, Student t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, One-Way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 70 patients participated in the study. The mean age of the patients was 56±9.84. FFASP score average 82.84±4.61; The mean PSQI score was found to be 8.54±0.30. Differences in personal and surgery characteristics of the patients did not significantly affect the FFASP and PSQI score averages (p>0.05). The factors that most affect sleep quality were the excessively bright room, the pain, the heat of the room and the lack of air. Conclusion: Patients with lung resection with posterolateral thoracotomy are experiencing intensive sleep problems after surgery. Sleep quality of patients should be determined after surgery, sleep pattern changes should be identified, evaluations should be performed to evaluate the patient's sleep adequacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the frequency and severity of restless legs syndrome in patients with asthma and the effect of the disease on sleep quality. Materials and Methods: Forty-three patients followed by asthma and 30 healthy people were included in the study. The diagnosis of Restless Legs Syndrome was made according to the criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Excessive daytime sleepiness scores were determined according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). According to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) the sleep quality and according to the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) the insomnia was determined. Results: Male/female rate in the asthmatic group was 1/8, and the mean age was 48.88 years. The healthy control group was selected to be gender and age-matched. Restless Legs syndrome was found 25.58% (n=11) in the asthmatic group and 16.7% (n=5) in the control group, and it was also not statistically significant. The number of asthmatic patients with ESS >10 was six, while there was one person in the control group, and it was not statistically significant. According to the PSQI values, there was a significant difference between the asthmatic group and the control group (p<0.001); when ISI values were examined, there was no statistically significant difference between them. Conclusion: In our study, it was found that the sleep quality deteriorated at high rates in the asthmatic group. However, as expected in asthmatic patients, Restless Legs syndrome, insomnia, and incidence of excessive daytime sleepiness were not significantly higher than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hypoxia, perfusion pressure changes, systemic hypertension, vasospasm, increase in blood viscosity and small vessels’ resistance may cause ischemia in Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The aim of this study is to assess the effect of hypoxia on the eye (choroidal and corneal thicknesses) in patients with OSAS. Materials and Methods: In this observational study age and gendermatched 20 severe, 17 modarate, 16 mild OSAS patients without any comorbidity and a control group of 16 healthy subjects were examined with spectral-domain optic coherence tomography (OCT). The central corneal thickness (CCT), subfoveal, and temporal and nasal choroidal thicknesses of the patients were measured by OCT. Results: The mean age of OSAS patients was 52.3±10.6 and 48.8±12.1 in control subjects. Female and male patients made up 23.1% and 76.9%, respectively. The mean CCT of OSAS patients was 560.2±31.1/563.5±29.1 μm, whereas the mean CCT was 560.6±30.4/567.1±28.2 μm in control group (p=0.52/p=0.29). There were significant differences (p<0.001) in choroidal thickness (severe: 228.3±16.8/240.5±17.8; moderate: 236.0±21.6/232.4±18.5; mild: 241.3±23.6/242.6±20.9; control: 267.8±18.6/271.6±18,6 μm) between patients and control groups who were separated by their OSAS severity. Conclusion: In our study choroidal thickness became thinner with increasing OSAS severity. On the other hand, corneal thickness did not seem to be affected from OSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) may create sleep disturbances due to chronic disease-related stress, respiratory abnormalities and adverse effects of treatment. We aimed to determine the quality of sleep in ILD patients, and the incidence of Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in these patients. Materials and Methods: Taken to this study were 52 patients who were followed up in our center due to ILD. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were applied to the patients. Spirometry and diffusion test were performed. Polysomnography (PSG) was performed to 27 patients whose ESS were more than or equal to 10. Results: Demographic characteristics, body mass index, spirometry and diffusion measurements, PSQI global score and the sub-components of it didn’t show difference according to ESS daytime sleepiness. Sleep quality of 44% of the patients was determined to be poor by PSQI. PSQI global score and sub-components weren’t correlated with apnea-hypopnea index, stage 1 latency, sleep efficiency and nocturnal desaturation (p>0.05) in 27 patients who underwent PSG. We observed increased stage 1 sleep and decreased stage 2-3 and rapid eye movement sleep. As nocturnal hypoxemia was seen arousals (p=0.000, r=0.698) increased. OSAS was diagnosed in 19 (70%) of subjects. Conclusion: Although ILD patients don’t have daytime hypoxemia; they may have nocturnal hypoxemia and OSAS, which may effect their sleep quality. Therefore ILD patients should be evaluated for daytime sleepiness, and sleep-related breathing disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]