1. Noninvasive three-state sleep-wake staging in mice using electric field sensors
- Author
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A Lakhani, Supriya Nagesh, James M. Rehg, Heidi E. Kloefkorn, Nigel P. Pedersen, Lauren M. Aiani, A Moss, Shawn Hochman, and W. N. Goolsby
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Computer science ,Sleep wake ,Scoring criteria ,Sleep, REM ,Electroencephalography ,Non-rapid eye movement sleep ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Electric field sensor ,medicine ,Animals ,Wakefulness ,Alternative methods ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Electromyography ,General Neuroscience ,Eye movement ,Pattern recognition ,030104 developmental biology ,Invasive surgery ,Artificial intelligence ,Sleep Stages ,business ,Sleep ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Study Objective Validate a novel method for sleep-wake staging in mice using noninvasive electric field (EF) sensors. Methods Mice were implanted with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes and housed individually. Noninvasive EF sensors were attached to the exterior of each chamber to record respiration and other movement simultaneously with EEG, EMG, and video. A sleep-wake scoring method based on EF sensor data was developed with reference to EEG/EMG and then validated by three expert scorers. Additionally, novice scorers without sleep-wake scoring experience were self-trained to score sleep using only the EF sensor data, and results were compared to those from expert scorers. Lastly, ability to capture three-state sleep-wake staging with EF sensors attached to traditional mouse home-cages was tested. Results EF sensors quantified wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep with high agreement (>93%) and comparable inter- and intra-scorer error as EEG/EMG. Novice scorers successfully learned sleep-wake scoring using only EF sensor data and scoring criteria, and achieved high agreement with expert scorers (>91%). When applied to traditional home-cages, EF sensors enabled classification of three-state (wake, NREM and REM) sleep-wake independent of EEG/EMG. Conclusions EF sensors score three-state sleep-wake architecture with high agreement to conventional EEG/EMG sleep-wake scoring 1) without invasive surgery, 2) from outside the home-cage, and 3) and without requiring specialized training or equipment. EF sensors provide an alternative method to assess rodent sleep for animal models and research laboratories in which EEG/EMG is not possible or where noninvasive approaches are preferred.
- Published
- 2020