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Giant cervical polyps are very rare in clinic, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. The morphology of polyps varies, may present as malignant, and some cases occur in unmarried women without a history of sexual activity, which limits the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. While most cervical polyps are benign, there is a certain probability of malignant transformation, which should be differentiated from rare malignant lesions that manifest as cervical polyps. Hysteroscopic surgery is an important method for the treatment of this disease, and small hysteroscopy is particularly recommended for patients without sexual history. This paper reports a case of unmarried woman with huge excrescence of vaginal orifice, which was confirmed as cervical polyp by hysteroscopy and pathological examination, in order to enrich the understanding of giant cervical polyps and provide guidance for clinical diagnosis and therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal wall endometriosis-associated clear cell carcinoma (AWECC) is characterized by low incidence, high invasiveness and poor prognosis. To date, there have been relatively few reports on AWECC. AWECC primarily originates from the malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE). In recent years, there has been a rising incidence of AWECC, possibly attributed to the increased number of pelvic and abdominal surgeries, including cesarean section. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its malignant transformation remain unclear. AWECC lacks specific clinical features, making it challenging to distinguish from benign AWE. The definitive diagnosis depends on histological examination. The treatment of AWECC primarily lies on the clinicians′ personal experience, which varies greatly, and lacks corresponding guidelines. In clinical practice, surgical treatment with extended resection of the abdominal wall tumor, is typically employed. The efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in AWECC patients requires further investigation. Until now, most of the studies on AWECC have been case reports. Therefore, we reviewed the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of AWECC based on domestic and foreign literature, so as to arouse the attention of clinicians to the diagnosis of the disease and provide evidence for clinical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most serious complications of pregnancy, which threatens the lives of pregnant women and fetuses. However, the pathogenesis and effective treatments of PE are still unclear. Exosomes are membrane vesicles secreted by cells and contain a variety of components. They have different biological functions, such as cell -to -cell communication and serving as biomarkers, which may provide new models for early screening and treatment of PE. And exosomes of different origins (especially placenta- and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes) can play different roles in PE. For example, placenta-derived exosomes are involved in immune regulation processes in PE, while mesenchymal stem cellderived exosomes promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration. In addition, the relationship between PE and exosomes from other sources still needs to be clarified. This article reviews the research of exosomes from different sources in the pathogenesis and treatment of PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the main causes of increased perinatal mortality, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. The present study has found that the levels of multivitamins during pregnancy were correlated with incidence of PE. It has been proved that vitamin D is involved in placental formation, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress and immune activation in the pathogenesis of PE. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to PE through the above mechanisms. In addition, the levels of vitamin E in patients with PE are lower than those in normal pregnant women, suggesting that the lack of vitamin E may increase the risk of PE, but the specific mechanism is still under investigation, it may be related to its antioxidant activity. The relationship between vitamin A levels and PE is controversial. PE is also associated with homocysteine, folic acid (vitamin B9), vitamin B12 and vitamin B6, also known as carbon metabolism. The deficiency of related vitamins leads to homocysteine metabolism disorder, thus causing PE. Vitamin B3 primarily protects against PE by preserving the endothelium and regulating redox reactions. Vitamin C deficiency is associated with PE, and the use of vitamin C during fluid replacement therapy can partially reduce the incidence of pulmonary edema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine adhesions can cause a series of symptoms such as amenorrhea, secondary infertility and recurrent abortion in women. There is still a high recurrence rate after hysteroscopic transcervical resection of adhesions, which seriously affects women′ s fertility and mental health. Estrogen adjuvant therapy can effectively reduce the recurrence rate after transcervical resection of adhesions by promoting the repair of residual endometrial hyperplasia and reducing the expression of endometrial fibrosis factors, but a unified medication regimen has not yet been formed. The commonly used clinical regimen is estradiol valerate tablets 2-4 mg/d or equivalent hormone plus progesterone sequential oral administration for 2-3 menstrual cycles. The efficacy of high-dose estrogen therapy is still not very clear, or individualized estrogen therapy can be formulated by detecting the expression level of estrogen receptor in the endometrium to achieve the best efficacy. Oral estrogen is the most classic treatment for intrauterine adhesions. However, recent studies have shown that transdermal and transvaginal administration of estrogen have higher bioavailability, fewer adverse reactions, and comparable efficacy. At present, there are still significant variation in the usage and dosage of estrogen in a large number of clinical studies. Therefore, more large-scale and high-quality studies are still needed to explore the best medication regimen of estrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis (DUL). Methods: 33 cases of DUL admitted between January 2009 and October 2022 in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively, including their clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods and postoperative pregnancy. Results: The average age of onset of the 33 patients was (38.4±6.9) years (24-52 years). Nineteen patients (57.6% ) presented with menorrhagia, 7 patients (21.2% ) presented with frequent urination or lower abdominal distension, and the remaining 7 patients (21.2%) were asymptomatic and the examination revealed the uterine leiomyoma was progressively enlarged. Ultrasound examination was performed in 33 patients, and 15 patients (45.5%) showed myometrium was full of hypoechoic nodules. 7 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3 cases showed diffuse distribution of round nodules or masses of variable sizes in the myometrium. All 33 patients underwent surgical treatment, 19 underwent transabdominal or laparoscopic hysterectomy, the other 14 with fertility requirements, 11 of them underwent transabdominal myomectomy and 3 underwent hysteroscopic myomectomy. Postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry were all suggestive of leiomyoma. The average follow -up time after surgery was (67.8 ±36.3) months in 14 patients with fertility requirements (2 patients lost). Three patients had natural pregnancies, two had successful deliveries (one of which had two deliveries), and the other had cornual pregnancy that was cleared. Conclusions: DUL is a rare benign smooth muscle tumor that occurs in women of reproductive age. The most common clinical symptoms were menorrhagia and infertility. If ultrasound shows myometrium was full of myoma nodules and the patient presents with menorrhagia or infertility except for other reasons, MRI is indicated to help identify the disease early stage. Surgery is the main treatment. Hysterectomy is recommended for patients without fertility requirements, and the choice of fertility-preserving treatment requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy of the female reproductive system and the standard treatment of advanced ovarian cancer is cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Previously, patients′ adverse effects during and after chemotherapy were mainly assessed by Clinician-Reported Outcome (ClinRO). However, an emerging and reliable method of assessing patient health status Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO), has gained wide spread attention in clinical practice. Nowadays, commonly used PRO scales include PRO-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), QLQ-C30, etc., which can capable of multiple aspects of patient health status, detect clinical symptoms, intervene in clinical care and evaluate treatment options, and improve patient prognosis. However, the evaluation effect of some items in current PRO scales has not been effectively verified, and there is a lack of cohort studies for specific patient groups. Further improvement of the PRO scale and related studies is needed to achieve better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a relatively common female reproductive endocrine and metabolic disorder with complex etiology and pathogenesis. Recent studies have found that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is an important factor affecting the pathophysiology of PCOS. AMH is closely related to follicular development, hyperandrogenism, hypothalamic -pituitary -ovarian axis and heredity. AMH can inhibit primordial follicle recruitment and small sinus follicle growth, and prevent premature ovarian failure. AMH also exacerbates follicular growth and development disorders by interacting with androgens. In addition, AMH can activate the discharge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and increases the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn leads to the increase of androgen production. Moreover, high AMH status in pregnant women with PCOS can lead to masculinization of female offspring and PCOS -like reproductive and neuroendocrine phenotypes in adulthood. At the same time, AMH may also be a new indicator for the diagnosis of PCOS, and the determination of AMH level can also reflect and predict the therapeutic effect of PCOS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of isolated fallopian tube torsion (IFTT). Methods: The clinical data of 27 IFTT patients, admitted to Peking University Third Hospital during January 2017 to December 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: ①Clinical characteristics: 22 women of childbearing age, and 7 women experienced the onset of IFTT during pregnancy. Twenty-four patients presented with abdominal pain as the primary symptom, and 3 patients were diagnosed IFTT during surgery. ② Examination, surgery and pathology: All patients underwent preoperative ultrasound examination, suggested tortuosity or cystic anechogenicity in the adnexal area. More specifically, 21 patients were operated laparoscopic surgery, while 6 patients underwent laparotomy. The choice of whether to preserve the fallopian tube depends on patient′s fertility requirements and where the torsion site. Of the 16 patients who had given birth, 2 cases of mesosalpinx cyst torsion preserved fallopian tubes, and the rest of them underwent salpingectomy. In the 11 cases who did not give birth, salpingectomy was performed in 3 patients of hydrosalpinx who scheduled to undergo assisted reproductive technology assisted pregnancy, and the rest of them were preserved fallopian tubes. The pathological findings were consistent with preoperative ultrasonography, suggesting hydrosalpinx or benign cysts in the fallopian tubes. ③There were seven IFTT patients during pregnancy, two were diagnosed during the second trimester pregnancy and five in the third trimester pregnancy. One patient was operated laparoscopic surgery, while the other six underwent laparotomy. However, all seven patients presented mesosalpinx cyst torsion. Three patients were treated with mesothelial cystectomy, with the fallopian tube retained, while four patients were treated with salpingectomy. All neonates showed good outcome. Conclusions: If women of childbearing age with hydrosalpinx and mesosalpinx cysts report sudden abdominal pain, the possibility of IFTT should be considered. Early diagnosis and treatment can avoid fallopian tube torsion and necrosis to preserve the patient′s ability to conceive naturally. The decision to keep the fallopian tube should be determined according to the patient′s fertility requirements and the site and degree of fallopian tube torsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is a group of gynecologic disease defined by the presence of endometrial glandular epithelium and stroma outside the uterine lining. Recent studies suggest that EMs can affect women throughout their life cycle. Adolescent EMs is a special type of EMs which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Among the most important risk factors for adolescent EMs are include genetic predisposition, co-presence of obstructive Müllerian anomalies, and higher levels of endogenous estrogens. There are many hypotheses for the pathogenesis of adolescent EMs, including retrograde menstruation theory, somatic epithelial metaplasia, hematogenous spread, lymphatic spread, neonatal uterine bleeding, immunologic theory and so on. Diagnosis depends on clinical symptoms, body sign, serology, imaging, surgery and pathology. Individualized medical and surgical treatment is considered the most effective strategy to relieve symptoms, inhibit disease progression, and protect future fertility. This article reviews the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of adolescent EMs, in order to provide clinicians with a reference for the understanding and treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian endometriosis cyst are a common manifestation of endometriosis in women of childbearing age, which seriously threatens women′s reproductive health, reduces patients′ fertility and causes great psychological and economic burden to patients. Currently, ovarian endometriosis cyst still face problems such as delayed diagnosis, disease progression and subsequent treatment that impair ovarian reserve function, and high recurrence rate after surgery, all of which directly or indirectly reduce female fertility. However, there is no uniform standard clinical treatment scheme for the protection of ovarian reserve function of ovarian endometriosis cysts. In this paper, the latest research progress on the protection of ovarian reserve function in ovarian endometriosis cyst is reviewed from the aspects of evaluation of ovarian reserve function, early diagnosis and drug treatment of ovarian endometriosis cysts, selection of suitable surgical methods and fertility preservation methods, and postoperative management, with the aim of selecting appropriate treatment options for women with ovarian endometriosis cysts based on the maximum protection of ovarian reserve function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary-type myofibroblastoma (MTMF) is a rare benign mesenchymal-derived tumor that occurs outside of the breast and is composed of diffusely distribution of spindle cells, varying numbers of mature fat cells and coarse collagen fiber bundles. Immunophenotypically, the spindle cells in MTMF diffusely express CD34 and Desmin. Once diagnosed, regardless of its size or location, it should be surgically excised and regularly monitored postoperatively. This article reports a case of a 51- year -old postmenopausal woman with uterine MTMF, who was misdiagnosed as uterine leiomyoma preoperatively and intraoperatively. Based on the condition and patient′ s wishes, total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy were performed, and MTMF was finally diagnosed by postoperative immunohistochemical staining and was followed up for 18 months with no specific discomfort. Through a retrospective analysis of the diagnosis and treatment process and experience of this case, this study aims to provide clinical reference for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma is a rare and special histological type of cervical malignant tumor, which mainly includes adenocarcinoma of the cervix gastric type, adenocarcinoma of the cervix and intestines, and primary cervical signet-ring cell carcinoma. Due to the uncertainty between the pathogenesis of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection makes it difficult to be suggested by routine cervical cancer screening. Meanwhile, the etiology and pathogenesis of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma are not clear, and there is a lack of typical clinical manifestations and early diagnosis methods, and the clinicopathological features and treatment are different from those of cervical common adenocarcinoma, resulting in patients being prone to miss the best treatment time, so the prognosis of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma is worse than that of cervical common adenocarcinoma. In recent years, due to the popularization of HPV vaccine, the relative incidence of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma has slightly increased compared with before, and the research on cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma has received more and more attention. The relevant research on cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma at home and abroad is reviewed, and the relevant pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma are discussed, in order to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a special type of cervical cancer with characteristics of high malignancy and aggressiveness, and shows a tendency to metastasize systemically at an early stage. The development of cervical LCNEC is closely related to high-risk HPV infection. The diagnosis of cervical LCNEC is mainly based on typical pathological features and detection of specific neuroendocrine markers because of the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations. Due to the low incidence of cervical LCNEC and limited case data, there is no standardized treatment protocol, and its treatment is mainly based on small cell lung cancer, with radical surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, genomic data suggest that cervical LCNEC is genetically more similar to common types of cervical cancer rather than to small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma outside the cervix, such as lung or bladder, which questions the ideas of adopting similar treatment regimens because of similar morphological manifestations among tumor tissues. This article focuses on a review of recent research advances regarding cervical LCNEC, with the aim of providing references and lessons for clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian immature teratoma is a common ovarian germ cell malignant tumor that occurs in adolescent females. Surgical resection is the main treatment, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is required if necessary. This case is an immature differentiated teratoma in the left ovary found during cesarean section. After 3 courses of chemotherapy with BEP regimen, the liver teratoma metastasis occurred. The pathological results after the second tumor resection suggest that mature teratoma is considered as growing teratoma syndrome (GTS). During the course of follow-up, the liver lesions were suspicious and reappeared, but gradually disappeared. Follow -up for 1 year showed no recurrence. During the treatment of ovarian immature teratoma, GTS is rare, has a special pathogenesis, and is easily misdiagnosed as recurrence or progression of ovarian immature teratoma. Therefore, it is necessary to understand GTS and pay attention to it in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminate (LPD) is a rare and specific type of smooth muscle tumor disease that presents as multiple smooth muscle myoma nodules on the surface of peritoneal, pelvic and abdominal organs. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, but there are mainly theories, including subperitoneal mesenchymal stem cells theory, the iatrogenic theory, the sex hormone theory and the genetic theory. It occurs in pre-menopausal women and has an asymptomatic clinical presentation, with incidental findings on imaging or during surgery. Diagnosis depends on intraoperative exploration and postoperative pathology, and differentiation from benign metastasizing leiomyomatosis, intravenous leiomyomatosis and metastatic smooth muscle sarcoma based on history, the extent of intraoperative smooth muscle tumour spread and pathology, etc. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment method. The surgical approach needs to be considered in relation to the patient′s age, fertility requirements and symptoms, and endocrine therapy can be used as adjuvant treatment. Although the disease is benign, it has the potential for recurrence and malignancy and requires close long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vesicouterine fistula is a very rare type of urogenital fistula. The main symptoms are varying degrees of urineincontinence (vaginal leakage), periodic hematuria and amenorrhea. Vesicouterine fistula can be divided into three types. Type Ⅰ, also known as Youssef′s syndrome, is the most common type of vesicouterine fistula. Surgical repair is the main treatment. This paper reports a case of vesicouterine fistula presenting with Youssef′s syndrome, which was successfully repaired through laparoscopic surgery. After 4 years of follow-up, there was no hematuria and the menstrual cycle remained regular. Ultrasound examination indicated that the incision of the lower uterine segment and the rupture of the posterior bladder wall healed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angioleiomyoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin, mostly occurring in the lower extremities, rare in the female reproductive system, and vaginal stump angioleiomyoma is even more rare. This article reports a case of a patient with vaginal stump leiomyoma admitted to the Department of Gynecology of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University. The patient underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy in 2015 for uterine fibroids. She had vaginal bleeding for five months. In May 2023, she was admitted to the hospital for open surgery, during which it was found that the mass came from the vaginal stump. Pathology and immunohistochemistry suggested angioleiomyomas. Combined with this case, the literature review of female reproductive system angioleiomyoma mainly uterine angioleiomyoma was carried out to improve clinicians′ understanding and diagnosis and treatment of vascular smooth muscle tumors of the female reproductive system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of endometrial carcinoma has been increasing in recent years, and the age of onset is tends to younger. Most endometrial carcinomas are low-grade, early-stage endometrioid carcinomas (EECs) with a good prognosis. However, some patients with low-grade, early-stage EECs are prone to recurrence and have a poor prognosis. Early identification of these high-risk patients with EECs can help determine which patients need additional adjuvant therapy and closer follow-up. In recent years, CTNNB1 mutation has been considered as a potential risk factor for recurrence, which has independent prognostic value. But so far, there are no clear guidelines on whether adjuvant therapy is needed for low-grade and early-stage EECs patients with CTNNB1 mutation. Combined with a patient with an ⅠA stage, low-grade patient with CTNNB1 gene mutation in our hospital, this gene mutation is mainly discussed in order to improve clinicians′ further understanding of the prognosis and follow-up treatment of patients with such mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a type of mesenchymal tumor with moderate malignant potential, unknown etiology, rare clinical manifestations, lack of specificity, its diagnosis depends on pathological morphology and immunohistochemical findings. One patient with cervical IMT was reported and the literature was reviewed to improve understanding of this tumor. The patient was admitted to the hospital due to the discovery of uterine fibroids for 5 years and irregular vaginal bleeding for more than half a month, and was clearly diagnosed as cervical IMT by segmented curettage + cervical biopsy before surgery, complete hysterectomy+bilateral adnexectomy+bilateral ovarian arteriovenous high ligation, and postoperative pathological examination confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. Laboratory tests and imaging examinations are not specific for cervical IMT, because it is similar to malignant tumors and not easy to identify, easily to misdiagnose and missed diagnosis, surgical resection is an effective treatment, it is recommended to completely resect the lesion, and complete hysterectomy, and regular follow-up after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial angiosarcoma is a rare interstitial sarcoma in clinic. Its clinical symptoms are atypical and diagnosis is relatively difficult. The diagnosis is mainly based on tissue biopsy. There is no standard treatment. The diagnosis and treatment of one case of endometrial angiosarcoma was reported. The patient was treated for abnormal vaginal bleeding for more than 1 month, during which the blood loss was more than the usual menstrual volume. After admission, specialized physical examination, gynecological ultrasound and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging were performed, and endometrial sarcoma was considered based on the diagnostic endometrial curettage pathological section of other hospital. Extensive hysterectomy, bilateral adnexectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy and para-aortic lymph node biopsy were performed. Postoperative pathology showed endometrial angiosarcoma with clinical stage ⅢC1. The patient did not undergo adjuvant treatment after the operation, and was reviewed 5 months after the operation to consider recurrence and metastasis. The postoperative recurrence time of endometrial angiosarcoma is short and there is a risk of distant metastasis. Postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy after surgery can improve the survival rate of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the reproductive system among women in China. Its incidence is gradually becoming younger, posing a serious threat to women′s life and health. Several studies have shown that energy metabolism is reprogramming in cervical cancer cells, which glycolysis is used to provide biological energy even if oxygen is sufficient. This change is closely related to multiple glycolytic enzymes, transporter proteins, regulatory molecules and specific signaling pathways. Alteration of glucose metabolism promotes malignant processes such as growth, proliferation, migration and invasion through different mechanisms in cervical cancer cells, and affects the sensitivity of the patients to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Analysis of the expression of proteins related to this metabolic process can predict the prognosis of cervical cancer, and blocking its expression may have anti-cancer effects. Therefore, glycolytic metabolism-related proteins are expected to be potential targets for cervical cancer treatment. This paper reviews the pathological mechanism that glucose metabolism involves in the development and progression of cervical cancer, so as to explore novel therapeutic strategies for energy metabolism, and also provides basis for improving therapeutic prospect and prolonging the survival of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glassy cell cervical carcinoma (GCCC) is a very rare form of cervical carcinoma, which belongs to the low-differentiated subtype of adenosquamous carcinoma, and the related reports at home and abroad are few. Due to its rarity and particularity, there are currently no relevant guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This article reports the diagnosis and treatment process of a 43-year-old patient with stage ⅡB GCCC who underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy combined with bilateral adnexectomy after concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and was also given 3 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin. However, in a short period of time, there have been multiple metastases throughout the body. The patient responded poorly to multiple chemotherapy regimens and was eventually lost. This article reviews the relevant literature both domestic and abroad, aiming to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and provide more reference for diagnosis and treatment for follow-up study of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most patients with premature ovarian insufficiency exhibit reduced fertility due to reduced ovarian reserve. With the development of regenerative medicine, various mesenchymal stem cells are increasingly being considered for the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency. Among them, mesenchymal stem cells derived from menstrual blood can improve ovarian function and promote the recovery of fertility by differentiating into targeting exogenous cells, targeting the homing and implantation of injured sites, and effective secretion of a series of parasecretory cytokines by exosomes, with the advantages of rich sources, non-invasive acquisition and low immunogenicity. It is considered as a promising new method for the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency, but the clinical application of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is not yet widely used. This paper reviews the effects of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells on ovarian function and the possible mechanisms of treating premature ovarian insufficiency, providing theoretical basis for further research and clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum sexual dysfunction (PSD) is a disease with a high incidence rate in women with complex etiology and various treatment methods, including psychotherapy, drug therapy, behavioral therapy, physical rehabilitation therapy, surgical treatment, etc. The main treatment measures for PSD are still non-surgical treatment. The pelvic floor doctors should give professional guidance to postpartum women in the process of resuming sexual life. Drug treatment can effectively relieve vaginal dryness and burning sensation. Both electrical stimulation and biofeedback can reduce sexual intercourse pain, and biofeedback has more advantages than electrical stimulation in increasing libido and vaginal lubrication. Magnetic stimulation can not only improves pelvic floor muscle strength, but also has a certain effect on postpartum sexual intercourse pain. Manual treatment of pelvic floor myofascial pain needs to be combined with other treatments. Radiofrequency therapy should be used to improve vaginal laxity and dryness. To provide reliable clinical basis for searching for the best non-surgical treatment method, we reviewed the intervention measures and indications in the non-surgical treatment of PSD and evaluated its therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a relatively rare pregnancy complication in obstetrics. Its occurrence is associated with HELLP syndrome and eclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and reduced platelet count. It is reported that a case of severe pre-eclampsia was admitted to hospital. Due to poor control of blood pressure, a pregnant woman developed dizziness, convulsions and other neurological symptoms after cesarean delivery for epigastric pain. Auxiliary examination suggesting thrombocytopenia, elevated glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase increased, and multiple cerebral infarction foci. The patient was discharged after timely treatment. Through the diagnosis and treatment of this case, we can summarize the experience and lessons, in order to improve clinicians' understanding of postpartum HELLP syndrome and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children ovarian dysgerminoma is uncommon in clinic practice. Combined with the history and the auxiliary examination, surgery in children ovarian dysgerminoma is the preferred approach. With the development and progress of the comprehensive treatment model, we need to consider the protection of children's fertility and the management of ovarian malignant tumor after surgical treatment. Here we report the data of a 12-year-old child with ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient first seen in the department of pediatrics due to abdominal pain, and then went to the department of gynecology after finding pelvic mass. Anal examination indicated that a mass of about 7.0 cm×6.0 cm, quality medium, border clear and movable could be palpated on the right side of the pelvic cavity. The examination of relevant tumor markers showed that alpha-fetoprotein and carbohydrate antigen 125 increased slightly. Laparotomy and intraoperative freezing suggested that benign lesions were considered in the left ovary and malignant lesions in the right ovary, so right adnexectomy +excision of left ovarian cyst was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy and goserelin castration were given to protect ovarian function after surgery. The patient has been followed up for 11 months and has regular menstruation without special discomfort. The diagnosis and treatment process and characteristics of ovarian dysgerminoma in children were reviewed in order to improve clinicians'consideration of the diagnosis, treatment and management of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare malignant tumor of the ovary, the pathogenesis of which is still unclear, and the clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination are not specific, preoperative diagnosis is difficult, the diagnosis can only rely on the histopathological results and immunohistochemical results. It is very easy to be confused with other malignant tumors of the ovary and miss the best treatment time and delay the disease. We report a case of ovarian DLBCL in our hospital, in which the patient presented with the main complaint of abdominal distension and without other discomfort, and the atypical imaging examination. The patient was initially diagnosed as a pelvic mass after admission. The diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy, and surgery and chemical treatment were given. Now we retrospectively analyze the clinical data of the patient and review the relevant literature to deepen the clinicians' understanding of this disease and effectively improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statins are 3-hydroxy -3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors that reduce plasma cholesterol level by reducing cholesterol biosynthesis and inducing changes in low-density lipoprotein receptor expression. It is widely used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, statins may have potential anticancer effects by blocking cell cycle progression, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis and causes severe economic and psychological burden to patients. Statins exert anti-tumor effects and improve the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer by inhibiting mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, promoting ferroptosis regulating autophagy and tumor microenvironment (TME). Studies have shown that statins, to some extent, can inhibit ovarian cancer cell proliferation, reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, improve the prognosis, synergize and enhance the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy drugs, and reduce the recurrence rate. This article reviews the research progress of statins in the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer, in order to provide help for future clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian Brenner tumor is a rare pathological type of ovarian tumor, which can be divided into benign, borderline/atypical proliferalive and malignant. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear, the clinical manifestations and imaging examinations are not specific, and it is easy to misdiagnose before surgery, and the diagnosis mainly depends on postoperative pathological examination. Recent studies have found that malignant Brenner tumor (MBT) gradually progresses from benign Brenner tumor of the ovaries, and the process of occurrence is related to the genetic variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, CCND1 gene, and murine double microbody gene 2 (MDM2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene and phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA) gene. The treatment of ovarian Brenner tumor is mainly surgery, in which ovarian MBT can be supplemented with platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy after surgery, and it is expected to be targeted therapy for its carcinogenic sites. Staging is an important prognostic factor, and early diagnosis and treatment is the key to improve prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of different types of cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in the development of endometrial cancer. Among them, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as an important component of TME, regulate the malignant bilolgical behavior of endometrial cancer through direct or indirect ways, and promote tumor progression. Studies have shown that CAFs are involved in regulating the pathways of proliferation, migration, invasion and metabolism of endometrial cancer cells, and they also play an important role in the matrix remodeling, angiogenesis and immune regulation of TME. Clinical trials targeting CAFs have broken the limitations of traditional treatments for endometrial cancer and brought new treatment options for patients with end-stage endometrial cancer, but only some patients will benefit. The sources and functional heterogeneity of CAFs are closely related to treatment resistance. This article reviews the research progress of CAFs in endometrial cancer to deeply understand the characteristics and functions of CAFs, so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the three female reproductive malignant tumors, endometrial cancer seriously endangers women's health. Recent studies have revealed that ferroptosis is a critical factor in the initiation and progression of endometrial cancer. As a form of programmed cell death, Ferroptosis is closely related to multiple biological processes, such as iron metabolism, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. It has been found that manipulation of iron metabolism and oxidative stress in endometrial cancer cells could lead to cancer cell ferroptosis and thus inhibit tumorigenesis. Additionally, regulation of ferroptosis-related pathway alters chemosensitivity of endometrial cancer patients, and comparative analysis of ferroptosis-related genes can be used for the prognosis prediction of endometrial cancer patients. Therefore, ferroptosis-related pathway proteins are promising targets for endometrial cancer treatment. This review briefly summarizes ferroptosis mechanisms and its role in the occurrence and treatment of endometrial cancer, and analyzes the potential application value of ferroptosis related molecules as a new type of molecular typing to predict the prognosis of endometrial cancer, and provides new ideas for the application of ferroptosis in the treatment of endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylation is one of the important elements of epigenetics, and abnormal methylation is closely related to malignant tumor cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, intercellular adhesion, infiltration and metastasis. Endometrial cancer is a common malignancy of the female reproductive system. Studies have shown that abnormal methylation of genes is associated with risk factors, types, tumor progression, early diagnosis, chemoresistance, progesterone resistance and prognostic assessment of endometrial carcinoma. Specific methylation markers can be used for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of endometrial carcinoma. Regulating the methylation status of key genes can improve the sensitivity of endometrial carcinoma cells to chemotherapy and progesterone. This article provides an overview of research advances in DNA, RNA and histone methylation in the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, drug therapy and prognostic assessment of endometrial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disease commonly in women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenemia and polycystic ovary changes, often manifested as obesity, infertility and insulin resistance. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a multifunctional regulator that is not only involved in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism, but also closely related to oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and mood disorders. Studies have shown that TXNIP levels are significantly increased in PCOS patients, suggesting that TXNIP may be involved in the development of PCOS and its complications. In recent years, some in vivo and ex vivo studies have attempted to use herbal extracts and western drugs to inhibit TXNIP expression, and the discovery of TXNIP-specific inhibitors makes it a promising and effective target to inhibit the process of PCOS. This article reviews the role of TXNIP in PCOS, in order to provide new ideas and directions for the in-depth study of PCOS pathogenesis and its clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is one of the common benign diseases in women of childbearing age, and its incidence is increasing year by year. EMs refers to the presence of endometrial tissue outside the normal endometrium, mostly involving pelvic organs and parietal peritoneum, such as the ovary and sacral ligament. The pathogenesis of EMs has not been completely clarified. Currently, the widely accepted theories include the hypothesis of menstrual reflux, coelomic epithelium metaplasia, iatrogenic implantation, lymphatic metastasis and hematogenous dissemination. Diagnosis depends on clinical findings, imaging and pathological outcomes. Management of this disease includes drug treatment and surgery. Extra-pelvic endometriosis is a rare EMs that occurs in areas outside the pelvic cavity, such as the abdominal wall, thorax and perineum. Due to its rare occurrence and atypical clinical symptoms, the diagnosis is often difficult and misdiagnosis often occurs. In order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of extra-pelvic endometriosis, it is necessary to achieve early detection, timely diagnosis and standardized treatment to optimize the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of gestational hyperglycemia/diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been increasing in the world. It is not only associated with perinatal adverse events for mother and fetus, but also increases the risk of metabolic diseases in mother and offspring in the long term. However, there are still controversies about the diagnosis and treatment of DIP. Chinese Medical Association (CMA) in 2022 and American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2021 had issued and updated their guidelines of DIP in order to provide the latest suggestion for the management of DIP. Two guidelines have been comparated in the nine aspects，such as disease classification, diagnosis, preconception counseling and care, lifestyle and behavior management, hypoglycemic drug therapy during pregnancy, glucose monitoring, maternal and child complications, postpartum care and follow-up, obstetric management. The possible causes of similarities and differences between the two guidelines were explored for providing a reference for clinicians′ practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct diagnosis of fetal arrhythmia is very important for its treatment. Individualized treatment of the fetus according to the type of arrhythmia can actively improve the prognosis of the fetus, improve the survival rate of the fetus, and avoid the occurrence of unexplained fetal intrauterine death. Clinically, fetal arrhythmias can be divided into three types: cardiac arrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia. Diagnostic methods include fetal electrocardiogram, magnetocardiogram, pulse Doppler and M-mode echocardiography. Most fetal arrhythmias are benign and usually do not require treatment, but require close follow-up. For persistent fetal arrhythmias with cardiac insufficiency or fetal edema, intrauterine treatment is required. This article summarizes the diagnosis methods, causes and treatment plans of different types of fetal arrhythmias, strengthen intrauterine management, and improve the perinatal outcome of the fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial cancer complicated with adenomyosis canceration is a rare disease with no specific clinical manifestations. The diagnosis is mostly determined by postoperative pathology, and its treatment is mostly based on the treatment principles of endometrial cancer. The prognosis is still unclear. We report a 57-year-old woman who presented for postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Color Doppler ultrasound suggested adenomyosis with endometrium thickness of 9 mm, and curettage pathology suggested endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Further comprehensive staging of endometrial cancer was performed. Postoperative pathology revealed endometrial adenocarcinoma with adenomyosis canceration. The patient was diagnosed as stage Ⅰa endometrial cancer complicated with adenomyosis malignant transformation. Regular follow-up showed no recurrence at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian granulosa cell tumor (OGCT) is a rare neoplasia of sex-cord stromal origin and accounts for 2%-5% of ovarian tumors. It can be divided into adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) and juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) according to the histopathological characteristics. Due to its secretion function, it often presents estrogen stimulation symptom. Mutation of FOXL2 gene c.402C→G is the most important pathogenic factor in AGCT and a molecular diagnostic marker. Surgery is the first choice for OGCT. The most important factor affecting the prognosis of patients is clinical stage. Inhibin β and AMH can be used as serological markers in diagnosis and detection of OGCT. OGCT generally has a favorable prognosis. Due to the characteristics of long-term recurrence, long-term follow-up should be insisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary is a rare clinical benign ovarian tumor with low incidence and unclear etiology. It is more common in young women, mostly with unilateral mass, often visit a doctor due to irregular menstrual bleeding or abdominal mass found in physical examination. Imaging examination showed changes such as "lake island sign", "fast in and slow out" and "centrality enhancement". Histopathology showed unilateral rounded cystic solid mass with "false lobule" as the characteristic lesion. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression of inhibin, vimentin and actin. The diagnosis is mainly made by histopathology, and imaging examination has important reference value. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and easily confused with ovarian fibroma, follicular membranous cell tumor, ovarian Kookenberg tumor, granulosa cell tumor, etc. Surgical treatment is the main means of treatment, mostly the affected side tumor resection or adnexectomy. Postoperative prognosis is good and ovarian function can be restored to normal. For the tumor with more nuclear mitosis and necrosis, it is necessary to be alert to the risk of recurrence, and long-term follow-up is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare disease. The tumor typically grows along vascular vessels and can extend to the inferior vena cava, even to the heart. The pathogenesis remains still controversial at present. Most scholars are inclined to consider that the leiomyoma directly invades into myometrial veins and spreads along the vascular lumen. Uterine IVL usually occurs in 40 to 50 years old women with a reproductive history. The clinical manifestations in the early stages are not typical. If the lesion involves the inferior vena cava or right heart, it can cause ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, dyspnea, heart failure, and even sudden death in severe cases. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment method, but there is no consensus on the specific surgical plan. The recurrence rate of the disease is high, and long-term and close follow-up is required after the operation. The pathogenesis, high risk fators, clinical and imaging manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of uterine IVL are reviewed, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS) is a rare type of malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin, which is also known as the most common subtype of endometrial stromal sarcoma. As a genetically heterogeneous disease, LGESS has many characteristic chromosomal translocations. Abnormal fusion proteins expressed by fusion genes are an important driving factor for the development of LG-ESS and also provide potential therapeutic targets for LG-ESS. LG-ESS is a low-grade malignant tumor characterized by slow growth and late recurrence, with pelvic radiation and long-term use of tamoxifen or estrogen as important risk factors. Due to the atypial of clinical manifestations, there is still a lack of effective preoperative diagnosis. Morphology and combined application of immunohistochemical antibodies can improve the detection rate, but their value is limited. Therefore, its diagnosis and treatment remains a great challenge for clinicians. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, pathological diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of LG-ESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D (VD) is one of the essential nutrients in pregnancy and perinatal period. It is not only related to bone metabolism, but also has multiple neural activities affecting neuroimmune regulation, neurotrophic factors and neurotransmission in the brain. Recent studies have found that VD has varying degrees of influence on the occurrence of depression. Prenatal and postnatal depression as a branch of depression, their relationship with VD is also being studied. VD deficiency can not only lead to recurrent spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia, but also be associated with depression symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. It has been reported that VD deficiency may be one of the important risk factors for perinatal depression. Reasonable perinatal VD supplementation has a certain prevention and treatment effect on depression, but more studies are needed to confirm the timing and dose of VD supplementation. Combined with the domestic and foreign literatures published in recent years, we reviewed the correlation between VD deficiency and perinatal depression in this article, providing theoretical basis for early prevention, early diagnosis and timely treatment of the disease, and providing new ideas for later research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic heart disease caused by mutations in genes that lead to abnormalities in the structure or function of ion channels, and is characterized by prolonged QT interval and T -wave changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG), and it is prone to palpitation, synocope, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest and even sudden death. The most common genetic subtypes of LQTS patients are LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. Different Genetic subtypes of LQTS have different mutation genes, triggers, and even ECG changes, so clarifying the genetic subtypes of patients can help clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiac events. Effective prevention of cardiac events is one of the most important measures for patients with LQTS. During pregnancy and puerperium, women with LQTS will experience a series of physiological changes such as hormonal levels and hemodynamic changes, which may affect the risk of cardiac events associated with LQTS; their clinical management is also different from that of non -LQTS women, and it is necessary to review the research progress of its pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment options and perinatal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of HELLP syndrome and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is still unclear, lack of unified guidance in clinical treatment. A case of prenatal HELLP syndrome complicated with RPLS was reported. The main clinical manifestations of the patients were headache and blindness, the blood pressure was elevated. Laboratory examination showed that lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increased, and platelets decreased. Patient has chills, convulsions irritability and other delirium symptoms after emergency lower segment cesarean section, was given rescue treatment such as analgesia, sedation, antihypertensive, diuresis, anti -infection, liver protection and multidisciplinary consultation. After 10 days, the patient′s condition was stable, with normal vision and stable blood pressure control. For patients with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, those with symptoms of neurological and visual disturbances should consider the possibility of RPLS, and diagnose and treat as soon as possible to ensure maternal and infant safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death in China. The main factors leading to postpartum hemorrhage are uterine atony, genital tract trauma, placental factors, anemia and coagulation dysfunction. In recent years, due to the adjustment of China′ s birth policy, the average age of pregnant women has gradually increased, and the incidence and severity of postpartum hemorrhage are also on the rise. Medical institutions should identify postpartum hemorrhage according to the actual situation of the parturient, pay attention to the analysis of the causes of postpartum hemorrhage, take timely prevention and effective countermeasures, and then formulate individualized treatment strategies, maintain the stability of maternal hemodynamics, promote uterine contraction, perform appropriate surgical operations and blood infusion, and drugs such as tranexamic acid, recombinant human activating factor Ⅶ and fibrinogen should be used when necessary to improve hemostasis, so that the patients can receive timely and effective treatment, then reduce bleeding-related mortality, and improve the quality of life of patients in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of primary cervical malignant melanoma. Methods: The clinical data and follow-up data of 13 patients with primary cervical malignant melanoma diagnosed by pathology in Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University were collected from January 2013 to December 2019. Analysis the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis. Results: The 13 patients were 30-64 years old, with an average age of (51.1±10.8) years old. According to FIGO 2018 staging system, there were 4 stage Ⅰ patients, 3 stage Ⅱ patients, 1 stage Ⅲ patient, and 5 stage Ⅳ patients. Six patients with stage ⅠA-ⅡA were treated with surgery, of which 2 patients received observation only, 3 patients received chemotherapy after surgery, and one patient received chemotherapy+immunotherapy. Two patients with stage ⅡB to Ⅲ and two patients with stage Ⅳ received radiotherapy + chemotherapy. The remaining 3 patients with stage Ⅳ received a combination of chemotherapy, local radiotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy. The median follow-up time was 12 months (7-84 months), 9 patients died, distant metastasis occurred in 3 cases, and the median overall survival was 38 months. Conclusions: Primary cervical malignant melanoma is a relatively rare but highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis and susceptibility to distant metastasis. Surgical resection is the main treatment modality for early-stage patients, and a combination of immunotherapy and targeted therapy may be a new option for metastatic and unresectable patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesothelial cyst is a benign neoplastic lesion derived from mesothelial cells, mainly involves pelvic peritoneum and peritoneal peritoneum. It is more common in mesentery and omentum majus, and less in uterus. This paper reports the diagnosis and management of a patient with uterine mesothelial cyst misdiagnosed as leiomyoma with cystic degeneration in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. This patient with no typical clinical manifestations preoperatively was diagnosed as leiomyoma with cystic degeneration and underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy, mainly based on imaging characteristics. But the postoperative pathology, indicated uterine mesothelial cyst. This paper analyzes the diagnosis and treatment of the patient and reviews relevant literature, discuss the differential diagnosis and treatment of uterine mesothelial cyst, in order to improve the academic vision of the disease in gynecologists and avoid misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of abdominal wall endometriosis involving pubic bone was successfully treated by surgical. The patient was diagnosed by abdominal wall ultrasound, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging and finally confirmed by fine needle biopsy. After admission, a multidisciplinary team including gynecologists, general surgeons, hernia surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and urologists was established to discuss and recommend surgical removal of abdominal wall endometriosis mass. The operation was completed by the multidisciplinary treatment team. Endometriosis was found in abdominal wall muscle, peritoneum and pubic symphysis. The endometriosis mass in the abdominal wall and pubic bone was completely removed. Because there were many abdominal muscles and fascia excised, the abdominal wall defect could not be sutured routinely. The abdominal wall defect was repaired with patches. The patient recovered well without complications and was followed up well. The successful treatment of this case showed that adequate preoperative examination and the cooperation of multidisciplinary treatment team were the key to the treatment of patients with complex abdominal wall endometriosis. For endometriosis involving pubic bone, tension -free hernia repair technique and postoperative compression bandage can be used as an alternative treatment for abdominal wall defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The S100 protein family is a family of 25 members of calcium-binding proteins that bind to Ca2+ and perform biological functions inside and outside the cell, regulating various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, migration and invasion, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis and energy metabolism. They are closely associated with the development of many cancers, inflammatory diseases and immune disorders. Endometriosis (EMs) has a complex pathogenesis and is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause pelvic pain and infertility. There are no accurate and easily accessible early non-invasive diagnostic methods and clear therapeutic targets. Studies have shown that S100B, S100A7 and S100A8 can participate in the inflammatory response by activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway; S10013 can participate in neovascularization and promotes disease progression by synergizing with other pro-angiogenic factors; S100A4, S100A6 and S100P may induce cell migration and invasion through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and/or p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The research progress on the role of S100 protein family in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of EMs is reviewed to provide ideas for further applications of S100 proteins in EMs, and to provide references for the search of potential early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]