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Presently, in Malta, syllabi are being replaced by learning outcomes. For ages 3-7, the outcomes are framed holistically (e.g. identity, communication, etc.), and it is recommended that children learn mathematics informally through play and projects. For ages 8-11, learning outcomes are subject-based, and new mathematics textbooks are being phased in. I discuss the importance of a smooth transition between informal and structured approaches to learning mathematics. I draw on Anna Sfard's 4-element definition of discourse, linking the theory with my research classroom data. I argue that a discourse perspective can provide a basis for ensuring continuity across Grade levels.

It was observed from previous researches that Bloom's Taxonomy action verbs (BTAVs) are overlapping in multiple cognitive levels, causing ambiguity about the real sense of the word. A data set of BTAVs was ranked using a statistical classification. Four categories of BTAVs were identified, out of which 153 BTAVs (86.44%) are classified into a single cognitive level. In the remaining 24 BTAVs, 21 follow a specific transition from one cognitive level to another. The proposed research reduced the cognitive level's ambiguity and made the classification more robust, making it easier for teachers to create and set the cognitive levels.

Computer-aided design (CAD) tools are widely used in the urban planning process, giving planners the ability to generate urban contexts and many scenarios for future development. However, debate is ongoing regarding the effects of CAD tools on student learning and the reliability of the cluster of assumptions that usually come with them. This article aims to examine whether CityCAD can be an effective tool for achieving learning objectives related to critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity in the urban planning discipline. This research also examines whether the software influences students' interest in planning and affects students' perceptions of the discipline. Using instructor observations, students' projects, and surveys, we find that using CityCAD in education can achieve learning objectives, increase students' interest, and enhance the perception of planning as a more creative field. The results have implications for instruction, student recruitment, and perceptions of the field.

This study explored the Turkish language teaching curriculum (TLTC, Grades 1-8) outcomes through an interactionist framework. Two points framed the analysis of the outcomes: learning demand and social discussions of the meanings. This study concluded that particularly for the learning areas such as reading, speaking, and writing, sixth- to eighth-grade outcomes downgrade the opportunities of teachers to engage students in social discussion of meaning when teaching Turkish language due to lower learning demand compared with first- to fifth-grade outcomes. First- to fifth-grade outcomes were found to provide Turkish language teachers more chances to create social discussions of meaning by enhancing the learning demand.

This article identifies the principles that informed the design of educative curriculum supports for teaching science texts and reports how elementary teachers chose to use the supports, which included identified learning goals, discussion moves to support sensemaking with the text, and narratives of teachers' uses of text in science teaching. The within-and across-teacher variations are discussed in terms of their implications for student learning opportunities and the future design of educative supports for text-based discussions.

Reviews and compares 10 character education programs, their objectives, pedagogy, and research, revealing their highly diverse theoretical assumptions and pedagogical practices. It suggests that emerging research in the field offers the hopeful promise that theory and practice may be advanced in a systematic manner. (GR)

The Salvadoran educator J. Portillo describes popular education practiced in El Salvador in the midst of civil war. Salvadoran popular education is organized by members of the community who receive it and is usually led by nonprofessional educators. Most popular education is in literacy or at the elementary level. (SLD)

A perspective that sees adult literacy only in job-related terms is too limiting for a participatory democracy. In place of the prevailing metaphor "adult literacy as consumerism," a view of adult literacy education as an imaginative, social, and communal process of story telling promotes individual and social development. (SLD)

Education's role in the Allensworth Colony (California) is examined between the colony's founding in 1908 and its decline in the early 1920s. Allensworth was established by African Americans as a model community. Implications of the Allensworth experience and Black opposition to a planned segregated polytechnic institute are discussed. (SLD)

Describes education as an alienation of mind from body, thought from action, reason from feeling, and self from other. Traditional definitions of education relate it only to society's productive--not reproductive--processes. Reconstructing education is only possible if we acknowledge the workings of gender in educational theory. (KH)

Reviews and critiques three viewpoints that currently predominate in debates over vocational education. Demonstrates that the current debate overlooks opportunities to address vocational life as a meaningful and socially liberating area for study. Discusses features needed for an education that empowers students to enter vocations with critical thought and creative action. (JS)

Discusses the historical pedagogical controversy between advocates of the personal, expressive functions of school-based creative writing and defenders of its utilitarian functions. Concludes that the merits of creative written expression must be defended during the current "back to basics" movement because of its therapeutic, functional, and intellectual benefits. (Author/GC)

By examining two suburban high schools (one in a wealthy White community and the other in a racially mixed working class community), explores the ways schools integrate adolescents into the economic system through a structured correspondence between the social relations of the school and those of production. (Author/GC)

Discusses the emergence in Britain of a reoriented, relativistic sociology of education in light of criticisms of conventional educational practice as being elitist. Examines the major thrusts of the new orientation and assesses its impact on the work of teachers and its potential for transforming educational practice. (Author/MJL)

Aesthetics education should be based on Plato's aesthetics, which recognizes the power of art to revolutionize world awareness, rather than on the aesthetics of Herbert Read and John Dewey. Art educators must reconcile the subversive nature of art and the conservative aims of education. (Author/MJL)

Discusses four possible purposes of bilingual education in local settings: (1) bilingual education is more equitable for language minority children; (2) bilingual education is more effective in teaching English; (3) bilingual education promotes minority group bilingualism; and (4) bilingual education helps attain bilingualism for all children. (Author/GC)

Teachers' instructional practices are among the most crucial components of a successful educational setting to equip students with essential knowledge and skills apart from increasing the effectiveness of instruction. The purpose of this study is to examine teachers' views and contentment about their instructional practices regarding the quality of instruction. The study was carried out through basic qualitative research design. Qualitative research is conducted with an aim to uncover facts about individuals' experiences, perceptions, and perspectives toward a particular phenomenon. The participants of the study were 201 teachers, working in different grades and majors. Of the participants, 58% (n = 116) were female and 42% (n = 85) were male. The data collection tools included an electronic opinion form and focus group interview. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis. Findings of the study indicated that professional development activities and innovative implementations made teachers happy regarding their instructional practices. Second, teachers felt unhappy when they disregarded students' individual differences. Third, teachers' instructional goals were related to improving their content knowledge and technological competencies. They needed administrative support and time to achieve their instructional goals. In the light of the findings of the study, it is significant that observable and measurable professional development activities should be defined to increase the quality of teaching and student learning, as well as ensuring the implementation of new teaching skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Tina Boyer Brown reflects on her experience as a founding teacher of a new contract public high school, The Chicago High School for the Arts (ChiArts®). She begins with an account of the school's creation as a place where the academic and the artistic join to offer a comprehensive, challenging education to prepare gifted young artists from diverse backgrounds for college, conservatory, and/or career. Ms. Boyer Brown describes the Arts Curriculum in detail and reports on the reflections of students who are nearing the completion of their education. The article closes with Ms. Boyer Brown's own reflections on the value of arts education. She concludes, "It is the effort of taking a set of practical skills and imbuing them with one's humanity that makes the practice of art so powerful for a student, a teacher, anyone" (p. 19). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Rosemary Barilla, a middle-grade language arts teacher, inspired by her own dedication to the arts, describes the ways she integrates the fine arts into her classroom program that is designed to teach reading and writing. She notes, My priority is to address and teach the language arts standards, and I believe that to do so in good faith is to teach a well-versed understanding of how to "read" and write various texts, whether the text is in the form of a painting, a song, a play, or a novella. (p. 12) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eisner (2002) proposes that educational challenges can be met by applying an artful lens. In this article, I draw from Eisner's proposal to consider the assumptions, values, and vision of mathematics education by theorizing mathematics curriculum as an art form. Specifically, I argue that by conceptualizing mathematics curriculum (both in written and enacted forms) as stories, the mathematical lessons experienced by students can be artfully crafted to inspire wonder or grab attention through surprise. An example of a mathematical story from a Grade 7 mathematics textbook is presented and discussed. By framing mathematical content in narrative terms, I seek to enable a rewriting of mathematical experiences for learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dramatic increases in K-12 online education for all students, including those in traditionally underserved populations, necessitate a reconceptualization in the way educators plan and implement instruction. In this article the authors examine the complex array of variables and implementation models that must be accounted for during the pivot from a purely brick-and-mortar educational system to one that makes use of both virtual and blended environments. The authors call for enhanced emphasis on instructional goals and design principles, rather than the capabilities of available technology. They conclude that educational leaders and researchers must play a role in three key areas: using technology to enhance the accessibility and usability of curricular materials to meet the needs of different types of learners, advancing the understanding and practices of in-service and pre-service teachers through preparation that focuses on online learning, and fostering collaboration between educational researchers and technology innovators and developers to build a research base that will inform K-12 online education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors discuss various issues associated with the use of high-stakes tests in schools in the U.S. The article provides a brief overview of the history of testing as a means of government control and describes the importance of testing in building a successful education system and ensuring educational accountability. The authors describe the use of testing as a means of educational change, discuss cultural and human factors surrounding the use of tests, and mention how the process of testing has adapted to technology over the years. The authors also explain their thoughts on how testing has narrowed the focus of both teaching and learning practices by placing an emphasis on test scores.

The article presents a discussion on the problems concerning the aim and content of education in Czechoslovakia in the midst of the scientific-technical revolution. It discusses the process of mechanization with automation and points out the new elements in the contemporary educational approach. It also cites the application of scientific results in the domain of production, technology, and human life.

The article discusses the modular program established at Nordhoff High School in Ojai, California. The program aims to optionally use all available resources at the schools disposal. It also aims to find and recover more time and to develop ways in which the recovered time can best be used to effect learning.

The article discusses the concepts related to educational leadership and sensitivity training. The basic concepts of sensitivity training focuses on the application of educational objectives in the field of social and psychological needs while the scope of a leader's influence depends on the number of tasks that carry out in a group or organization.

The article presents a discussion on international education. It cites that nations should determine their own educational goals and develop their own nationhood. It also discusses the defects and defaults of the national system of education. The growth of student power to a point of subversion even of constitutional government puts pressure on the responsibilities of academic institutions.

The article discusses the aesthetics and special programs in education. The Webster's dictionary defines aesthetics as a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the beautiful and with judgments concerning beauty. Results from a survey of curriculum guides for the educable mentally retarded child showed that emphasis is placed on the cognitive aspects of learning. Also, the curriculum guides have added the objective aesthetic values which incorporates the development and application of abilities for individual and group recreational activities.

The article reports on the role of appraisal in education. Appraisal is the method wherein the degree of relevant contributions in education, made by certain factors in the environment are being assessed. The process of appraisal involves certain degrees of accuracy between subjective valuations and objective measurement of educational goals.

The article provides the facts and figures regarding Educational Progress in the U.S. The purpose of collecting information was to learn how the schools from different sections of the country used the variety of teaching methods, content, and purpose to be studied by the new General Education Board and Teachers College school. The Institute for Public Service requested about 15,200 schools to give their claims of the "School of Tomorrow" and the facts they have in their schools today.

The article discusses about studying of educational system in the U.S. In the study of any school system it is of a great deal more importance to know what changes are taking place and what the direction of the movement is than to know what the school system actually is. A moderately good school system which is rapidly growing better is worth a great deal more to a city than is a much better school system that is rapidly growing worse.

The article focuses on the constitution of the junior high school in the U.S. The reasons for and the advantages of the establishment of this school system are presented. The junior high school plan relieves congestion of the curriculum of both elementary and high schools. The plan presumes departmental teaching and differentiation of courses.

The article focuses on issues surrounding the educational system in the U.S. President Woodrow Wilson is reported to see the incongruity of a racial test to see objections to the literacy test. It is believed that the test has no support except the disinterested support of thoughtful people and that is not considered a concrete basis for any political action. Instead, it will serve as a basis for influencing public sentiment and few will accept any propositions as embodying a permanent policy.

The article discusses the aims and objectives of education in the life of every individual and the purpose of teachers in teaching their students. Education starts from the teachers whose purpose is to conduct her life and the lives of her pupils through the coordination of characters, knowledge, talents, idealism, virtues, and values that will develop them into a better person.

The article presents answers from the readers of the periodical "Journal of Education" with regards to the purpose of pedagogy. One shares that pedagogy is a discipline that provides methods for effective teaching. The other explains that the term is somewhat complex and rest to mean that it is a study of what is suitable for each student. The method of teaching learned from teachers college is a way to have effective education as explain by another.

The article presents the author's views on the civic impact of moral education in public schools. The surface meaning of the term moral education deals with the use of the truth as expressed in our commonly accepted ethics. But the problem arises when its theoretical meaning clashes with the practical enforcement of moral education. It is necessary to compare the moral ideals of the home, the school, and the community to examine the continuity of the school's ideals in the pupil's life.

The article discusses the grading and marking of students in the U.S. as an incentive to study. It asserts that the system of marking impacts one of the aims of modern education. It considers examinations as a product of the marking system. It suggests that the monthly report card encourages the marking system.

The article presents the Harvard Report on the Objectives of a General Education in a Free Society. The report has tremendous strength as it establishes vigorous and fundamental aims for general education and expresses a broad philosophy of the American educational heritage. It is an outstanding contribution to the educational literature and it will have a significant effect on the thinking and practice of men and women in and of education everywhere.

The article provides information about a school program that was inaugurated in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. Its ultimate goal was to train the students so that their lives would be influenced by their teachers. The program had to do with organizational problems such as employment of teachers. Also, it involved reorganization and expansion of the curriculum and several other phases of school work. However, its main objective was to improve the quality of classroom instruction.

The article comments on various issues related to the succession of a long established journal by different authors. According to the professor of Princeton, the two types of exhortation the calamity style is unsuccessful with the youth. Moreover, some people are prone to think of public education as extending only to the age of twelve or fourteen with a bias of an unlogical tradition.

The article discusses the responsibilities of the teachers in molding the character of the youth. Teachers should exhibit good qualities and behavior because they serve as models to their students. It states that though the church, home and society influences a child's behavior, the long hours spent by children in school than any other place within the day is enough to conclude that a teacher greatly influence their education and plays a vital role in the formation of their character.

The article discusses the responsibility of educators in teaching modern language in public schools in the U.S. Modern language teachers must clearly set their goals to accomplish such objectives. Teachers have an important task to develop a sense of national loyalty among their students. The teachers are also responsible in encouraging their pupils to remain in the modern language course until they master the subject.

The article presents a speech delivered by Calvin Coolidge, Vice-President of the University of Pennsylvania, on July 7, 1921. He discusses the role of education in guaranteeing the future of United States through the continuation of knowledge of progress in the past. He presents his view of education as a means of establishing ideals. He cites the classical literature of Greece and Rome as sources of inspiration to the ideals of patriotism, cultural attainment, and the sacrifices these would entail.

The article discusses the relation of learning to democracy. It states that learning and democracy stands for one another because one cannot completely exists without the other. Learning leads people towards democracy while democracy promotes people's learning. It presents the democratic function of learning which includes to unite and serve people as well as to eliminate distinction.

The article profiles professor William H. Maxwell, the elected superintendent of schools in New York City on 1898 by the Greater New York. He was formerly a superintendent of schools in Brooklyn before this appointment was passed . He developed manual training instruction, music, and other programs for special children.

The article highlights the contribution of Charles Dickens in the field of education in the U.S. According to the author, Dickens portrays a school that has the same objectives as the recent "modern school" concept offers. His principle involves a development of a course of training that works out in actual practices.

The article reports various developments related to education in the Middle Atlantic States. New York City's machine shops and allied activities of school will be kept open during the summer. The Catholic Educational Association has adopted a resolution at the Buffalo's fourteenth annual convention. Wilmington Commissioner of Education Charles A. Wagner discusses an incidental advantage of adopting a scale of standardization of schools.

The article discusses on the objectives and essential considerations of doing boys' and girls' club work as part of college education program in the U.S. The author explains that club work aims to discover potential leaders and to provide them opportunities to develop their interests. Through club work, children are being demonstrated with the best practices in farm and home. Work club needs to have well-prepared leaders who are responsible of inspiring, organizing, and leading the club.