Search

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms such as breathlessness and fatigue, affecting 1-2% of adults in developed countries. Standard treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) includes a "new quadruple" therapy comprising ARNI/ACE-I, beta-blockers, MRAs, and SGLT2i. However, a subset of patients remains inadequately managed, highlighting the need for new therapies like vericiguat. Vericiguat, an oral soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator approved by the FDA in January 2021, shows promise for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This review highlights vericiguat's pharmacodynamics, including its mechanism that enhances nitric oxide effects and promotes vasodilation, thereby improving hemodynamic status. Materials and Methods This review synthesizes recent literature on vericiguat sourced from PubMed and Cochrane databases, including studies published in English between 2023 and 2024. Eight relevant publications were selected based on strict inclusion criteria. Results Reviewed studies demonstrate that vericiguat significantly reduces NT-proBNP levels and lowers the risk of composite cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization. Notably, vericiguat showed efficacy in specific subgroups, including patients with chronic kidney disease and those in NYHA class III/IV. Conclusion Vericiguat is a promising candidate for inclusion in the "new quadruple" therapy for HF, particularly for patients with severe symptoms or chronic kidney disease. Further research is essential to clarify its benefits in stable HF patients and its comparative efficacy alongside current guideline-directed medical therapy.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults worldwide. This article aims to explore the pathophysiology, risk factors, basic rules of patient screening, DR classification and current treatment approaches for DR, with the goal of improving awareness and understanding of this vision threatening condition. Materials and methods: A review was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar including publications regarding diabetic retinopathy and its’ pathogenesis, risk factors, classification, screening and treatment. Literature was searched using the following terms: “diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and treatment”, “diabetic retinopathy screening”, “diabetic retinopathy risk factors”, “vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors”, “laser photocoagulation” and “vitrectomy”. Brief description of the state of knowledge: DR is typically classified into two stages: non-proliferative DR, where the retinal vessels leak fluid or bleed and proliferative DR, characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels that can lead to retinal detachment or hemorrhaging. Treatment for DR aims to slow disease progression and preserve vision. Modern therapies include laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections and vitrectomy. Conclusions: Prevention is the most effective way to avoid vision loss from DR. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, controlling blood glucose and blood pressure, as well as regular eye examinations are essential for managing DR. Therapeutic interventions such as anti-VEGF intravitreal injections, laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy proved to be very effective in DR management. Early intervention with modern therapies, patients education and treatment adherence are main factors in preventing severe outcomes of DR.

Introduction and purpose: Excessive sugar consumption is one of the main dietary problem of the modern Western diet. Numerous studies have shown that a high intake of simple sugars is associated with an increased risk of developing various diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the consumption of large amounts of sugar also affects skin condition, accelerating its aging and exacerbating the course of certain dermatological conditions. This study aims to present the underlying mechanisms of these processes and demonstrate the impact of a low-glycemic index diet on skin health. Description of the state of knowledge: The skin is the largest organ of the body, and its condition is closely linked to diet. Excessive sugar consumption can contribute to biochemical changes such as skin protein glycation, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation. The glycation process leads to damage of collagen and elastin fibers, which reduces skin elasticity and contributes to the formation of wrinkles. Elevated levels of MMP-1/MMP-2 and LOX in the skin can affect collagen fragmentation and disrupt its structural integrity. Studies have also shown that a high-glycemic index diet can exacerbate inflammatory conditions such as acne and psoriasis and promote hormonal imbalances. Conclusion: In summary, excessive consumption of simple sugars significantly affects skin condition through mechanisms such as glycation, inflammation induction, and hormonal disturbances. Therefore, a low-glycemic index diet may be an effective tool in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases. Future studies should focus on gaining a more precise understanding of these relationships and developing dietary recommendations to improve skin health.

The recent era of rapid advancements in information technology has enabled various medical disciplines to tackle longstanding problems in novel ways. Among these, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising alternative or complement to conventional physical therapy (CPT) for managing chronic musculoskeletal, degenerative, neurological, and pulmonary conditions. Increased patient motivation during treatment, low drop-out rates, and instant feedback are among the primary reasons VR is gaining trust among physicians, patients, and caregivers worldwide. Evidence suggests that VR can significantly enhance motor performance, cognitive skills, pulmonary function, activities of daily living (ADLs), quality of life (QoL), and even reduce pain intensity in several chronic diseases. Notably, patients with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poised to be the primary beneficiaries of VR. Thus, it appears that VR-based techniques are set to leave a footprint on clinical practice globally. However, challenges to the clinical adoption of VR remain, including technical limitations, the lack of standardized guidelines, and minor safety concerns that must be addressed. This paper summarizes the background, current developments, and key considerations for future research in this rapidly evolving field.

Introduction Hypercholesterolemia is a primary element leading to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, which are the most common cause of death worldwide. One of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia are statins. Monacolin K is a naturally derived substance that exhibits similar effects. Materials and methods The review of studies that follows is based on peer-reviewed scientific publications that may be found on PubMed, Google Scholar and CrossRef. The terms "monacolin K," "hypercholesterolemia," and "monacolin K in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia" were among the most searched. Results Review of the literature shows that Monacolin K is a promising substance that exhibits similar effects to statins and like them contributes to improving lipid profile. Unfortunately, fermented wild rice preparations lack clear information on the exact content of Monacolin K. Additionally, it is almost exclusively available in the form of dietary supplements on the Polish market, which have not been subjected to rigorous studies, so their therapeutic effects have not been scientifically proven. Conclusion The result of the cited studies indicates that It is necessary to regulate the market of preparations containing fermented wild rice. The package should specify the exact content of the active substance and effectiveness should be confirmed by appropriate studies. It would be promising for preparations to be developed at the level of medication rather than dietary supplements

Introduction and purpose of this work CPPD is an arthropathy related to calcium pyrophosphate crystals’ deposition in joints triggering an inflammatory response leading to local articular damage. CPPD mainly affects the large and weight-bearing joints.In this review paper, our aim is to outline the current knowledge on epidemiology, origins, clinical manifest, diagnostical tools, new guidelines of the (ACR) and (EULAR) and current treatment options for CPPD. Methods: We performed a systematic electronic search on PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar databases. The search results were limited to publications from 2002 to 2024, as well as key studies and reference books from earlier years. Brief description of the state of knowledge CPP crystals in joints can lead to an inflammatory response and lead to joint damage. CPPD is the third most common reason of arthritis. Its origin is rather idiopathic, but there has been research showing the linkage of this disease to genetical background and some metabolic disorders.The treatment is chosen based on the phenotype of the disease.conventional pharmacological treatment includes NSAIDs, colchicine and corticosteroids. New opportunities to CPPD treatment have appeared thanks to biological medications which inhibit the inflammatory process. Summary Early diagnosis of CPPD, distinguishing it from other forms of arthritis and identifying the possible co-occurring diseases such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis can help the clinicians to apply the proper treatment . Most patients are seniors with several comorbidities, this is why it is important to choose the right treatment, which prevents exacerbation of the inflammatory process and ensures high quality of life for the patients.

Introduction and purpose Over the years piercing has become popular as a form of art and self-expression that may concern various areas of the body. However, it may pose significant risks to health. This literature review aims to provide insight into the matter of oral piercing and to examine recent studies investigating the implications of oral piercing on health. It emphasizes the necessity of promoting education regarding this matter and points out the most significant preventive measures such as regular dental examinations and maintaining proper hygiene that should be taken to minimize the negative consequences of oral piercing on health. The state of knowledge According to the examined studies investigating the implications of oral piercing on health, a wide range of complications have been reported. Gingival recession, damage to dentition and gingivitis should be mentioned among the most frequently discussed. Moreover, studies have demonstrated a correlation between the severity of complications and the location of the piercing, specifying the adverse effects of the piercing within lip and tongue areas in particular. They have also underscored the impact of prolongated wear time on the risk of complications, indicating the elevated risk associated with extended periods of wear time. Conclusions To minimize adverse effects of oral piercing on health, it is crucial to underscore the role of proper education in this field and the importance of taking preventive measures such as performing the piercing procedure by well qualified professionals who endure sterile work conditions and maintaining proper aftercare of the ornament. The role of regular dental examinations taken in order to detect and treat potential complications at early stages is also vital.

Introduction: Pain management is a critical component of healthcare, addressing acute and chronic conditions that significantly impact quality of life. Traditional pharmacological approaches, while effective, often present side effects and dependency risks. Acupuncture, rooted in traditional Chinese medicine, has emerged as a complementary and alternative therapy, leveraging the body’s natural mechanisms to alleviate pain through the strategic insertion of fine needles at acupoints. Purpose of Work: This research investigates the role of acupuncture in pain management, examining its efficacy across various pain conditions, understanding its physiological mechanisms, and evaluating its integration into modern medical practice. It seeks to assess the scientific evidence supporting acupuncture and its potential as a non-pharmacological pain management strategy. State of Knowledge: Studies have demonstrated acupuncture's effectiveness in reducing pain intensity for conditions such as migraines, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and postoperative pain. Mechanistic research highlights its role in modulating neural pathways, enhancing endogenous opioid release, and reducing inflammation. Guidelines from health organizations now recognize acupuncture as a viable option in multidisciplinary pain management. Material and methods: The study methodology entailed defining the objectives, conducting a systematic literature search, and implementing a structured process for screening relevant studies. The research encompassed a comprehensive search across scientific databases, such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Summary: Acupuncture presents a promising, evidence-supported intervention for pain management. By combining traditional techniques with modern scientific insights, acupuncture addresses the growing need for holistic, safe, and effective approaches to alleviating pain and enhancing patient well-being.

Introduction and purpose Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, short-lasting episode of anterograde and retrograde memory loss not caused by stroke or epileptic seizure. It affects 3.4-10.4 per 100,000 people per year, especially those in their 70s. There are several hypotheses regarding the etiopathology of this disorder, none of which have been unequivocally confirmed. This study aims to review the current knowledge about TGA, and to show its essence to the wider community. Description TGA is mainly manifested by a sudden, up to 24-hour loss of anterograde and retrograde memory, which may be accompanied by mild neuropsychological deficits. Diagnosis is based on a neurological examination and exclusion of numerous possible differential diagnoses, including laboratory and imaging tests. There is no specific treatment for this condition, and patient care is based primarily on patient education and risk factor control. They rarely recur and do not cause long-term complications. Summary Although TGA is considered a benign condition, its sudden onset and the temporary nature of memory loss can cause significant anxiety for both patients and their families. Increased awareness and prompt diagnosis are essential to provide reassurance and to rule out more serious conditions such as stroke or epilepsy. Expanding research on TGA is crucial to uncover potential preventive strategies and enhance our understanding of transient memory dysfunctions.

Introduction: Microplastics are common pollutants found in the environment and consumer products. People can be exposed to them through eating, breathing, and skin contact. The sources include contaminated food, drinks, seafood, water, salt, and particles in the air, especially in urban and industrial areas. Research suggests these microplastics may cause physical damage, chemical toxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruption of hormones [1]. Purpose of work: This systematic literature review focuses on providing a comprehensive overview of microplastics in the human body and the health implications due to their presence in human systems [2]. State of knowledge: Research on microplastics has been gaining significant attention among the scientific community. They were found in human stool, blood, and even placental tissue, suggesting they can be absorbed into the human body [3]. Microplastics can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, and may accumulate in organs over time. Potential adverse health effects include inflammation, immune responses, reproductive toxicity, and translocation to other organs [4][5]. Material and methods: The methodology involved clearly outlining the objectives, a systematic literature search, and a structured process for screening and analyzing studies. The research involved a comprehensive search of scientific databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. Summary: Microplastics are ubiquitous in the human environment and can enter the body through various exposure pathways. They have the potential to cause a range of adverse health effects, including physical damage, chemical toxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal disruption. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term health consequences of microplastics in the human body.

Introduction Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases, and its prevalence continues to rise. Among the lesser-known factors contributing to the increased incidence of hypertension is vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D, primarily known for its role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, has been implicated as one of the factors influencing cardiovascular function. Aim of the study The objective of this review is to analyze the current literature regarding the impact of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure levels. Materials and Methods This review incorporates literature from the PubMed database, which was searched using the keywords "hypertension" and "vitamin D." Randomized controlled trials published between 2020 and 2024 were included. Results The literature review reveals various aspects of the relationship between vitamin D supplementation and blood pressure regulation. Hypertension remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, with its frequency consistently rising. Despite the development of new treatment methods, many patients still fail to achieve effective blood pressure control, posing a significant challenge to healthcare. Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D may play a role in regulating blood pressure, which is particularly relevant given the widespread deficiency of this vitamin in global populations. Vitamin D deficiency is a common issue affecting a substantial portion of society, making the topic of supplementation and its potential effects even more urgent. Conclusion There is evidence to suggest potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure regulation, although the study results are inconclusive and do not yet support definitive clinical recommendations.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents a significant global public health challenge. While respiratory symptoms dominate, the virus's impact on other systems, particularly the central nervous system (CNS), has gained increasing attention. SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates tropism for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, expressed in the olfactory epithelium, lungs, endothelium, kidneys, enterocytes, and neurons, contributing to neurological manifestations observed during the acute phase of the disease. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases. Keywords included: COVID-19, Post Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, SARS-CoV-2 Virus, Neurological Manifestations, and Central Nervous System Viral Diseases. A total of 58 articles were selected for analysis based on relevance and quality of evidence regarding neurological symptoms and complications associated with COVID-19. Basic Results: The acute phase of COVID-19 frequently involves neurological symptoms such as frontal and holocranial headaches, dizziness, gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions, and alterations in consciousness. Severe complications, though less common, include encephalitis, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, and myelitis. These conditions often present as altered mental status, seizures, aphasia, headaches, or focal deficits, contributing substantially to patient morbidity and mortality. Conclusions: Neurological symptoms and complications constitute a significant aspect of COVID-19, highlighting the virus's potential to affect the CNS. While severe complications are rare, their profound impact on prognosis underscores the importance of early recognition and management. Further research is essential to understand the pathophysiology and optimise therapeutic approaches for affected patients.

Introduction: Interest in the relationship between physical activity and skin health has grown significantly in recent years. Both scientific literature and media platforms highlight the influence of exercise on skin vitality, with social media often emphasizing its aesthetic benefits. Scientific studies, however, focus on mechanisms like improved circulation, enhanced collagen production, and reduced inflammation. This review aims to analyze the impact of physical activity on skin health, examining its benefits and potential drawbacks while providing a comprehensive understanding of the biological processes involved. Aim of the study: The study seeks to review scientific literature to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on skin health and condition. Materials and methods: The authors conducted a review of scientific literature using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, and Google Scholar. Articles from 2003 to 2024 were analyzed with keywords including physical activity and skin health, exercise and dermatology, skin metabolism, and exercise benefits for the skin. Only studies relevant to the relationship between physical activity and skin health were included. Results and conclusions: Physical activity significantly benefits skin health by boosting collagen production, improving circulation, and reducing cortisol levels, resulting in a radiant and youthful complexion. However, risks such as barrier damage, increased sebum production, and infections must be managed. Personalized skincare routines emphasizing cleansing, hydration, and protection against environmental factors are essential for individuals engaging in regular exercise.

Introduction Migraine, a common neurological disorder, significantly reduces quality of life, particularly among women. Despite advancements in treatment, therapeutic options remain limited, and side effects are common. The ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by low carbohydrate and high fat intake, has shown promise in reducing migraine frequency and severity. Aim of the study The aim of this study is to review the literature on the effectiveness of of the ketogenic diet on the frequency of migraine attacks and their severity. Materials This review analyzed two studies by Di Lorenzo et al. (2018) and Caprio et al. (2023), both demonstrating that KD significantly reduced migraine days compared to non-ketogenic diets. Additional benefits included reduced inflammatory markers and improved body weight. Results While findings are promising, limitations such as small sample sizes, focus on overweight individuals, and lack of long-term safety data highlight the need for larger studies. Conclusions KD offers potential as an effective alternative for managing migraines, but further research is required to confirm its benefits and safety.

Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the frequent cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTD) in infants, with the most severe cases concentrated among infants. Objectives The aim of this study was to review the current recommendations, as well as the availability and options for prophylaxis of LRTD caused by RSV in infants in Poland. Material and Methods Databases such as PubMed, UpToDate and Google Scholar were used for research with the keywords included: vaccine, RSV, nirsevimab, palivizumab, Abrysvo, respiratory syncytial virus, maternal immunization, prevention. The review included studies evaluating the efficacy, safety, and comparison of immunization methods against RSV, along with new recommendations and guidelines from medical societies and organizations, especially in Poland. Results In Poland, RSV prevention in infants includes: • Palivizumab: Monthly injections during RSV season for high-risk infants, including preterm babies and those with serious health conditions. • Nirsevimab: A single-dose monoclonal antibody recommended for all infants under 1 year, though not yet available in Poland. • RSV Vaccine (RSVpreF): For pregnant women (24–36 weeks), offering passive protection to newborns. Available in Poland from May 2024. These strategies provide tailored protection based on individual needs and risks. Conclusions In Poland, effective LRTD caused by RSV prevention methods for infants are increasingly available, requiring healthcare providers and pregnant women to understand their benefits and limitations to make informed health decisions.

Introduction: Recent research highlights a link between early dietary habits, especially breastfeeding, and reduced obesity risk in adulthood. Breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and compounds that may shape an infant’s metabolism. This article reviews current findings to guide parents in supporting lifelong healthy development. Material and Methods: This review examined 30 studies focusing on the relationship between breastfeeding and the risk of developing obesity. Relevant studies were identified through searches on PubMed and Google Scholar. Literature Analysis: The reviewed literature suggests a possible link between breastfeeding and a decreased likelihood of obesity in adulthood, although comprehensive, systematic research on this relationship is still scarce. Findings indicate that bioactive elements in breast milk and breastfeeding behaviors may play a role in early metabolic and appetite regulation, which could influence weight control later in life. Observational studies and case reports show varying impacts, often dependent on factors like the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding, as well as broader environmental influences. Conclusions: Breastfeeding offers significant long-term health benefits, including reduced risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Studies show that longer breastfeeding duration is associated with healthier weight trajectories, improved metabolic outcomes, and lower BMI and HDL levels later in life. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months or more provides substantial protection against obesity in childhood and adulthood. Early formula introduction is linked to higher BMI trajectories and increased metabolic risks. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting breastfeeding as a key public health strategy to support long-term health and disease prevention.

Introduction. Nursing is widely recognized as a public trust profession due to its emphasis on professionalism, ethical standards, and patient-centered care. The profession demands adherence to legal regulations and ethical norms, fostering trust through its critical role in healthcare delivery. This study aims to explore patients' perceptions of nursing as a public trust profession, focusing on key factors such as professionalism, ethical compliance, and personal attributes of nurses. Objective. The primary goal of this study was to assess patients' opinions regarding nursing as a public trust profession and identify the specific attributes and competencies that underpin this perception. Methods. The study employed a diagnostic survey method using a structured questionnaire. A total of 100 patients from a healthcare facility in the Mazovian Voivodeship participated. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, ANOVA, correlation analyses, and factor analysis, were conducted using IBM SPSS 29. Results. The findings revealed that 95% of respondents identified professionalism and high engagement in care as crucial factors for trust. Empathy and compassion were also rated highly (95%), along with confidentiality (90%). The chi-square test showed significant differences in the perception of professionalism (Chi2 = 140.80, P < 0.001), and ANOVA demonstrated the impact of nurses' attitudes on trust (F = 116.93, P < 0.001). Factor analysis indicated that professionalism and engagement were the primary components influencing trust perceptions, explaining 100% of variance. Conclusions. Professionalism, ethical conduct, and interpersonal skills are pivotal in establishing nursing as a public trust profession. These attributes are essential for patient trust and align with global standards in nursing practice. The study underscores the need to maintain high ethical and professional standards to sustain public trust in the profession.

Introduction and Purpose: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a prevalent neurological disorder in children, characterized by movement, muscle tone, and posture impairments. This article reviews the clinical and therapeutic management of CP, focusing on spasticity, musculoskeletal disorders, and holistic rehabilitation. It examines evidence-based interventions, including onabotulinumtoxinA, intrathecal baclofen pumps, and surgical options for orthopedic deformities. Key rehabilitation techniques such as neurodevelopmental therapies, gait training, and speech therapy are discussed to enhance motor skills and cognitive development. Additionally, the management of associated conditions like epilepsy and intellectual challenges is addressed, emphasizing psychological support for patients and families. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the management of cerebral palsy. Material and Methods: We utilized English databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and PubMed Central, selecting articles based on keywords like cerebral palsy, spasticity, physical therapy, and rehabilitation. State of Knowledge: Effective CP management requires a multidisciplinary approach to tackle motor impairments, spasticity, deformities, and psychosocial challenges. Therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological treatments, surgical options, and innovative rehabilitation techniques, are essential for improving mobility and quality of life. Summary: Comprehensive care for children with CP is crucial. Evidence supports combining multiple therapeutic approaches tailored to each child’s needs and involving family preferences to optimize development and well-being.

Introduction Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is a rare inflammatory disorder marked by elevated eosinophils in tissues and blood. Patients typically present with symptoms such as skin swelling, pain, and induration, which can be mistaken for other connective tissue diseases. The pathogenesis of EF is not fully understood, though immune and autoimmune mechanisms appear to play significant roles. Diagnosis often involves biopsies, lab analyses, and imaging techniques. Current treatment mainly consists of corticosteroids, but further research is needed to assess various therapeutic strategies. Understanding EF is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Purpose The purpose of this article is to enhance knowledge of eosinophilic fasciitis by examining its pathogenesis, immune mechanisms, and diagnostic challenges, as well as evaluating current diagnostic criteria and treatments. Given the rarity and complexity of EF, the study also seeks to clarify its differentiation from similar diseases and offer insights into effective therapies for early diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes. Conclusion EF is a rare disease, and its complexity, due to diverse etiologies and variable treatment efficacy, poses significant challenges in clinical practice. In the near future, the publication of new cases and the initiation of clinical trials should contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies and an effective treatment algorithm. Materials and methods: Our review is based on an analysis of material collected in 'Pubmed', 'Google Scholar' and other scientific articles using the keywords: Eosinophilic fasciitis, Shulman, fibrosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, eosinophilia.

Introduction Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins in affecting the human body. It turns out that its influence is not limited to its health-promoting effect on the skeletal system, but may also play an important role in the immune system. In our study, we focused precisely on this aspect of vitamin D's action. Review method We used materials from PubMed for this purpose. We focused on articles and research papers published between 2019 and 2024. We reviewed the publications in terms of vitamin D supplementation and its effects on immunity, disease processes, patient recovery, COVID-19 patients, and some autoimmune diseases. Results Some studies show that vitamin D supplementation significantly improves immune function. It also improves prognosis and reduces mortality in COVID-19. The number of complications and severity of the course also decreases. Vitamin D supplementation also has a positive effect on the course of autoimmune diseases, allowing a reduction in the incidence and improving the outcome of some of them. Unfortunately, not all studies prove such beneficial effects of vitamin D. What is important, however, is that vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on the course of diseases, and the low cost of its use and high availability may prove to be the key to medical development. Conclusions Based on the accumulated studies, it can be concluded that vitamin D contributes to the improvement of immune system function. Some studies prove the beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on the course of some autoimmune diseases. The potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation, as well as its low cost, should be a key argument for further research and knowledge on this topic.

Introduction and purpose Primary tinnitus involves the perception of various types of sounds, usually without the presence of an external or internal stimulus (we then speak of primary tinnitus). Secondary tinnitus is rare, but should be ruled out at the beginning of the diagnostic process, as it can result from a serious disease. The issue of ear noise is a widespread problem in primary care. The purpose of our article was to summarize information on tinnitus, its risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods To write this article, databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: tinnitus, tinnitus treatment, tinnitus cognitive behavioral therapy. Description of the state of knowledge There are many mechanisms that can lead to tinnitus. Since they often coexist with hearing loss, tinnitus is thought to be a response to sensory deprivation. In diagnosis, it is very important to take a thorough medical history to distinguish primary from secondary tinnitus, which determines further management of the patient. Due to the truncated knowledge of the pathophysiology of tinnitus, there are no clear guidelines for the treatment of tinnitus. There are various therapeutic options available, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, sound therapy, somatosensory therapy, neuromodulation and hypnosis. They improve patients' quality of life, however, reliable data confirming reductions in tinnitus intensity is often lacking. Conclusions Tinnitus is a commonly encountered condition. Although significant research has been conducted, our understanding, particularly of its pathophysiology, remains incomplete. This makes it difficult to develop effective treatment.

Introduction: COVID-19 manifests with symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Severe cases are often marked by a cytokine storm, causing pulmonary damage and multi-organ dysfunction. Current treatments lack a specific antiviral, though several pharmacological options, including immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs, are under investigation. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide an evaluation of the efficacy and safety of baricitinib, a JAK inhibitor, combined with standard care for hospitalized adults with COVID-19. By reviewing recent literature, it aims to assess baricitinib's effectiveness in improving patient outcomes. Material and methods: A systematic review of clinical trials and case studies was conducted to analyze baricitinib’s impact on COVID-19 mortality. Data includes treatment-emergent adverse events and patient outcomes in moderate to severe cases. Discussion: Baricitinib has demonstrated potential in managing hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19 by inhibiting multiple proinflammatory cytokines and enhancing immune response. Clinical trials show that baricitinib, particularly in combination with corticosteroids, reduces mortality and serious infections compared to standard care alone. Due to potential adverse events, continuous monitoring of hematological and lipid levels is essential. These findings highlight baricitinib's dual role as an immunomodulatory and antiviral agent, suggesting its importance in treating severe COVID-19. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment regimens and further exploring the long-term implications of baricitinib therapy.

Introduction and aim Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a subtle but significant brain dysfunction resulting from chronic liver damage, with symptoms that can be difficult to detect. It affects patients' quality of life by causing problems with concentration, memory, and motor coordination. Untreated MHE may progress to more severe neurological disorders, such as overt hepatic encephalopathy. The importance of this condition lies in its impact on patients' daily functioning and the increased risk of accidents, particularly in situations requiring quick responses, such as driving.Neurological symptoms caused by the disease are potentially reversible with treatment. Materials and Methods Available literature from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was reviewed using the following keywords: "minimal hepatic encephalopathy," "hepatic encephalopathy," "cirrhosis," and "SIBO." Conclusion The significance of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy is crucial from the perspective of preventing further progression and the onset of overt hepatic encephalopathy, as well as improving the quality of life for our patients. Patients and their families are often unaware of the condition, and the cognitive impairments are frequently underestimated. Enhancing diagnostic methods would enable physicians to identify these patients more promptly.

The increasing prevalence of recurrent infections and immune-related disorders has intensified the search for effective immune-modulating interventions. Bacterial lysates, derived from inactivated bacterial components, have emerged as promising immune-boosting supplements. These lysates activate both innate and adaptive immune responses by interacting with pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), triggering signaling pathways that enhance immune surveillance and pathogen recognition. Among the most extensively studied is OM-85, which has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and modulating immune pathways involved in asthma and allergic rhinitis. This review evaluates the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of bacterial lysates, particularly focusing on their role in preventing RTIs and managing chronic inflammatory diseases. Evidence supports their potential to reduce antibiotic use and improve overall clinical outcomes in both pediatric and adult populations. Despite their general safety, certain contraindications exist, especially in patients with hypersensitivity or autoimmune conditions. Further research is required to optimize their use, particularly in immunocompromised populations and for broader applications, such as viral infections. Bacterial lysates represent a novel, cost-effective approach to enhancing immune health and reducing the global reliance on antibiotics.

Introduction and purpose: The topic of apple cider vinegar supplementation and insulin resistance is becoming increasingly widespread, especially on the internet, which carries many potential risks. There is a need to understand both how apple cider vinegar reduces insulin resistance and improves metabolic parameters, as well as the potential risks of its use. Material and methods: Medical databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched for scientific papers on the safety, benefits, mechanisms, and risks of apple cider vinegar in insulin resistance and related conditions. These were analyzed and summarized in a single review. State of knowledge: Apple cider vinegar supplementation contributes to a reduction in insulin resistance, which is reflected in parameters such as decreased postprandial insulin secretion, lower levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), reduced fasting glucose, lower HbA1c levels, and supports weight loss, potentially improving insulin sensitivity. In most cases, no adverse effects or serious side effects were observed with doses of 15-30 ml per day. However, potential risks include delayed gastric emptying, exacerbation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastrointestinal disturbances, tooth erosion, although one study suggests that such supplementation may be associated with acute pancreatitis. Conclusions: More research is needed on supplementation, particularly regarding its duration. Another risk is the search for health information online without critically evaluating the content. Weight loss through a proper diet and exercise appears to be key for improving insulin sensitivity, but supplementation may help achieve results in certain patient groups.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an increasing health concern, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects 30–40% of patients with diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are effective medications used in the treatment of T2DM, which not only improve glycemic control but also slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), reducing the risk of renal and cardiovascular complications. They work by decreasing glomerular hyperfiltration and alleviating inflammation in the kidneys. Clinical studies have demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits, including a reduction in albuminuria and improvement in renal function. In the future, the development of new drug classes, such as Nrf2 activators and RAS inhibitors, which are currently under clinical investigation, may further advance the treatment of DKD, offering a more personalized approach to therapy. This article reviews the current knowledge on SGLT2i and their impact on the progression of DKD, the future prospects for therapies in managing diabetes and its complications. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to gather and analyze available scientific publications regarding the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with T2DM and to determine the future of therapy based on new reports and research into emerging drug classes. Materials and Methods: We conducted a review and analysis of the literature available in the PubMed database, using keywords such as SGLT2 inhibitors, gliflozins, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most prevalent cause of dementia. It is caused by the degeneration of brain cells due to the accumulation of intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau - containing neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular plaques of amyloid-beta peptide. While pharmacotherapy remains the main form of treatment (including cholinesterase inhibitors and antagonists to NMDA), various non-pharmacological therapy modalities have gained increasing attention as complementary treatment options, such as music therapy. Purpose of the study: This review examines the role of music therapy as an important complement to baseline therapy for AD patients, focusing on indications, methods, and the prospect of music therapy. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing 48 studies from the PubMed database (English-language, up to November 2024) that assess the efficacy, methods, and prospect of music therapy as an adjunctive therapy in Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions: Music therapy is an established and effective supportive treatment for AD patients. It has demonstrated clinical success over many years as a tool for engaging multiple motor and sensory areas, shaping emotions, and evoking memories. This may be due to activating limbic and paralimbic structures, enhancing neuroplasticity, and modulating neurotransmitter systems. Despite the observable benefits of music therapy, the methodological limitations of existing studies highlight the need for further long-term research to standardize treatment approaches.

Aim: The primary aim of this article is to present a case study of a patient with severe depressive episode that was refractory to extensive pharmacological treatment, but exhibited remarkable improvement following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Materials and Methods: The patient’s medical records were obtained from II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin. Cited literature was searched on the PubMed database using the following keywords: Major depressive disorder or MDD, Electroconvulsive therapy, and Benzodiazepine dependence. Results and conclusions: A 55-year-old woman with recurrent depressive disorder and benzodiazepine dependance, unresponsive to multiple medications, requested an ECT. She was then treated with a cycle of 12 Seizure Electroconvulsive Therapy (SECT) sessions. Initially bedridden with severe anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and no clinical improvement despite maximal pharmacotherapy, she exhibited significant improvement after three SECT sessions. Her anxiety decreased, suicidal ideation resolved, and symptoms of anergy and anhedonia diminished. At the end of the SECT cycle, the patient's mood stabilised, and her activity level and social engagement increased. At discharge, she showed no suicidal ideation, tendencies, or psychotic symptoms. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of ECT in treating severe, pharmacologically resistant depressive episodes. It highlights the importance of considering patient requests in conjunction with clinical assessments to achieve positive outcomes. Raising awareness about ECT's safety and efficacy among the public and mental health professionals is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies for severe depression. Proper qualification and timely administration of ECT can significantly enhance treatment outcomes beyond pharmacotherapy alone.

Introduction:Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a critical emergency, with shockable rhythms like ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) posing challenges. Amiodarone and lidocaine are key antiarrhythmic drugs used with defibrillation. While both improve hospital admission rates, their effects on survival and neurological outcomes remain unclear. This review examines their comparative efficacy to guide clinical practice. Materials and methods:A thorough literature review was performed using electronic databases. The search was restricted to English-language articles published from 1970 to 2024. Aim of the study:The aim of this study is to systematically review and compare the efficacy of lidocaine and amiodarone in the treatment of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in adults. This review seeks to evaluate the existing literature to determine the effectiveness and clinical outcomes associated with each medication. Conclusions: The comparative analysis of amiodarone and lidocaine highlights their respective strengths and limitations in managing cardiac arrest, offering valuable insights for clinical practice. Amiodarone stands out as the preferred antiarrhythmic agent due to its significant efficacy in improving short-term outcomes, such as return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital admission. Overall, amiodarone's efficacy and broader applicability position it as the first-line agent for shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pVT). Lidocaine serves as an important alternative in specific scenarios. Future research should aim to optimize antiarrhythmic protocols, improve long-term survival and neurological outcomes, and explore innovative approaches to resuscitation.

Background: Air pollution poses a significant global health risk, affecting a wide range of conditions, including skin aging, atopic dermatitis, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and cancer. Recent studies reveal its role in accelerating aging and exacerbating chronic conditions through mechanisms like oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. However, gaps remain in understanding pollutant-specific effects and their cumulative impact on health. Methods: This review synthesizes findings from recent studies examining the effects of air pollution on skin and systemic health. A comprehensive analysis was conducted across multiple health conditions, with a focus on pollutant-specific mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, immune dysregulation, and inflammatory responses. Results: Findings highlight strong correlations between exposure to pollutants, such as PM2.5, SO2, NOx, and VOCs, with adverse health outcomes. Pollutants exacerbate conditions like wrinkles, atopic dermatitis, thrombosis, and lung cancer. Interestingly, some pollutants, like ozone, showed mixed effects on specific skin conditions, emphasizing the need for nuanced analysis. Conclusion: Understanding the multifaceted impact of air pollution underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions and policies to mitigate health risks. Further research is essential to develop precise strategies to address the pollutant-specific effects and protect vulnerable populations.

Introduction and Purpose This study investigates the effectiveness and clinical applicability of lung ultrasound (LUS) in diagnosing acute bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis is challenging to diagnose due to symptom overlap with other respiratory infections and varying clinical presentations. While conventional diagnosis relies on patient history and physical examination, LUS has emerged as a promising, non-invasive tool that may improve diagnostic accuracy and provide valuable insights into disease severity without the radiation risks associated with X-rays. Material and Methods This review is based on articles from the PubMed database, covering the years 2012-2024, using keywords: bronchiolitis, LUS, lung ultrasound. Results The study found that LUS demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for identifying bronchiolitis-related lung abnormalities, including areas of consolidation and interstitial involvement. A strong association was observed between ultrasound scores and clinical severity, with elevated scores correlating with increased need for respiratory support. LUS was more effective than conventional chest X-rays for detecting consolidations over 1 cm and predicting oxygenation issues in critically ill patients. Conclusions LUS proves to be a valuable diagnostic tool for bronchiolitis, providing a safe, radiation-free alternative to traditional imaging and yielding reliable information on disease severity. Its ease of use, combined with its predictive value in identifying children at risk for respiratory complications, highlights LUS as a practical method for bedside assessment. Moreover, advancements in AI-supported LUS analysis hold potential for reducing operator dependency, enhancing diagnostic consistency, and improving workflow efficiency in emergency settings. Integrating LUS into routine practice could thus enhance care for pediatric bronchiolitis patients, supporting more accurate, timely diagnoses and targeted treatment interventions.

Introduction: Diabetes prevalence among children and adolescents poses a significant challenge to health care systems worldwide. Insufficient control of lifestyle diseases, including diabetes, can lead to an increased need for the use of outpatient services and hospitalization to stabilize the course of the disease. Aim and methods: Demonstrate type 1 diabetes as an interdisciplinary problem of civilization diseases combining diagnosis and treatment along with the costs incurred by the health care system. Analysis of data on the amount of health services provided and costs for type 1 diabetes of children and adolescents in 2016-2019 in Poland was made. Results: The number of pediatric patients who received services with the diagnosis E10 increased by 9.6% in the analyzed interval of years. The cost of health services provided increased by 27.2% during this period. The average annual cost of health services per patient in the last year of analysis (2019) increased by 16%. Conclusions: Educational activities should be intensified among children and adolescents to increase proper diabetes self-management. This intervention will reduce the impact of diabetes, which results in increased use of health services to stabilize the disease and its effects.

Introduction: Depression is a medical condition affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. It can affect different age groups, both children and the elderly. The principal treatments for depression are pharmacotherapy based mainly on SSRIs and SNRIs and psychotherapy (e.g. cognitive-behavioural). Researchers are looking for interventions that can support the treatment of depressive disorders and complement primary therapy. One of the issues being explored is the impact of Dance Movement Therapy and other dance- based interventions on depressive symptoms and general well-being. Aim of the study: Analysis of the available research on the effects of Dance Movement Therapy and other dance- based interventions on depressive symptoms and general psychological well-being including anxiety and stress symptoms. Methods: Review of the available literature available in the scientific databases PubMed and Google Scholar by searching with key words such as: dance movement therapy, dance, depression, depressive disorders, stress. In addition, a review of specialised literature from the field of psychiatry was performed. Conclusion: According to the available data, the introduction of DMT or other forms of dance generally has positive effects, alleviating depressive symptoms in many study groups. In some trials, a reduction in anxiety and stress was also noted among those who underwent the intervention. The best effects of the therapy have been found among people with mild depression. The effects among people with severe depression are not as clear. The inclusion of dance in people with depressive disorders is likely to be a good intervention in patients with mild depressive symptoms and can be used as an adjunctive therapy to appropriate psychiatric treatment. The positive effects of DMT and dance on the wellbeing of cancer patients have also been noted.

The review highlights that TN has a prevalence of 0.16%–0.3%, predominantly affecting women, with an increased incidence among individuals over 50 years of age. TN etiology includes neurovascular compression, demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis, and familial genetic predispositions. Classification systems, such as the 2018 ICHD-3, provide diagnostic criteria and categorize TN into classical, secondary, and idiopathic types. First-line treatments involve antiepileptic medications such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, with second-line options including lamotrigine and baclofen. For refractory cases, microvascular decompression and percutaneous techniques are recommended, with options like gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and botulinum toxin injections showing promise. Despite available treatments, TN’s recurrent nature underscores the need for personalized, multidisciplinary management to address both physiological and mental health impacts.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors among women worldwide. HER2 receptor is a protein that plays a role in cell growth, division, and repair. Approximately 50% of HER2 –negative breast cancers express low levels of HER2 receptors. HER2-low breast cancer is a newly characterized subtype of breast cancers that express low levels of HER2 receptor but do not meet the criteria for HER2 positivity and HER2 negative with SCORE - 0 in immunohistochemistry. Recent studies have discovered that HER2-targeted therapies can be effective even at low HER2 expression levels. Aim of study: The purpose of this review was to increase awareness of HER2- low breast cancer. The objective was also to underscore the importance of detecting low and very low expression of HER2 receptors. The other goal of this project is to raise awareness of potential new directions in oncological treatments including antibody–drug conjugates. Materials and methods: The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the „Pubmed” and Google Scholar databases. The search was performed using the keywords: „HER2-low breast cancer”, trastuzumab deruxtecan antibody–drug conjugates”, „HER2-low diagnostic algorithm”. Conclusion: The results of the DESTINY - Breast04 study shows that trastuzumab-deruxtecan significantly improved both progression-free survival and overall survival among all patients including hormone-positive patients cohort compared to chemotherapy. While trastuzumab-deruxtecan is highly effective, it does come with specific safety considerations that necessitate close monitoring.

Stroke is a very serious life-threatening condition. It is the second cause of death worldwide [5], while even in non-fatal cases it can result in severe disability and complications [5, 8]. Of all cases, ischaemic stroke is the most common, accounting for 87% of all ischaemic stroke cases [4]. Some hope is offered by the fact that modifiable risk factors are responsible for 90% of ischaemic stroke cases [7, 14]. Consequently, a number of recommendations have been made regarding health-promoting behaviours and treatment goals for diseases associated with an increased risk of stroke in high-risk populations. The aim of this work is to present risk groups, i.e. patient groups at higher than population risk of stroke, and to assess the effectiveness of the recommendations and the impact of their application on stroke risk. Methods and materials We reviewed the literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar using the words: Stroke, ischemic stroke, prevention, epidemiology Summary The data analysed clearly indicate that modifiable risk factors are responsible for the majority of cases (up to 90%) of stroke. Identifying risk groups on the basis of the Life's Essential 8 proposed by the American Heart Association for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, yields measurable results in lowering the risk of stroke among patients. Clearly defined standards can also set therapeutic targets for the treatment of conditions and diseases strongly associated with stroke risk and further improve population health. Primary care plays a very important role, as it is often the patient's first contact with the health care system. Keywords: Stroke, ischemic stroke, prevention, epidemiology

Introduction and Purpose Craniosynostosis (CS), the premature fusion of one or more calvarial sutures, is a common congenital skull malformation affecting 1 in 2000–2500 live births. The calvarial sutures, including the metopic, lambdoid, coronal, and sagittal, are essential for skull and brain development. Premature fusion can cause skull deformities, increased intracranial pressure, cortical lesions, intellectual disabilities, or sensory impairments. This study reviews the clinical and molecular mechanisms of CS, explores syndromic and non-syndromic forms, and discusses advances in diagnostics and treatment. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review examined CS's clinical presentation, genetic basis, and molecular pathways. Syndromic forms linked to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and TWIST1 were analyzed alongside insights into non-syndromic CS. Current treatment strategies and future diagnostic directions were evaluated. Description of the State of Knowledge CS is a heterogeneous condition with syndromic and non-syndromic variants. Syndromic CS is linked to over 180 genetic disorders, often inherited dominantly, and includes syndromes like Apert, Crouzon, and Saethre-Chotzen, associated with FGFR and TWIST1 mutations. These syndromes exhibit diverse phenotypes, many unrelated to CS. Non-syndromic CS's molecular mechanisms remain less understood, but recent research highlights novel genetic contributors and signaling pathways, offering therapeutic insights. Conclusions CS is a complex condition with clinical and genetic variability. Syndromic CS is well-studied, while non-syndromic forms need further research. Advances in genetic understanding and signaling pathways provide new insights into CS pathogenesis. Integrating molecular diagnostics with surgical treatment could enhance management. Future research should uncover the genetic basis of CS to improve diagnostics and enable innovative therapies.

Introduction and Purpose Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that arises following limb amputation, affecting a significant number of patients. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of PLP, assess current treatment strategies, and evaluate the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published up to the end of 2023. The search included the keywords: "amputation", "mirror therapy", "pain", "phantom limb", "amputation-induced pain", "chronic pain" in various combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as the etiopathogenesis of phantom pain and its treatment methods. Results The findings indicate that PLP is associated with both peripheral and central nervous system changes, influenced by individual risk factors such as genetics and psychological state. Therapeutic interventions such as mirror therapy, graded motor imagery, and neuromodulation have shown promise in alleviating symptoms, although the evidence for their effectiveness remains variable. The implementation of a multidisciplinary approach significantly improves outcomes in managing PLP. Conclusions Effective management of phantom limb pain requires a comprehensive understanding of its etiology and a tailored treatment strategy that incorporates both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Future research should focus on establishing robust clinical protocols and long-term efficacy studies to enhance the quality of life for individuals suffering from PLP.

Introduction Over the past few decades, the level of interest in the use of complex molecular pathways in the course of various diseases has increased significantly. Despite the rapid development of medicine, the potential and role of FKBP5 as a biomarker has not yet been fully characterized, although current studies are promising. Material and methods of research: The literature included in the PubMed databases is searched through the words such as FKBP5 gene, stress-related disorders, biomarkers. Aim of the study The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge regarding the characteristics, current use in diagnosis or treatment of various diseases and to determine the possible function of the biomarker for the FKBP5 gene. Description of the state of knowledge FKBP5 participates in the regulation of the HPA axis and thus in the stress response. This translates into the course of many diseases, but the exact mechanism of action has not been unequivocally confirmed in previous studies on all conditions involving FKBP5. Conclusions In general, FKBP5 has a huge diagnostic and therapeutic potential in many disease entities. FKBP5 may act as a biomarker. However, further studies are needed to clarify the current observations and to search for further implications in the pathogenesis or diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the course of various diseases.

Introduction Sleep quality is increasingly acknowledged as critical for immune function and overall health. Poor sleep can disrupt immune response, elevating inflammation and susceptibility to infection and chronic diseases. Given the prevalence of sleep disturbances across populations, understanding their impact on immune health and overall wellness is essential. Purpose of Work This review aims to examine the relationship between sleep quality and immune function by synthesizing findings on how poor sleep contributes to immune suppression, heightened inflammation, and mental health disturbances, particularly in vulnerable populations. This review also explores possible interventions to mitigate these effects. Material and Methods A literature search was conducted on databases including PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies from 2012 to 2023. Articles assessing sleep quality, immune markers, and the mediating roles of stress and depression were reviewed. Criteria included studies with both subjective and objective assessments of sleep, immune function, and relevant mental health markers. Summary Findings indicate that poor sleep quality negatively impacts immune health, primarily through increased systemic inflammation and decreased immune cell functionality. Depression and stress further exacerbate these effects, particularly in populations with chronic illnesses or high psychological distress. Targeted interventions that improve sleep quality and manage stress may bolster immune resilience and overall health. Future research should continue to address these interactions across diverse populations to develop targeted interventions.

Background Menstrual migraine describes migraines that occur in alignment with the menstrual cycle, affecting women of diverse age ranges. This condition is relatively common, presenting a unique challenge due to the heightened intensity of pain during these attacks. Additionally, these migraines are often more resistant to standard treatment methods, underscoring the need for specialized approaches to management and relief. Methods Review of double-blind, placebo-controlled cohort studies found using PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane. Results Triptans are considered a primary treatment option for managing acute menstrual migraine episodes, with their effectiveness being the most extensively researched among available therapies. Recently, lasmiditan has emerged as a newer medication showing promising potential for this specific application as well, adding to the options available for menstrual migraine relief. Furthermore, triptans have been validated as effective in the short-term prevention of migraine. The most recent pharmacological advancements that have demonstrated efficacy for this condition are monoclonal antibodies which target the CGRP receptor: Erenumab and Galcanezumab. Conclusion There are effective approaches to both treating and preventing acute migraine attacks. However, menstrual migraine is a condition that requires greater awareness and recognition, as this would allow for the improved and more effective use of existing medications and treatments.

Introduction.Glomerulonephritis (GN) is characterised by a polysystemic lesion and early involvement of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in the overall pathological process. Cardiovascular lesions in patients with GN are primarily going with the presence of arterial hypertension syndrome and varying degrees of circulatory failure. Aim of the study. Determination of the peculiarities of circulatory system adaptation in children with GN with nephrotic syndrome (NS) using ultrasound with doppler assessment of intracardiac flow. Materials and methods of research. 50 children were diagnosed with acute GN (AGN) with NS, and 100 patients were diagnosed with nephrotic form (NF) of chronic GN (CGN). The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy children. Echocardiography was performed on a combined ultrasound system GE with a special cardiological programme for cardiac examination in M-, B- and Doppler modes using a mechanical sectoral transducer of 3.5 MHz. Echocardiography was performed from the parasternal position along the long axis of the heart. In this case, the transducer was placed to the left of the sternum in 3 to 4 intercostal spaces and the central ultrasound beam was directed perpendicular to the surface of the chest. Echocardiography was used to determine the main haemodynamic parameters: ejection fraction (EF), minute blood volume (MBV), cardiac index (CI), velocity parameters of transmitral (TMK) and transaortic (TAK) blood flows according to the standard method [1]. The echocardiography method was used in 150 children. The average age of the subjects was 8.2 ± 1.3 years. Results. Hypokinetic and hyperkinetic circulation types were found with equal frequency (42.8%) in 12 patients with AGN. In CGN, a different picture was observed: 11 patients had a normokinetic type of blood circulation (40.7%), while hypokinetic was found in 9 patients (33.3%) and hyperkinetic in 7 patients (26%). The normokinetic type of hemodynamics at the second stage was observed in 4 patients (19.1%) with AGN and in 19 patients (51.4%) with CGN. The percentage of patients with a hypokinetic type of hemodynamics decreased in the case of AGN from 42.8% to 33.3%; in the case of CGN - from 33.3% to 16.2%. In 36 patients with chronic GN after completion of GC and CS therapy, the predominant type of haemodynamics was normokinetic, which was observed in 22 patients (61.2%), hypokinetic and hyperkinetic types of circulation were diagnosed in 14 patients (19.4%, respectively). Conclusion: In case of CGN, before treatment, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic types of haemodynamics prevail, and after treatment discontinuation, the hypokinetic type slightly prevails, and hyper- and normokinetic types of haemodynamics occur with equal frequency, indicating heterogeneity of adaptive reactions of the cardiovascular system.

Introduction Obesity affects over 650 million adults worldwide and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Among those affected are patients treated with antipsychotics, such as clozapine and olanzapine, which often lead to significant weight gain, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Recent advances with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), including semaglutide and liraglutide, show promise in addressing antipsychotic-induced obesity by reducing weight and improving metabolic health. Purpose The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced obesity. Materials and methods This review is based on both original research studies and review articles identified through a comprehensive search of the PubMed database, using the following search terms: obesity, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, clozapine, olanzapine, adverse effect, GLP-1 receptors agonist. Description of the state of knowledge GLP-1 RAs significantly reduce body weight and adipose tissue by suppressing appetite, particularly for high-fat foods. Clinical trials show improvements in lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammation, contributing to better metabolic health. However, their long-term effects, especially with different antipsychotics, remain insufficiently studied. Conclusions GLP-1 RAs show significant potential for managing antipsychotic-induced obesity, but further research is needed to assess long-term efficacy and safety in this population.

Introduction: Nowadays, a plant-based diet is gaining increasing popularity. Guidance on adopting this diet can be found in scientific literature, as well as through social media and advertisements promoting a wide range of new products appearing on store shelves. By reviewing scientific sources, we decided to analyze the principles of a plant-based diet, its associated benefits, as well as the potential negative aspects of its implementation, particularly among athletes. Aim of the study: This review aims to analyse the literature concerning the impact of a plant- based diet on accomplishments, endurance, and health, especially for athletes. Materials and methods: The authors conducted an extensive review of available articles on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, UpToDate, Google Scholar, and Pubmed databases, using keywords such as vegan, vegetarian, plant-based,, civilization diseases, healthy lifestyle, athletes, strength, accomplishments, endurance. Studies accessed between 2016-2024 were included in this review. Results and conclusions: A plant-based diet is a valuable option for athletes, offering benefits such as improved recovery, reduced oxidative stress, and alignment with sustainable practices. When properly planned to address potential nutrient deficiencies, it can effectively support athletic performance, including strength and endurance, without compromising health. Thus, for athletes seeking ethical, health-conscious, or environmentally sustainable dietary patterns, a plant-based diet is indeed worth considering.

Introduction: Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone commonly used to enhance athletic performance and physical appearance. Despite their popularity, their non-medical use is associated with significant health risks. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the impact of anabolic steroid use on physical health, emphasizing cardiovascular, hepatic, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as broader systemic effects. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar published between 2000 and 2023. Studies were selected based on relevance, with particular focus on human clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses. Keywords included "anabolic steroids," "health effects," "cardiovascular risk," and "endocrine disruption." Results: Anabolic steroid use is linked to increased cardiovascular risks, liver dysfunction, endocrine disturbances, and musculoskeletal injuries. Key effects include hypertension, hepatotoxicity, testosterone suppression, infertility, and tendon injuries. Psychological impacts such as aggression and mood changes were also observed. Conclusions: Anabolic steroid use poses significant risks to multiple organ systems and overall health. Despite widespread awareness of these dangers, misuse persists, often driven by societal pressures and misinformation. Healthcare providers should prioritize prevention through education, early intervention, and support for individuals at risk. Future research should focus on long-term effects and effective strategies for harm reduction.

Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women, seriously impacting their sexual health and quality of life. In the postmenopausal period, multiple hormonal and structural changes occur in female body. These conditions can lead to psychosomatic disorders, causing shame, social withdrawal, and negatively affecting sexual health. Loss of bladder control creates discomfort during sex, reducing satisfaction for both women and their partners. Management strategies for UI in postmenopausal women include pelvic floor training, medications, and surgical options. Addressing the psychosocial aspects of urinary incontinence through counseling and education is essential for empowering women to seek support. Aim of the study The article discusses urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women, highlighting its impact on sexual health. It discusses the hormonal and physiological changes related to this condition and aims to present effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Materials and methods We searched the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, clinical trial registry platforms, and Google Scholar, using key terms such as "urinary incontinence," "postmenopausal women," "sexual health," "lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).” Conclusion UI is a serious problem affecting many postmenopausal women. It is crucial to elevate the understanding of both patients and medical staff about diagnosis, effective treatment options, and the importance of mental support. By taking this approach, we can create a healthcare environment that is more informed and compassionate.

Background: Mechanical complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) are potential issues that may arise following the primary THA. Improper placement of THA can lead to misalignment of the joint axis, resulting in instability, pain, and walking difficulties. Among the relatively rare postoperative mechanical complications, premature wear of prosthesis components is included. This wear can lead to catastrophic prosthesis dislocation, necessitating surgical revision of the THA. Aim of the study: The aim of this paper is to present an intriguing case description of a patient with premature THA wear classified as an early postoperative mechanical complication, warranting revision THA surgery. The likely cause of premature wear of the implanted acetabular cup was excessive prosthesis use associated with intense physical activity and a high level of patient fitness. Care report: The paper presents the medical history and treatment course of a 33-year-old active patient who underwent uncemented left hip THA surgery due to diagnosed coxarthrosis caused by congenital dysplasia. After 5 years, premature wear of the implanted acetabular cup occurred. The likely cause was excessive prosthesis exploitation related to intensive physical activity and a high level of patient fitness. A year after the first revision surgery, THA dislocation occurred, resulting in the necessity of a second revision with replacement of the acetabular cup, polyethylene inserts and femoral head of the endoprosthesis. Summary: Premature wear of THA poses a significant clinical challenge. Functional limitations, associated with the loss of hip joint stability, lead to difficulties in performing basic activities, further decreasing the patient's quality of life. It is also worth emphasizing that the treatment process for premature THA wear is associated with the possibility of surgical complications and a prolonged recovery period.

Introduction Left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysm is a rare but life-threatening complication following myocardial infarction (MI). Unlike true aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms lack myocardial elements in their structure, which increases the risk of rupture and sudden death. The diagnosis is challenging due to its often subtle and nonspecific symptoms. The high mortality rate associated with untreated pseudoaneurysms highlights the importance of awareness and prompt diagnosis. All patients after MI should receive specialized care and follow-up examinations to prevent unattended states of emergency. Purpose of research This systematic review aims to discuss a rare complication of MI in a form of LV pseudoaneurysm. Due to its potential asymptomatic course, it is important to highlight the importance of a meticulous clinical and echocardiographic follow-up in all patients with a history of MI. Materials and methods The study was conducted through search across PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as “left ventricular pseudoaneurysm”, “myocardial infarction”, “post-infarction imagining”, “surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysms”. The analysis focused on scientific literature with validated insights into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of the MI complication in a form of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Results and conclusions The potentially fatal consequences of pseudoaneurysm dictate proactive approach in the treatment of patients with a history of MI. Routine follow-up examinations, comprehensive cardiac imaging and a high clinical alertness are essential for early diagnosis. By providing meticulous post-MI care, healthcare professionals can improve patients outcomes and reduce mortality.

Introduction and objective Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common primary systemic vasculitis in Europe. It mainly affects individuals over the age of fifty, its incidence increases with age. The most common clinical manifestation is bilateral headache accompanied by systemic symptoms. The disease may be associated with serious complications, such as permanent vision loss, stroke or rupture of aortic aneurysm. The aim of this study is to discuss the current knowledge about giant cell arteritis and new possibilities of biological treatment. Review methods To prepare this review, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used, searching the following terms: “giant cell arteritis,” “temporal arteritis,” “giant cell arteritis biological treatment,” “giant cell arteritis biological therapy,” “giant cell arteritis treatment,” “giant cell arteritis epidemiology.” The search results were limited to publications from 2007 to 2024, as well as key studies from earlier years, including original papers and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Brief description of the state of knowledge The pathogenesis of GCA remains unclear. Since inflammatory factors appear to play an important role, new therapeutic strategies are aimed in direction to interfere these pathways. Setting a diagnosis of GCA requires imaging studies or a temporal artery biopsy. The results of current treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids are unsatisfying, which has led to ongoing research into new therapeutic options. Summary Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are crucial for preventing occurrence of complications. Although the current treatment regimen is effective, it leads to many side effects and does not prevent relapses. This highlights the need to better understand the pathomechanism of the disease to develop more precise therapeutic strategies, including biological treatment.

Introduction and Objective. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities, have gained attention in the sports community. The surge in popularity of long-distance athletic competitions such as marathons, triathlons, and cycling races has led to heightened rivalry and a rising curiosity in strategies to improve sports performance. Studies have suggested that probiotics could be a valuable aid for athletes looking to improve their well-being and overall progress. Methods. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with search terms like "probiotics", "gut microflora", "probiotics in sport", "human microbiome", "athletic performance", "human microbiome", “diet supplementation” and related variations. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized. Brief description of the state of Knowledge. Probiotic supplementation has been shown to positively impact the health and performance of athletes, primarily through modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review examines the influence of probiotic supplements on athletic performance, focusing on their effects on gut microbiota, immune support, mental health, anti-inflammatory properties, and overall performance enhancement. Conclusions. ​​Probiotics have been found to have numerous health benefits within the microbiota-gut-brain axis, making them an emerging area of research in athletes. The aim of this research is to understand the potential impacts on athletes experiencing health issues such as gastrointestinal symptoms, lowered immune system, mental disorders, excessive inflammation, or those looking to improve endurance and performance.