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Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the way in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. This paper reports a replication of recent findings on children's use of the concept of emotional disturbance. Ss were 40 fourth and sixth graders. Five vignettes that described one normal and four emotionally disturbed boys were read to individual Ss, who were interviewed about their understanding of the central figures (CFs). Interviews were coded to a 5-point scale of degree of perceived emotional disturbance. Earlier findings were replicated to a remarkable degree. Ss differentiated among the CFs in a manner congruent with clinician judges' ratings. Grade differences indicate the differential attention to and valuing of specific behaviors, rather than global differences in perception of emotional disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents material which adds to that presented by W.C. Schutz in terms of intercorrelations among scales, construct validation of the control scales and data dealing with hospitalized psychiatric patients. Schutz's "FIRO-B" is a paper and pencil test composed of six nine-item Guttman scales. There are three dimensions: inclusion, control, and affection. For each dimension there are two scales, one for the person's behavior toward other people, i.e., expressed inclusion, control, and affection, and one for behavior desired from other people, i.e., wanted inclusion, control, and affection. The design of the test makes it eminently suitable for work with multi-person situations.

The article presents information on the effects of anxiety and conformity on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test (SORT). This paper is an exploratory study concerning the effects of two empirically selected motives, anxiety and conformity, on the SORT. Following a common research procedure, the effects of motivational variables will be determined by selecting 55 with extreme scores on the devices used to measure the motives. The hypothesis for this study is that the SORT protocols will reflect differences in levels of anxiety and conformity. The interaction effects further emphasize the need for additional research on the SORT. It would appear that the instrument is sensitive enough to motivational variables to make further research in this area necessary. One hundred nineteen Ss were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Bernberg Human Relations Inventory, and the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test.

Recently, the psychological construct mindfulness has received a great deal of attention. The majority of research has focused on clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions. This line of research has led to promising data suggesting mindfulness-based interventions are effective for treatment of both psychological and physical symptoms. However, an equally important direction for future research is to investigate questions concerning mechanisms of action underlying mindfulness-based interventions. This theoretical paper proposes a model of mindfulness, in an effort to elucidate potential mechanisms to explain how mindfulness affects positive change. Potential implications and future directions for the empirical study of mechanisms involved in mindfulness are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that gender roles are increasingly viewed as salient in clinical work with men, this article describes a process of exploring masculine gender roles with male clients in therapy by using the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI). Specifically, this article (a) discusses how men's degree of conformity to masculine norms may be connected to a variety of benefits and costs, (b) describes the CMNI as a tool that can be used to explore men's degree of conformity to masculine norms, (c) describes a process by which to use the CMNI to explore the relevance of men's masculine selves to their presenting concerns, and (d) illustrates the process with a case example. As such, the paper is intended to provide a systematic procedure for clinicians working with men who want to explore the benefits and costs that both conformity, and nonconformity, to specific masculinity norms brings for male clients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 661–674, 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the assumptions that underlie the concept of child sexual abuse. It suggests that the meaning is confusing and that there are significant differences among those assumptions as they differentially impact on statutory requirements for clarity and precision and clinical requirements oriented toward the patient's treatment needs. Suggestions are made as to how this area of abuse might better be handled statutorily, with especial emphasis on the need to consider varying community attitudes and expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a method of weighting attitude scale items from subject responses. The most widely used technique for studying attitudes is the "rating scale" method. The scale usually consists of a group of statements which have been assigned differential weights. The subject indicates which statements he endorses and his final score may be the mean, median, or sum of weights for the endorsed statements. The purpose of this paper is to present a method of weighting attitude scale items from the responses of subjects. An attitude scale of 45 statements was constructed and administered to 586 students who were all freshmen at the University of South Carolina. Each statement was weighted according to a system based on the number of times it was endorsed by members of this group.

This article reports on personality factors in the readiness to express aggression. Hypotheses relating self-ideal discrepancy and the readiness to express direct aggression following frustration predicted that persons with low self-ideal discrepancy would be more likely to express direct aggression towards authority figures than those with high discrepancy. It was further predicted from the displacement hypothesis that Ss inhibited in direct expression of aggression would have a greater tendency to displace their aggression towards a figure similar to the instigator.

The article presents a study on objective quantification of countertranference attitude. Twenty-two psychotherapists were incorporated for the study. The patient was asked to describe himself by means of an array of seventy-six statements. The therapist was requested to predict how the patient described him-self, using the same statements and the same instructions. The article suggests that therapists' feeling reactions toward their patients are relatively stable over many treatment interviews

The article presents information on the attitudes of the psychopath. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the attitudes, feelings, likes and dislikes of individuals diagnosed as cases of psychopathic personality. This condition is relatively much more important in criminology and in penal institutions, and it has also attracted widespread attention in the military forces. The attitudes of the psychopath have been studied by a detailed procedure, and special attention has been paid to the use of control groups in securing valid results.

Objective: Using the framework of Social Cognitive Career Theory, this study aimed to ascertain attitudes and perceptions of geropsychology career paths, given the present notable geriatric workforce shortage. Methods: An online survey was developed iteratively and disseminated through various modalities (i.e., internet, email, word‐of‐mouth). Participants included 28 predoctoral and 76 professional geropsychologists (N = 107; age M = 39.18, SD = 12.05). The sample was largely female (72%), non‐Hispanic White (89%), and has or was working towards their PhD (82%). Results: Results delineate attractive and unattractive aspects of common career options (academic, clinical Veterans Affairs [VA], clinical non‐VA), and assessed the hypothetical proclivity and feasibility of switching between academic and clinically focused careers. The results found gender (women vs. men) and career stages (predoctoral vs. professional) to be significant contributors to career perceptions. Conclusions: The present study advances past literature by unveiling potential avenues to ameliorate this workforce shortage within both clinical and academic fields in geropsychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study that aims to investigate whether a relationship exists between psychiatric patients' hospital adjustment and their attitudes toward hospitals, to observe patients' feelings about mental hospitals, and to see whether a difference exists in attitude scores of patients on different wards. The Hospital Adjustment Scale provides an estimate of hospital adjustment for use with adult patients of either sex hospitalized in any type of psychiatric institution. The Southern Attitude Scale is a Thurstone-type attitude scale consisting of 72 statements about mental hospitals with which the subject either agrees or disagrees.

T This article discusses authoritarian attitudes in children and discusses the effect of age, I.Q., anxiety and parental religious attitudes. The Children's Antidemocratic Scale (CAS) was administered to 83 Ss with an age range of nine to thirteen. Ss' CAS scores decreased significantly with age. It was suggested that the decrease in authoritarian attitudes with age is due to the maturation of Ss' cognitive processes as well as Ss' increasing independence of parental authority. Ss with high CAS scores obtained significantly lower verbal I.Q. scores and significantly higher scores on the Children's Manifest Anxiety Schedule than those with low CAS scores.

Abstract: Objective: We tested whether people are prone toward positive perceptions of Animal‐Assisted Interventions (AAIs). We additionally evaluated whether this effect is stronger for people who have positive attitudes toward companion animals. Method: We presented 210 participants with fictitious news reports, each describing a study of an AAI or a control intervention. Participants rated the news reports on their credibility, acceptability, and general appeal and completed a measure of attitudes toward companion animals. Results: Individuals with positive attitudes toward companion animals evaluated AAIs as more credible, acceptable, and positive than did individuals with negative attitudes toward companion animals. There was no difference in how people with positive and negative attitudes toward companion animals evaluated control treatments. Conclusion: We found that individuals with positive attitudes toward companion animals perceived AAIs as more credible, acceptable, and positive, relative to individuals with more negative attitudes toward companion animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship of help-seeking attitudes to severity of psychological distress; standardized scales were utilized as the measures of severity of psychological problems. Based on previous studies, it was predicted that severity of disturbance and positive help-seeking attitudes would be inversely related. It appears that more disturbed individuals may be less receptive to psychological help. The direction or origin of the causal relationship is unclear, and further delineation of the problem would prove useful.

The article presents a study that investigates the clinical validity of the dogmatism construct as applied to the classification of clinical cases regarding readiness for therapy. The study lends support for the validity of the dogmatism construct by extending the construct's use through clinical diagnostic categories that rely on similar dimensions as dogmatism. It informs that dogmatism is inversely related to learning, though in this study. The study was concerned with judged potential for learning rather than actual learning per se.

Objectives This study tested and compared three sequential interpretations of Beck's cognitive model of the development of depression (1996). The causal mediational interpretation identifies dysfunctional attitudes as most distal to depressive symptoms, followed by cognitive distortions, the cognitive triad, and negative automatic thoughts, with each construct successively more proximal to depressive symptoms. By contrast, the symptom model reverses the causal chain with negative automatic thoughts as the most proximal consequence and dysfunctional attitudes as the most distal consequence of depression. The bidirectional model merges both interpretations into one model. Previous studies on sequential interpretations of Beck's model have not included cognitive distortions or the cognitive triad and did not test the bidirectional model finding contradictory empirical evidence for the sequential order. Method In the 3-wave longitudinal study, 308 German university students without clinically significant depressive symptoms (245 female, average age: 23.69 years) completed self-report questionnaires measuring their dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive distortions, cognitive triad, negative automatic thoughts, and depressive symptoms. Results The bidirectional model with partial mediation fit the data best and cognitive distortions mediated the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts and vice versa. Conclusions The findings have important consequences for the prevention of depression. Prevention programs may want to focus on cognitive distortions, the only construct in Beck's model that influences every other construct in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clients come to psychotherapy intent on changing, rather than accepting, their unwanted behaviors, emotions, or thoughts. The problem often is, however, that their lack of self-acceptance is the primary obstacle to change. This article describes how one approach, the Internal Family Systems (IFS) model, fosters clients' acceptance of all parts of themselves no matter how destructive, and how that acceptance can lead to the transformation of those parts and, in turn, of other people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective All classification systems of psychopathology use hierarchical categories. The purpose of the two studies in this article was to test whether clinicians think hierarchically about mental disorders. Method Seventy six clinicians were asked to sort 67 diagnostic categories into groups using different instruction sets, either to make progressively larger and smaller groups of diagnoses (Study 1) or to place similar groups next to each other (Study 1 and Study 2). Results Clinicians' sortings of mental disorders had a hierarchical structure regardless of the methodology, profession, expertise, and instructional set used. Conclusions Given that all modern diagnostic systems have been hierarchical, it is important to know that clinicians' thinking is also hierarchical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it possible and advisable for the profession of psychology to articulate and endorse a common, generalist, and integrative framework for the education and training of its students? At the Consensus Conference on Combined and Integrated Doctoral Training in Psychology, held at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, VA (USA), May 2 to 4, 2003, participants from across the spectrum of education and training in professional psychology ultimately answered “yes.” This article, the first in this special series on the Consensus Conference and Combined-Integrated (C-I) model of doctoral training in professional psychology, essentially provides an overview of the conference rationale, participants, goals, proceedings, and results. Because the other 12 articles in this series all reference the Consensus Conference and C-I model, this overview provides a good starting point for understanding what occurred at the conference, what it means to educate and train from a C-I perspective, and what the potential implications of such a model might be for the profession of psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doctoral students in professional psychology face broad challenges, such as changing market demands and increased competition for careers in traditional practice settings. To prepare for these demands, students must decide how much and when to specialize, if at all, predoctorally. Complicating matters, students in single practice area programs (clinical, counseling, or school) may risk becoming insulated within the culture of their practice area, which can limit exposure and understanding of the larger practice field. Despite conditions that may drive potential students away from psychology, little research exists on efforts to address student needs, or on student perspectives of doctoral training in general. One training model that is sensitive to these student needs and concerns is the Combined-Integrated (C-I) model. An exploratory study of C-I student and graduate opinions, experiences, and aspirations revealed that C-I students value breadth of training, diversity of experience, and professional flexibility, and that they experience diverse training opportunities and socialization experiences. Implications of these results vis-à-vis the larger framework of student concerns are examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the optimistic, positive-attitude philosophy that both underlies and fuels self-help industry/movement in the U.S. Comparison of the positive psychology and postmodern therapy movements; Costs of accenting the positive and of eliminating the negative; Process of active self-healing.

Introduces articles about attitudes and behavior, published in the September 2002 issue of the periodical 'Journal of Clinical Psychology.' Positive psychology of negative thinking; Three components of hope; Use of defensive pessimism.

Investigates the types of problems for which young adults seek help and the sources from which they intend to seek help. Sources of help; Variation of help-seeking intentions across different problem types; Differences of help-seeking intentions between suicide-related and nonsuicide related problems; Relationship between help-negation and levels of suicidal ideation.

Explores the antiscientific attitudes of scientists. Implication of antiscientific attitudes for the objectives of science; Rejection of science and reason; Frequency of scientific fraud; Factor of career pressure; Fear of reprisals; Resistance to scientific discoveries.

Presents a study which determined differences in anger, hostility and interpersonal aggressiveness in adolescent boys. Indication that these male participants were placed into Type A and B groups; Methodology used to conduct the study; Comparison of the behavior in the different groups; Distinction between the groups; What findings implied.

Presents a study which examines spsychotherapists' differential countertransference reactions toward either clients diagnosed with Major Depression (MD) or Boderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Methodology employed to conduct study; Evaluation of direct feelings, action tendencies, cognitive attributions and perceived anxiety; Comparison of persons with MD and BPD; Implications of findings.

This study examined the relationship between Rorschach variables and the 16PF in a sample of 62 university students. Good form level was associated with ego strength, and Popular responses were associated inversely with a scale of rebelliousness. The results did not support some hypotheses, for example, that the Difference score, inaminate movement, and diffuse shading would correlate with 16PF indicators of good coping. On the contrary, the Difference score was associated with a scale that suggests anxiety. Further examination revealed that EA, M, and M+ also were associated with 16PF scale of guilt and anxiety. FC+, T, and to a lesser extent S, were associated with indications of good, relatively anxiety-free functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study that examined client cognitive responses to counselor paradoxical and nonparadoxical directives. It was predicted that clients who received paradoxical symptom prescriptions would display a greater negativity toward the counselor and counseling than those who received nonparadoxical directives and that clients who received no rationale for the paradoxical directives would display a greater negativity than those who received a rationale. Results of the study showed no significant differences in either client in-session negativity or out-of-session implementation of directives between the paradoxical and nonparadoxical conditions.

An antisocial hostility scale was developed by correlating items of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory with a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality (ASP). Fifty two male volunteers for drug related studies at the Addiction Research Center were used for a preliminary test development sample. The scale developed thereby was related significantly to a diagnosis of antisocial personality in a cross validation sample of 28 drug abusers. A final scale was developed by obtaining correlations between ASP and Buss-Durkee items using subjects from both of these preliminary samples.

Following leads by Maslow (1964, 1968) and others who described peak experiences, this study was designed to learn more about the (1) subjective effects; (2) after-effects; and (3) interpretations of intense positive and negative experiences. Comparisons were made between respondents' "most positive" and "most negative" experiences and between these positive experiences and those of members of a yoga ashram. It was found that except for the differences in affect, positive and negative experiences were similar in subjective effects and impact on later life. The most positive experience of most respondents fell short of peak experience as described by Maslow. On the other hand, the most positive experience of ashram respondents showed evidence of a genuine alternation of consciousness and lasting life change afterward. The results suggest that only in rare instances is therapeutic change or self-actualization initiated by peak experiences. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationship with college students (N = 142) between Type A characteristics, as measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), and the personality traits measured by the revised California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Significant differences between As and Bs were found on 18 of the 23 CR1 traits. Overall, results suggested that the JAS Competitiveness subscale measured adaptive, while the Type A and Speed and Impatience subscales measured maladaptive, characteristics. Furthermore, the thematic deficit associated with the maladaptive Type A characteristics was a lowered sense of integration. Recent explanations of Type A behavior, including those that focus on anger and cognitive appraisals, have not considered this possible lack of integration as a maladap- live aspect of the Type A pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviewed six of the eight summaries White MMPI studies that have been published from 1960 to 1987. The first summarizers had 4 studies to deal with; the most recent had 53. As more data have become available, the summaries have become increasingly methodologically sophisticated. Differences found, explanations offered, and conclusions drawn were noted. Disagreements are in part a function of procedures followed and findings focused on. Authors' attitudes toward racial comparisons also may play a role. Definitive answers to the racial bias question may be exceptionally difficult to reach due to the unlikelihood of finding the unbiased criteria required by the research strategy recommended to test the accuracy of inferences about racial subgroups from the MMPI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptions and attitudes of academic and applied clinical psychologists with regard to social psychology and several aspects of clinical psychology were compared, as were possible changes in perceptions over a 15-year period. Theory, research, and practice generally were seen as more relevant in 1984 than in 1969, particularly among the applied respondents. However, many of the academic and applied respondents continue to believe that the work in these areas is not highly socially relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which examines the responses of Type A and B men to a Concept Identification (CI) based problem solving task. The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by the presence of forceful, speeded up behavior, an accented style of speech, postural tension during conversation, a chronic sense of time urgency and frequent expressions of hostility. Men who manifest Type A behavior are more likely to evidence risk of coronary atherosclerosis than are Type B men. The subjects were 20 male volunteer medical students. The picture of presolution CI performance in relation to physiological activation shows important differences between As and Bs.

This article focuses on a study which examines the gaps between role expectations and perceived reality of therapists and clients in therapy. One hundred and forty-seven therapy sessions were studied. The Role Expectation and Preference Questionnaire was designed to assess therapists' and clients' role expectations, preferences, and perceptions of what happened in the therapy sessions. In the first sessions the difference between expectations and perceived reality was higher for clients than for therapists. Expectations were significantly higher than perceived reality. Expectations may be viewed as indicating the potential for certain behaviors.

This article presents a study of discrepancies between therapists' role preferences and role expectations. Preferences signify those aspects of role behavior that a person values. A specific aspect may be rewarding in itself, e.g., a person may value getting support in an interaction because it directly alleviates his or her distress. In other cases, the specific role aspect may be valued because it is perceived as instrumental to the attainment of a more distant goal. This study focuses on the structure of the relationships between preferences and expectations as a necessary preliminary step toward understanding the effects of the preferences-expectations gap. The first hypothesis is that therapists do experience significant discrepancies between what they prefer and what they expect in the therapeutic encounter.

The article focuses on the problem of patient noncompliance with regimens of prescribed medication perception. Patient compliance, particularly with regard to prescribed medication, is a pervasive and perplexing problem that only recently has begun to receive the attention that it deserves. The noncompliance problem can be manifested in several ways: failure to fill the prescription; filling the prescription, but failing to take the medication; taking only a portion of the medication; and not following the frequency or dose instructions of the prescription. The article suggests that certain medication perceptual properties are related to perceived strength and action, although with some sex and race differences.

The article focuses on initial factor-analytic studies of the Aftermath of Suicide Instrument which suggested that there may be four broad areas of social reaction to suicide. Subjects were 44 couples who participated in a larger research project that was examining marital interactions. The results indicate that it may be difficult to identify stable patterns of attitudinal response to those bereaved by suicide and that both researchers and clinicians must be wary of oversimplifying the beliefs and opinions held by the community about these issues. Reactions of others to suicide and its survivors cannot be categorized or predicted easily.

The article examines the effectiveness of a new orientation program designed to prepare low-income white and ethnic minority outpatients for psychotherapy. For the purpose, sixty-two Hispanic, 51 black, and 60 white psychiatric outpatients in a large public psychiatric clinic participated prior to their first psychotherapy interview. These patients were presented with one of two experimental conditions. The oriented patients saw an audiovisual program that instructed them about psychotherapy, and the control patients saw a program that was neutral with regard to psychotherapy. Assessment of the patients' knowledge and attitudes toward psychotherapy were made with two questionnaires. It was noted that patients who were oriented were more knowledgeable about psychotherapy and more positive in their attitudes toward psychotherapy than were patients who had not been oriented. The article also discusses the role and utility of brief orientation programs for low-income and ethnic minority outpatients in public mental health facilities.

The article focuses on a study which was conducted to investigate the relationship between the maintenance of emotional separation and empathy. Eighteen students enrolled in a graduate-level social work practice course participated in this study. The average age was approximately 35 years, and all but 6 participants were female. Empathy was ascertained in response to three standardized, audio-taped, simulated clients. To determine if the clients primarily presented specific emotions, 8 volunteers rated the emotional presentation using the Mood Adjective Check List (MACL). Items on the MACL were scored from zero to three with the average item scores for the subscales of anxiety, aggression and sadness compared across the 3 clients. The findings of this study indicated that the research participants reported feeling stronger levels of the emotions presented by the three clients compared to extraneous emotions. In addition, scores on empathic resonation correlated negatively with the maintenance of emotional separation.

The article cites a study which focused on A-B similarity-complementarity and accurate empathy. Studies of the perceptual styles of A-type individuals and B-type individuals and the realization of the importance of cognitive variables in therapeutic communication led several investigators to suggest that similarity of A-B status might be important for successful interactions. Empathy is the vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another that is necessary if a therapist, or anyone, is to understand accurately and help other people to modify their self-perceptions. Higher levels of empathy are hypothesized to be related to successful outcomes in psychotherapy and counseling. However, several studies have failed to support this hypothesis. The results of the present study suggest that the level of empathy displayed by an A- or B-type individual is influenced by the type of person to whom he or she is responding and that B-type persons elicit higher levels of empathy in others who are also B-type persons.

The article presents information on a study on alienation, dogmatism, and related personality characteristics. In recent years, the concepts of alienation and dogmatism have received increasing attention. According to the article, alienation is used to characterize the alienation of modern existential man and the dilemma of youth. Further, dogmatism is also viewed as an important cognitive system with pervasive influence upon such diverse topics as perception, the creation of dogma, prejudice, problem-solving ability, and political bias. Both, alienation and dogmatism are positively related concepts. Dogmatism was developed as a measure of authoritarianism, which was independent of ideological content. Researchers defined dogmatism as a relatively closed cognitive organization of beliefs and disbeliefs about reality. Studies have found that both alienation and dogmatism are representing two reactions to inadequate interpersonal relationships and as reflecting basic weaknesses in individuals' capacities to deal with the demands and conflicts involved in social living.

The article cites a study on mental illness in minority women. It discusses theories of depression because this symptom has been found to be so preponderant among women in general. Researchers state that cognitive theorists propose that depression results from the development of maladaptive attitudes, overreaction to specific stresses and the unfortunate occurrence of traumatic events. The cognitive manifestations of depression are low self-esteem, hopelessness and helplessness. Depression becomes mare severe as the belief in hopelessness moves from a specific situation to a whole behavior style and then to total dissatisfaction with the environment.

The article cites a study that describes how various cultures differed in their attitudes and perceptions of perinatal concepts and how these attitudes and perceptions changed over the course of the pregnancy and puerperium. Data from the background questions and the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and covariance to test, for differences among cultures. In order to determine how attitudes and perceptions changed over the course of pregnancy and postpartum in Afro-American, White-Anglo and Cuban-Hispanic women, curve fitting by orthogonal polynomials was used. Results of the study indicated that the perinatal concepts of pregnancy and unborn baby were sensitive to cultural differences and change over the course of pregnancy.

The article focuses on the stylistic aggression patterns for large and small delinquents. Aggressiveness in this article is confined to overt verbal and physical acts that infringe on the rights of others and are likely to generate negative consequences for delinquents. Such aggressive behavior results from the interaction among a person's attributes and behaviors, observers' evaluations, and situational factors. In this study, two aggression-evoking simulation situations were developed to which situations differed in the type of social goal set for the delinquent. One task assessed the delinquent's verbal assertiveness, and the second task focused on the ability to control verbal assertion in a frustrating situation. In order to examine positive and negative aggression coping styles for delinquents of varying physical size, four groups were compared.

This article focuses on how a popular area of research over the past several years has consisted of assessing attitude change toward a variety of target groups, as a function of some kind of interpersonal contact experience. One problem with these studies has been a lack of standardization of instruments across studies, which leads to difficulty in comparing the results. An instrument that has been used popularly is the semantic differential. However, this instrument is actually a general format rather than a specific instrument and has been used in a variety of manners.

This article presents information related to an attitude survey of the effects of Marijuana on sexual enjoyment. One of the persistent questions related to marijuana usage is that of its effect on sexual performance and enjoyment. Part of the mystique associated with marijuana usage involves its purported qualities as an aphrodisiac. Although marijuana long has been rumored to have these qualities, little systematic research has been directed to this area. Nevertheless, there are several accounts of an enhancement of sexual pleasure as an effect of marijuana usage.

This article examines the effect of motivation on loose thinking in schizophrenics as measured by the Bannister-Fransella grid test. A number of studies have found that schizophrenics, especially schizophrenics judged to be clinically thought-disordered, obtain significantly lower scores on the grid test than normals and other clinical groups. Low scores reflect loose relationships among constructs, which researchers D.B. Bannister and F.Fransella feel to be a key feature of schizophrenic thought disorder. Subjects were 40 male schizophrenic inpatients from the Veterans Administration Hospital in Northampton, Massachusetts.

This article presents information on semantic representations of drug terms as a function of the extent to which drugs are used. The research described used a range of techniques to study the verbal behaviors of Ss selected on the basis of their reported use of drugs. Because one purpose was to compare different methods for describing semantic organizations, the same Ss were used throughout, although not all Ss served in all studies. The hypothesis that unique verbal processes accompany use of drugs is not a new one. For example, various writers have noted the idiosyncratic argot of drug users, and textbooks that deal with drug abuse sometimes include dictionaries of such terms to facilitate communication with users.