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The article discusses some of the major implications of the developing area of objective psycho-diagnostics that were selected for special consideration and for the bearing they have for some of the research papers appearing in 1955. The antecedent probability, or base rate, of a given characteristic in the general run of clinical cases being seen is of crucial importance in determining the efficiency of a cutting point on any score distribution. Since these values will fluctuate from installation to installation and undoubtedly from time to time in any given clinical agency, the test producer cannot provide this additional information for the individual clinician in the use of a diagnostic device.

This article focuses on quantification on the Eight Card Redrawing Test (8CRT). The 8CRT is an attempt to answer this problem of quantification. The 8CRT consists of eight interrelated drawings, each a development of the immediately preceding one. Transparent paper is used so that the subject sees the immediately preceding figure as he draws over it. In this way change can be observed on a continuum. Group administration is just as effective as is an individual administration and does not decrease the projective nature of the test.

The article presents a rational analysis of certain concepts and their associated phenomena of clinical and applied psychology. Catinuum is unuiterrupted extent such that adjacent parts which are barely difierentiable in space or in a spatial model exhibit the same class character but when parts are sufficiently non-adjacent they exhibit different class characters. The catemenison is a dimension which is indicated only by a set of ordered categorical phenomena. It informs that it seems that the catscale technique is applicable wherever rating scales or tests are applicable.

The article reports that this 30-year anniversary issue of the "Journal of Clinical Psychology," was dedicated to Frederick C. Thorne ("Fred") to celebrate and commemorate Fred's 30 years as the founder and the editor of the journal. By invitation, this issue contains eleven papers contributed by Fred's colleagues. The authors of these papers represent a variety of different theoretical orientations, but nevertheless their papers provide consensus in their testimony as to Fred's prominent, multifaceted impact upon clinical psychology.

The article reports on figure location in student and patient samples. Clinicians frequently attribute projective significance to the page location of drawings. Karen Machover interprets left placement as self orientated, while the right of the page signifies the environment. The top is related to optimism, and the lower portion to depression. The results of this experiment contradict the hypothesis that productions of geometric figures evoked in relatively unstructured situations have potential for differentiating populations varying across several parameters. Fifty hospitalized veterans and 47 college students were instructed to draw horizontal and vertical lines, a circle, square, and triangle on standard white bond paper. With the exception of the circle placement, the groups show marked similar preference for utilization of the upper left portion of the page. The importance of common learned behavior in limiting the range of "dynamically" determined choices is discussed.

This special series of articles on the Consensus Conference and Combined-Integrated (C-I) model of doctoral training in professional psychology consists of 13 articles in two successive volumes of the Journal of Clinical Psychology. Six articles are presented in Part 1 (Vol. 60, Issue 9), which collectively describe the “nature and scope” of the C-I model (e.g., historic and definitional issues; the potential advantages of this model; implications for the profession). In Part 2 of this special series (Vol. 60, Issue 10), articles 7 through 12 address the broader implications and potential applications of the C-I model within a range of professional and societal contexts (e.g., for interprofessional collaboration; the health care field; development of a global curriculum; the unified psychology movement; issues of assessment and professional identity; and higher education); article 13 provides a summary of the series as well as a discussion of future directions. As an overview, this paper provides the abstract for each of the articles in Part 1, and describes the various topics of the articles in Part 2. Taken together, the articles in this special series are designed to provide a coherent account of how and why the C-I model is timely and relevant, and therefore warrants serious consideration by the larger education and training community in professional psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on age and a group test battery as predictors of types of crime. Age and a group test battery were used to predict types of crimes committed by offenders, classified according to offense as classified into three groups: crimes against persons, crimes against property, and paper-and-pencil crimes. The data were analyzed by a stepwise discriminate function regression analysis. The cases were classified correctly into the three groups by the tests, when compared to actual crimes committed better than would be expected by chance.

The article reports that one of the major clinical developments of the past decade has been the attempt to derive methods of personality diagnosis from the scatter and proffle analysis of psychometric data. Following the initial reports suggesting that scatter and profile might have differential diagnostic significance, many clinical psychologists attempted to interpret psychometrics according to the new-found "signs." Unfortunately, subsequent research has failed to confirm the validity of these diagnostic signs. The present paper represents an attempt to evaluate the rationale of scatter and profile analysis of psychometric data with specific reference to published research on personality diagnosis with the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale for Adults.

The article reports that clinical psychology has now passed through its embryonic and foetal stages and been launched into the status of a full fledged clinical science. During the period of its birth and formal organization during the last ten years, it was necessary for the young profession to gather its subject matter from many sources, some scientific but many prescientific. The excitement attendant upon the birth of the new discipline has now died down, and its future would seem to depend upon the calibre of the scientific work which becomes associated with it.

Purpose A popular way to attempt to discern causality in clinical psychology is through mediation analysis. However, mediation analysis is sometimes applied to research questions in clinical psychology when inferring causality is impossible. This practice may soon increase with new, readily available, and easy-to-use statistical advances. Thus, we here provide a heuristic to remind clinical psychological scientists of the assumptions of mediation analyses. Approach We describe recent statistical advances and unpack assumptions of causality in mediation, underscoring the importance of time in understanding mediational hypotheses and analyses in clinical psychology. Example analyses demonstrate that statistical mediation can occur despite theoretical mediation being improbable. Conclusion We propose a delineation of mediational effects derived from cross-sectional designs into the terms temporal and atemporal associations to emphasize time in conceptualizing process models in clinical psychology. The general implications for mediational hypotheses and the temporal frameworks from within which they may be drawn are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an account of the book "The Clinical Application of Projective Drawings," by Emanuel F. Hammer. The book presents a series of papers by 11 distinguished authorities in the field of projective drawings with particular emphasis on clinical applications and illustrative protocols.

The article presents a clinical neuropsychological assessment of an abbreviated 84-item version of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) of brain dysfunction. The present evidence indicates that this 84-item version of the HCT differentiates significantly between brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged individuals. Even after adjustments for age were made, the difference in performance of the two groups was still highly significant. A tentative cut-off point of 38 errors misclassified only 6 per cent of the brain-damaged patients, and 22 per cent of the non-brain-damaged subjects.

This article cites a study that described a five-step procedure that can be used to detect organicity on the basis of children's performance on the Minnesota Percepto Diagnostic Test. For instance, the first step consisted of examining the T score for rotations to determine whether it is below the cut-off score, which has been established empirically as an indicator of organicity. The second step consisted of matching the examinee's configuration of error scores, separation of circle-diamond, distortion of circle-diamond, and distortion of dots, with empirically derived tables. In addition, the clinical and empirical bases for the five-step procedure were also discussed.

The article presents an account of the book "Progress in Clinical Psychology," edited by Daniel Brower and Lawrence E. Abt. The book consists of section 2 of vol. 1 of a series reviewing progress in clinical psychology. This section consists of 21 papers discussing developmental processes, applications of clinical, psychology to special areas, approaches to clinical psychology, and professional issues in the field.

This article discusses the effects of stress resulting from academic failure. This study explored the effects of the stress induced by an academic failure situation upon young children. First, it was hypothesized that children would react to failure in an area which was considered to be important to them by manifesting a lowered opinion of their abilities, that is, they would show a drop in the self concept. Further, it was thought that they would feel that the significant persons in their lives would think less highly of them following such a failure experience. Thus, changes would be manifested in several aspects of the child's self concept.

This article discusses the meaning and use of difference scores obtained between the performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and Vineland Social Maturity Scale. In order to determine d score cutting points for given risk indices certain characteristics of the scales must be known which cannot be readily ascertained for each sample independently. It is essential to have a reliability index for each of the scales to compute the necessary d values for given fixed risks for any sample of Ss. One must also have some understanding of the validity characteristics of the scales in order to make meaningful interpretations of the d scores which exceed any predetermined value.

The article cites that in reporting on a review of a reasonably representative sample of the research in clinical psychology published in 1949, the writer was encouraged to comment on several hopeful signs. These signs included not only an increase in the quantity of research appearing in the major journals, but evidence that after a considerable period of concern for professional status and standards, discipline was at long last turning a critical eye to the examination of techniques which had gained wide-spread acceptance, predominantly on the basis of authority. A brief abstract was prepared for each of the studies and these abstracts were later used in sorting the studies into relatively distinct areas of research.

The article reports on the recent trends in clinical psychology. In an effort to achieve a more representative evaluation of research trends in the field of clinical psychology the writer has chosen to go directly to the journal literature, on the assumption that it is the most direct expression of actual research activity as contrasted with "vest pocket projects." An analysis of the 154 tabulated studies yields several points worthy of comment. In the first place, a crude estimate was made of the total number of separate articles, exclusive of short notes, carried by the four journals during the three-year interval. This estimate was based on an extrapolation from the exact data for 1946 and is probably an underestimate of the true total.

The article reports that the profession of clinical psychology is beset by doomsayers and false prophets proclaiming its early demise. They are treated by the spectacle of even their highest leaders publicly examining their consciences, weeping and wailing and tearing their hair in agonies of self-expiation, in expression of their guilts and confusions over where the field is going. Psychologist George W. Albee entitled his Presidential address to the American Psychological Association in September 1970 at Miami as "The Short, Unhappy Life of Clinical Psychology", in which he revealed his own subjective uncertainties and conflicts about the status of the field. Overlooking the unfortunate fact that Albee "leaked" his thoughts to "Psychology Today," so that they appeared in print before his presidential address actually was given, the more serious question arises concerning the professional soundness of a scientific leader who uses his official podium to wash dirty linen publicly and beat the drums of despair in lay media to nonprofessional readers who cannot possibly evaluate the issues dispassionately.

This article discusses the M determinant and color in Rorschach's test. In a series of papers some psychologists have indicated that the role of color in Rorschach's Test could yield to experimental investigation. This brief report supplements the data reported in this series. The findings were gathered as part of the larger study.

T This article discusses authoritarian attitudes in children and discusses the effect of age, I.Q., anxiety and parental religious attitudes. The Children's Antidemocratic Scale (CAS) was administered to 83 Ss with an age range of nine to thirteen. Ss' CAS scores decreased significantly with age. It was suggested that the decrease in authoritarian attitudes with age is due to the maturation of Ss' cognitive processes as well as Ss' increasing independence of parental authority. Ss with high CAS scores obtained significantly lower verbal I.Q. scores and significantly higher scores on the Children's Manifest Anxiety Schedule than those with low CAS scores.

This article deals with an attempt to meet a practical need and to evaluate the effectiveness of the psychological service for the small community. Prior to the actual project, groups in the community--the county medical society, businessmen's groups other than the Junior Chamber of Commerce, the YMCA--were informed of the project by the sponsoring organization. Interestingly, the only reservation in enthusiasm at this stage came from the clergymen's organization. In this project, a "clinic" was held, for three days, in the town of Sterling, Illinois. The program, which was given what is felt to be relatively good newspaper publicity, consisted of several public lectures and seminars and a confidential psychological service to a few children and their parents.

The article presents information on several books related to the field of clinical psychology. The book "The Insight Test," by Helen D. Sargent, introduces a verbal projective test and consists of a series of items or armatures presenting hypothetical social situations testing the ability of the subject to understand the motives of others. Some other books mentioned in the article are: "Drug Addiction Among Adolescents"; "Cybernetics," edited by Heinz von Foerster; "Patients Are People," by Minna Field; "The Child's Conception of Number," by Jean Piaget.

The history and meaning of evidence-based practice (EBP) in the health disciplines was described to the Council of University Directors of Clinical Psychology (CUDCP) training programs. Evidence-based practice designates a process of clinical decision-making that integrates research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences and characteristics. Evidence-based practice is a transdisciplinary, idiographic approach that promotes lifelong learning. Empirically supported treatments (ESTs) are an important component of EBP, but EBP cannot be reduced to ESTs. Psychologists need additional skills to act as creators, synthesizers, and consumers of research evidence, who act within their scope of clinical expertise and engage patients in shared decision-making. Training needs are identified in the areas of clinical trial methodology and reporting, systematic reviews, search strategies, measuring patient preferences, and acquisition of clinical skills to perform ESTs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 611–631, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author discusses the implications of evidence-based practice (EBP) for research and research training in clinical psychology. It is argued that EBP provides a useful framework for addressing some heretofore ignored problems in clinical research. Advancing evidence-based psychological practice will require educators to inject significant new content into research, design, and methodology courses and to further integrate research and practicum training. The author believes this to be an exciting opportunity for the field, not only because it will further psychologists' integration into the interdisciplinary health care and research environment, but also because it will provide new tools to educate students for capable, not just competent professional activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 685–694, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the vast proliferation of scientific research in the behavioral and social sciences, there is a growing need for psychologists to be able to access the most current, clinically relevant research quickly and efficiently and integrate this information into patient care. In response to a similar need within the field of medicine, evidence-based medicine took hold in the early 1990s to provide both a framework and set of skills for translating research into practice. Since then, this method has been adopted by every major health care profession including psychology, and is now widely known as evidence-based practice (EBP). In this article, the authors present a general overview of the skills required for EBP along with an introduction to some of the tools and resources that have been developed in other health care professions to support EBP. Using a case example, we illustrate how these tools and resources can be applied in psychological settings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 633–642, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A movement advocating the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) is increasingly influencing health care and the practice of psychology. Thus, teaching evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is critical to the preparation of future health service psychologists. In this article, the authors address common myths associated with EBP, propose core components involved in teaching EBPP, and describe an example of how such training can be incorporated into a professional psychology education and training curriculum. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 657–670, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The background of Paul E. Meehl's work on clinical versus statistical prediction is reviewed, with detailed analyses of his arguments. Meehl's four main contributions were the following: (a) he put the question, of whether clinical or statistical combinations of psychological data yielded better predictions, at center stage in applied psychology; (b) he convincingly argued, against an array of objections, that clinical versus statistical prediction was a real (not concocted) problem needing thorough study; (c) he meticulously and even-handedly dissected the logic of clinical inference from theoretical and probabilistic standpoints; and (c) he reviewed the studies available in 1954 and thereafter, which tested the validity of clinical versus statistical predictions. His early conclusion that the literature strongly favors statistical prediction has stood up extremely well, and his conceptual analyses of the prediction problem (especially his defense of applying aggregate-based probability statements to individual cases) have not been significantly improved since 1954. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1233–1243, 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callahan's response evades the key issues raised by merely restating and elaborating upon what has already been said, providing citations that are out of context and irrelevant to the issues at hand, and misrepresenting what was actually said by his critics and me and the authors of articles he cites. He spends paragraphs refuting “straw men.” He provides additional anecdotes, which offer no convincing evidence for his claims. His critics have expressed concern that Callahan and Thought Field Therapy (TFT) proponents will cite his response article, as published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology, to promote TFT, as TFT proponents have repeatedly done for the non-peer-reviewed earlier issue devoted to TFT. Callahan has been given an unprecedented opportunity to present his work in a reputable journal without prior peer review and has failed to meet the burden of proof for his claims, thus undermining his own claim, that his work has been rejected solely as a result of bias against innovation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates a content analysis system for therapeutic interviews. Dozens of content analysis systems have been developed for the study of counseling or therapeutic interviews With few exceptions such systems have been used in only one or two studies, usually by the original authors, and then have passed into obscurity. In 1972, two psychologists hoped to correct this situation by introducing a simple content-analysis system, totally computerized, and written in FORTRAN, a universally available computer language. They hoped that the ease of implementation of the program would lead to further use and perfection of the system.

The article focuses on the efficacy of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescents (MMPI) as a function of administration. Of the six abbreviated MMPIs now available for use, has been demonstrated to predict accurately both individual and group data with normal and psychiatric samples, only the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI has been demonstrated to predict accurately both individual and group data with normal and psychiatric samples. However, in all but 2 of the approximately 40 studies that evaluated abbreviated MMPIs, only the extracted form was used because attempts to compare independently administered forms with the standard form MMPI have proven extremely difficult and time consuming.

The article reports on the development and study of clinical psychology in 1944-45. While historians of clinical psychology are unanimous in attributing the tremendous development of clinical psychology after World War II to the beneficial influence upon the profession of the military experience, little is said of the specifics involved. The author have chosen to write of the years 1944 and 1945 because it was in these closing 2 years of the War that the lessons learned from their clinical experience in the military began to be reflected in patterns of personal practice and institutional and professional organization.

This article focuses on a study which is conducted to contribute to the history of clinical psychology by investigating changes in content or subject matter of all contributions classified as clinical psychology in the Psychological Abstracts from the time of its inception in 1927 up to and including 1971. Problems investigated include increases in numbers of topics investigated over years, changes in the direction of trends in the emergence of the contemporary pattern of interests and evaluation of the nature of clinical research. A survey of contributions revealed three distinct periods: 1927-46, 1947-60 and 1961-71. The number of topics investigated each year steadily expanded from 2 in 1927 and 17 in 1948 to 42 in 1971. Categories used in these periods were nervous and mental disorders, treatment methods, diagnosis, evaluation and psychosis.

This article focuses on the definition of faculty education and training models, as compared to student field placement job roles. Both faculty models and student roles are described in terms of tasks and job skills that were judged important. An inverse factor analysis was performed for the task importance judgments, separately for the faculty sample and the student sample. Group membership was used to calculate both tasks and job skill profiles. Those profiles were compared to determine the similarities and differences between the faculty and student models. Overall, there is a lack of similarity between faculty members' education and training models and student field placement job roles, as identified by the multidomain job analysis technique. One must conclude either that the faculty models represent a developmental view, rather than the current reality as represented by field placement jobs, or that those jobs are artificial roles that are irrelevant insofar as education and training are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To replicate the finding by Goodchild and Duncan-Jones (1985), that rescoring the GHQ3O in order to take account of chronicity would improve its validity, a random sample of 244 people completed the GHQ. Of these 102 also took part in a second interview in which they were administered the PSE. There was no evidence that the new scoring scheme improved correlations between the GHQ and other measures of morbidity nor did this improve its sensitivity or specificity when validated against the PSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the field of clinical psychology. The history of clinical psychology, including its emergence during and immediately after World War II, is a familiar story. Diploma mills are not a new problem for psychology, but the number of such institutions continues to increase. Each of the major health professions in this country has undergone one major evaluation and upgrading during its lifetime. In medicine, this occurred between 1910 and 1920. Many psychologists fail to appreciate the negative repercussions of being the only profession in the health service arena that does not require graduation from an accredited training program for entry into practice.

The article presents an empirical review of experimental research, with a focus on forensic psychology. As practitioners of forensic psychology, psychologists are concerned with the ways in which individual behavior affects admissible evidence in a court of law. The development of research over time fails to demonstrate a transition to empirically based research. Only 16 per cent of all research reviewed is empirical. While there is a transition from descriptive to correlational and experimental research over time, the total number of empirical articles is small, and any specific conclusions, therefore, would be spurious.

This article cites a study that described the hierarchical factor structure of the British Ability Scales (BAS), which provided a new approach to the individual assessment of children's abilities. Hierarchical factor solutions were obtained on scale intercorrelations for three age groups included in the standardization sample for the BAS. The ability hierarchy consisted of a general factor and five primary factors at each of the three age levels. Three primary factors were evident at all three age levels, in verbal ability, spatial-perceptual ability, and visual recall. A naming factor was obtained at the youngest age level and a perceptual speed factor was obtained for the two older age groups.

This article cites a study in Kansas City, Kansas that compared sex-role attributes of a large group of male alcoholics determined by the PRF ANDRO to those of two non-alcoholic male groups. It was hypothesized that proportionally more of the male alcoholics would be sex-typed feminine. Endorsement of passive-feminine characteristics among alcoholics is interpreted to be a consequence, not a cause of the disorder, is considered reversible with the achievement of sustained sobriety, and is a feature that possibly needs to be addressed directly in order to facilitate successful therapeutic interventions.

This article cites a study that examined the reliability and empirical validity of the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST) among psychiatric patients. SMAST was orally administered as an embedded scale to a sample of 120 male and female psychiatric inpatients, who reported a broad spectrum of current and lifetime drinking problems. Test results showed substantial reliability within and across administrations that spanned one to three days, but they were related only moderately to the psychiatric diagnosis.

This article cites a study in Washington that compared urban obese and non-obese American Indians and Caucasians on the Group Embedded Figures Test. Results indicated an apparent relationship between obesity and field-dependence for Caucasians, but not for American Indians. American Indians were more field-dependent than Caucasian overall, which implies a social conformity factor. These results suggest that psychological factors related to obesity vary across ethnic groups because of apparent cultural differences.

This article cites a study that investigated the relationship between subjective experience of loneliness and patterns of attachment in young adults. Forty-seven young adults residing in Los Angeles, California were screened for race, disability, age, and SES. The researchers then administered an attachment history questionnaire and several measures of loneliness, including the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Correlations revealed a moderate to strong relationship between feeling lonely and early disrupted attachment. The results of the study were consistent with the notion that underlying attachment disorders may affect subsequent psychological development and social behavior.

This article cites a study in Illinois that presented the readability and human interest scores of 28 books on psychoanalytic technique. It discussed these scores in relation to psychoanalyeese, a term coined to describe a burgeoning technical vocabulary, and to psychotherapy training. Psychoanalytic prose comes in many forms. Therefore, some writers have proposed that the existing languages in psychoanalysis be jettisoned in the service of greater clinical relevance or congruence with certain philosophical systems.

This article cites a study in Massachusetts that compared patients with either of the two types of psychosomatic symptoms: gastrointestinal or dermatological. It tested the hypothesis that gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms are associated with differing psychological styles. Specifically, it was predicted that tendencies toward heightened environmental responsiveness and heightened experiences of urges and affects would be associated with gastrointestinal diseases. On the other hand, affectively reduced environmental responsiveness and muted experiences of urges and affects would be associated with dermatological diseases.

This article cites a study that examined the personality correlates and psychodynamics of defensively high self-esteem population in Massachusetts. This population is defined as a conscious and exaggerated satisfaction with the self used defensively to avoid an unconscious or less conscious lower self-regard. The hypothesis tested is that among defensively high self-esteem men in the nonpathological range of psychological functioning, the ambitious-narcissistic/hysteriform character style is the modal character type. Forty male college students volunteered as the study group. And they were divided into four groups, based upon clinicians' consensus ratings of defensiveness of self-esteem and level of self-regard.

This article focuses on Q-Sort task to assess MMPI skills. The present study considers this last concern and presents a measuring instrument designed to assess clinical psychology trainees' ability to use accurately the MMPI as a clinical tool. This is one of the many skills that students are expected to learn during their clinical training. The most relevant finding of this study was that a combination of the MMPI and the case history seemed to result in the most accurate judgments. Three MMPI profiles, and associated demographic information (age, sex, years of formal education, occupation) were chosen from a larger pool of 30 profiles.

The article focuses on the methods of suicide and implications for suicide prevention. Although the methods used to commit suicide vary substantially by country, time period, and demo graph characteristics, relatively little attention has been given to the implications that choices of suicide methods may have for suicide prevention. The choices of suicide methods seem to be affected both by the physical availability and the socio-cultural acceptability of the various potential methods available. Thus it would be expected that variations in suicide rates would be affected by variations in the physical availability of preferred, socio-culturally acceptable methods of suicide.

This article presents an outline of the development of a semi-automated full psychological test battery. The utilization of configural rules and interpretive statements saves time for the psychologist in interpretation and report writing per se, and the nature of the format allows it to be utilized in an automated typewriter, which expedites the typing time. The test behavior, however, does lend itself to more objective codification. One future possibility would be to utilize a combination of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Minnesota-Briggs History Record, in the Impression and Comments section.

This article presents information on long term modification of smoking behavior. If any effective treatment variables could be connected to a well-established, cohesive theoretical tradition, then empirical data would be more amenable to systematic cumulation. Although behavior modification techniques seem to have been investigated most frequently, an attractive theoretical approach is the general category of expectancy-value theories, pioneered by psychologists. According to this class of theory, an individual's tendency to perform a certain behavior is determined in part by the expectation that the behavior will produce certain consequences and the evaluation of those consequences.

This article presents information on psychological and social adjustment of blind subjects and the 16PF. Psychological adjustment was measured by the depression scale of the MMPI. The questionnaire included measures of mobility, self-help, techniques of daily living, communication and employment. All items were read to a S and to an "important other" who was well acquainted with the blind individual's behavior. Together they agreed on the most accurate description of the S's behavior. In an effort to gain psychological predictors of adjustment. In addition to the specified instructions on the Form, the interviewer instructed the Ss to answer the questions "as they would have prior to being certified blind." This was undertaken in order to determine how these Ss viewed themselves before their loss of vision.