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• Sediments in the eastern Arabian Sea are mainly derived from Indus River and Deccan Plateau. • Terrestrial sources are characterized by a clear glacial-interglacial cyclical change. • Sea level controlled orbital-scale terrestrial inputs and sources in the eastern Arabian Sea. Although the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has led to strong land-sea interactions, the characteristics of sediment transport and their controlling factors in typical marine areas in the northern Indian Ocean since the Quaternary are not clear. This work aimed to reconstruct the pattern of change in the sources of sediments since the Marine Isotope Stage 9 (MIS 9) period and to explore the mechanism of their response to changes in the marine environment in the Arabian Sea. To this end, a comprehensive multi-indicator study of the chronology and geochemical elements was carried out in core AS05-7 from the eastern Arabian Sea. Major trace element factor analysis and rare earth element (La/Yb) N -δEu N mapping suggested that sediments in the eastern Arabian Sea were mainly derived from terrestrial inputs from the Indus River and the Deccan Plateau. The sediments showed a clear glacial-interglacial cycle of change, with the contribution of the Indus River increasing during the interglacial period and that of the Deccan Plateau increasing during the glacial period. On average, the Indus River and Deccan Plateau contributed 71 % and 29 %, respectively, to the total amount of sediment. Indicators such as mass accumulation rate and Ca/Ti showed that the inputs from the terrestrial sources showed clear glacial-interglacial characteristics, with inputs during the glacial period being higher than those during the interglacial period. The lowering of the sea level during the glacial period led to an increase in the exposed area of the shelf, the shifting of deposition centers closer to the core, an increase in the rate of mass accumulation, and an increase in riverine inputs to the sea when clastic sediments from the Deccan Plateau increased. The elevation of the sea level during the interglacial period led to the inundation of the shelf, the shifting of deposition centers away from the core, a decrease in the rate of mass accumulation, and a reduction in riverine inputs to the sea when detrital sediments from the Deccan Plateau decreased. Changes in terrestrial inputs and sources revealed the orbital-scale control of sea-level change on sedimentary processes in the Arabian Sea and provided direct evidence for the "source-sink" model of sedimentation in the tropical Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Irrawaddy River and Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers are the main sediment sources of the northern Ninetyeast Ridge over the last 50 kyr. • Millennial-scale periodic changes of weathering and terrigenous input are revealed during the last glacial period. • Shift of depositional center from Bengal Fan to the continental shelf is controlled by sea level changes. The Ninetyeast Ridge is situated within the world's largest sediment "source-sink" system, which extends from the Tibetan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Modest and stable sedimentation rate makes it a suitable region for studying long-term land-sea interaction. Recent research has primarily focused on the northern Bengal Fan, leaving limited knowledge about sedimentary processes on the distant Ninetyeast Ridge. This study aims to address this gap by investigating sediment transport pattern and its response to climatic and environmental changes since the last glacial period, using the gravity core (CJ04–50) selected from the northern Ninetyeast Ridge. The provenance discrimination based on δEu-(Gd/Yb) N revealed that the Irrawaddy (Irr) River, along with the Ganges-Brahmaputra (G-B) Rivers, represented the primary sources of the study area. Quantitative analysis equations indicated that the contribution of the G-B Rivers decreased from the last glacial period (22%) to the Holocene period (16%), while that of the Irr River increased (from 78% to 84%). Chemical index of alteration (CIA*) values, and terrigenous input proxy indicators (Ti/Ca, Rb/Sr) were used to indicate the changes of weathering and terrigenous input over the past 50 kyr. During the last glacial period, CIA*, Ti/Ca and Rb/Sr revealed significantly millennial-scale periodic changes, including the distinct declining trend during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Heinrich 2–4 (H2-H4) periods, followed by recovery trend during subsequent warm periods. During these cold periods of LGM and H2–H4, weakened Indian monsoon condition, reduced precipitation, cold climate, and expanding ice sheets, adversely affected physical erosion and chemical weathering in the source area, and the reduced river runoff impeded sediment transport. Conversely, these environmental factors reversed during relatively warm periods. Since the Holocene, CIA*, Ti/Ca and Rb/Sr declined, which was contrast to the climate change, and the sea level changes became the dominant factor. The rapidly rising sea level submerged the main terrigenous input channel (the Swatch of No Ground) of the G-B Rivers, made the depositional center shift from the Bengal Fan to the continental shelf, causing the decline of terrigenous input and lower CIA* values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A well-dated loess succession in the past 33 ka is retrieved from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. • Sources of loess deposits were distinguished by utilizing REEs and trace elements. • Regional climate and environmental events dominate the changes of loess sources. Paleoenvironmental conditions on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the last glacial period are still unclear. Here, we present a loess record (LZP) in the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR) valley of the southeastern TP, extending over the past 33 ka. Based on grain size, magnetic susceptibility, major and trace elements, sources of loess during different periods were discriminated. Combined with bulk biogeochemical properties (TOC and δ13C org), as well as comparisons to regional paleoclimate records, the paleoclimate and environmental implications of the LZP loess were further revealed. During 33.4–24.5 ka and 8.4–0.5 ka, loess deposits were mainly derived from nearby river valley while undergoing a relatively strong Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The period of 24.5–15.4 ka witnessed a notable decrease in the contribution of nearby sources and an increase in the contribution of distant materials. The dramatic changes in loess provenance may be due to the development of a paleo-dammed lake in the YZR valley, coupled with the impact of a weak ISM. The sediment contribution of nearby sources increased during 15.4–8.4 ka due to shrinkage or disappearance of the paleo-dammed lake and enhanced ISM. Furthermore, four warmer and wetter events occurred at 31–29 ka, 26.8–25 ka, 22.3–21 ka and 15.5–14 ka were revealed by the LZP record and correspond to enhanced ISM. Our research indicates the complex responses of loess deposits in the southeastern TP to global climate change and local environmental events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbonates in sediments of the Okinawa Trough are biogenic and authigenic in origin. • Authigenic carbonate in sediments of the Okinawa Trough is mainly high-Mg calcite. • The negative carbon isotope values reflect the origin of authigenic carbonate from AOM. • Biogenic carbonate contents were low (high) during the glacial (interglacial) period. The elemental and isotopic compositions and abundance of carbonates in marine sediments are used to reconstruct ancient climate and ocean conditions. These carbonates usually include biogenic and authigenic carbonates in origin, which are controlled by sedimentary and diagenetic processes, respectively. However, the specific mechanisms involved in controlling the origin of biogenic and authigenic carbonates are still unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed core CSHC-4 sediment from the Okinawa Trough to examine the elemental and isotopic compositions of carbonates and their relationship to methane seepage and sea-level changes. Our results indicate that high-Mg calcite is the dominant authigenic carbonate, indicating moderate methane seep intensity. Negative carbon isotope values as low as −4.06‰ V-PDB of the bulk sediments deposited in the glacial period suggest a connection between the formation of authigenic carbonates and methane seepage. Negative oxygen isotope values as low as −2.6‰ V-PDB may be attributed to the input of 18O-depleted fluids influenced by gas hydrate formation. Biogenic carbonates contribute the majority (96.3%) of the total carbonate contents in sediments. Biogenic carbonate contents are lower during glacial periods and higher during interglacial periods. The reduced carbonate content during glacial periods may be due to lower export productivity influenced by the deepening of North Pacific Intermediate Water, as well as terrestrial inputs and anoxic conditions during low sea level periods. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both biogenic and authigenic carbonates when reconstructing paleoclimate and paleoceanography based on their geochemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]