1. Relationship between mortality and rice cadmium concentration in inhabitants of the polluted Jinzu River basin, Toyama, Japan: A 26 year follow-up
- Author
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Hideaki Nakagawa, Masaru Sakurai, Kazuhiro Nogawa, Muneko Nishijo, Yasushi Suwazono, Masao Ishizaki, Yuuka Watanabe, Teruhiko Kido, and Yuko Morikawa
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Cadmium Poisoning ,Time Factors ,Urinary system ,Drainage basin ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Food Contamination ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,Competing risks ,01 natural sciences ,Risk Assessment ,Dietary Exposure ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sex Factors ,Japan ,Rivers ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Cause of Death ,Medicine ,Humans ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Aged ,Kidney ,Cadmium ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,business.industry ,Proportional hazards model ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,Middle Aged ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Relative risk ,Smoking status ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,business ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mortality and rice cadmium (Cd) concentration in inhabitants of a polluted area in Japan. The target subjects were inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin who participated in health examinations for screening of renal dysfunction from 1979 to 1984. The mean rice Cd concentration in each hamlet was used as an index of the Cd exposure. We conducted a 26 year follow-up survey in 3281 inhabitants (1544 men and 1737 women) whose data regarding the rice Cd concentration were available. Mortality risk ratios for all and specific causes were estimated after adjustments for age at baseline, smoking status and history of hypertension using a Cox hazard model or Fine and Gray competing risks regression model. The mortality risk ratios of rice Cd concentration (+0.1 ppm) for all causes in women were significantly increased (risk ratio: 1.04). Furthermore, the relative risks of rice Cd concentration for kidney and urinary tract disease, renal diseases, renal failure and toxic effects of cadmium were significantly increased in both sexes. These findings indicated that increased rice Cd concentration decreased the prognosis for life over a long-term observation in women. This result provides important information for determining the worldwide standard for allowable rice Cd concentration.
- Published
- 2017