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Archives function both as repositories of documents and materials and as sites of memory collection and classification. This article explores the provenance and process of collecting and archiving through the lens of the collection of personal papers of Samuel Switzer, a Northern educated Southerner, World War I soldier, and a Jew. It examines how the interplay of Switzer's various identities affected the donor's and archivists' perspectives on the collection's importance and relevance and demonstrates the impact of these viewpoints on the collection's presentation and use by scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores journalist Abba Ahimeir's six prison diaries (1934–1935), shedding light on his thoughts and emotions during British Mandate imprisonment. Written in Jerusalem's central prison, these diaries delve into Ahimeir's multifaceted personality, covering personal, familial, political, and public aspects. With a focus on the unsolved Arlosoroff murder, the paper examines the events leading to Ahimeir's diary creation, emphasizing his perceptions of prison reality, insights into the Arlosoroff affair, and broader observations on culture and history. The goal is to present the complexity of Ahimeir's character and offer historical context for the tumultuous years of the Yishuv under British rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about Jewish experiences of marriage/partnership, family, and love, as much as it is about doing being Jewish, feeling Jewish, and expressing (Jewish) agency in post-1945 Germany. While 'families' are often approached in terms of social structures in social theory, this paper seeks to relate the experiences of Jews and their partnership/marriage and family forms to the broad concepts of love, agency, personality, and negotiations of Jewishness in the everyday. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new history of Jewish community life and relations between Jews and non-Jews in the GDR, Western Germany, Israel and the United States through exploring the foiled plans for an expressway through the Jewish Cemetery at Berlin-Weißensee between 1976 and 1986. Drawing on existing historiography on the GDR's Jewish communities and previously unconsidered archival documents, personal narratives and visual documents, the piece sheds new light on issues of agency, assent and dissident among the GDR's Jews and beyond. The protests, I argue, pre-empted the GDR citizens' rights movement that led into the falling of the Berlin Wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the memoirs of three Czechoslovak Jewish intellectuals: the diplomat and scholar Eduard Goldstücker, the historian Toman Brod, and the writer Ivan Klíma. In these memoirs of disillusionment, the authors attempt to gain agency over their lives by coming to terms with their communist past. I consider the role of their Jewish identity and their Holocaust experience. I uphold Václav Havel's understanding of dissent as an existential attitude of 'living within the truth,' and reserve the terms dissident and dissidence for Brod and Klíma who engaged in dissident activities during the so-called normalization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the early 1960s and spotlights efforts to commemorate the Holocaust in south-eastern Poland. Members of the religious Congregation and the lay Social-Cultural Association of Polish Jews as well as transnational activists, created a network of memorials. Encompassing local sites of killings, those small-scale memorials challenged the Communist authorities' programme of commemoration. They marked villages, towns and cities with reference to Jewish suffering. They highlighted victims' identity and used Jewish symbols and bilingual inscriptions to narrate the genocide. In so doing, they have successfully prevented the memory of the Holocaust from disappearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the seemingly outdated binary Jews and Germans on the level of power relations and lived experiences. By analyzing an in-depth interview, it shows how the violent past of National Socialism and the Shoah reaches into the present and into love relationships. The case study illustrates that the categories 'Jews' and 'German' are needed as analytical tools to understand these aftermaths. In conclusion, the contribution argues that while the categories can be appropriated and lived in an agentic way, the binary is useful to capture and analyze positionalities and power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourses of striving for equality versus the preservation of Jewish difference are reflected in the Jewish and non-Jewish struggles for an appropriate remembrance of the fallen during and after the First World War. They find their expression in the spatial localization of Jewish war memory. This paper deals with the polyphonic memory discourses and spatial positions of Jewish war memory in interplay with non-Jewish war memory in Austria during the Second World War. The focus is on the establishment of war cemeteries and specific signs of remembrance in Jewish and non-Jewish spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides new insights into the history of forced migration during the Nazi regime by investigating the maritime space of the 'ship' and its inscribed notions and perceptions in times of persecution and oppression. It highlights the various functions and transformations of the 'ship', but also analyses the conflicting social, political and economic interests of the different protagonists. Using the ships Königstein and Caribia as case studies, the paper opens up new perspectives on the processes of Jewish forced migration and illustrates the importance of maritime spaces for a better understanding of the Jewish refugee crisis in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Martin Buber's unpublished manuscript 'Fragen und Antworten. Die jüdische Besiedlung Palästinas' in the original German with English translation and contextualizes it within the main stations of Buber's Zionist thinking: cultural Zionism, religious Zionism, and Zionism of realization. It problematizes Buber's reflection on Jewish settlements in Palestine with reference to the significance of Zionism for humanity as well as the possibility of reconciliation between Jews and Arabs in the Middle East. It also addresses the problem of Jewish terror, framing it in correlation with the restrictions on Jewish migration to Palestine and the catastrophe of the Shoah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1980s, a potentially significant site with links to the city's medieval Jews was discovered in Bristol. The site has 'Scheduled Monument' status, granted by Historic England, and has been described as a ritual bath, ranging from mikveh to bet tohorah. This paper takes an interdisciplinary approach, discussing the complexities of interpreting the monument, its authenticity, and significance to the memory of local medieval Jewish history. This paper highlights utilises the historical narrative of the site and the roles of multiple stakeholders to frame wider considerations of prominent issues concerning identity, authority and ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview investigation of Jews' Court, Lincoln, research findings, and preliminary thoughts on the form and location of the English medieval synagogue. Dr Cecil Roth assigned synagogue use to the building in the medieval period; however, its appearance is of post-medieval date. The study which took a buildings archaeology approach concluded that Roth's hypothesis was incorrect. It further investigated the divergent opinions on the building's construction date and phasing. This paper presents thoughts on the use of medieval building typologies to inform the understanding of the material evidence for the Medieval Anglo-Jewish community and hypotheses on the form and location of medieval synagogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a specific attempt of locating Kanara in the Indo-Jewish historiography. It finds the need to distinguish between Kanara and Malabar as two distinct entities of south western India to achieve clarity while interpreting the nature of the cultural milieu, which the Jews encountered when they visited this multicultural complex in the twelfth-century. While accepting the role of Malabar in Jewish trade, this paper analyzes the role of Kanara in this enterprise. It will use the indigenous sources of Kanara apart from the Geniza records to prove this argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controversial religious or quasi-religious issues were responsible for the split within Hungarian Jewry. At the Congress, dividing lines over non-religious, 'political' controversies correlated only loosely with those over religious issues, as a rule. In this paper we limit ourselves to corroborating this thesis by taking a closer look at three items on the Congress's political agenda: (1) electoral issues, (2) centralization, and (3) ecclesiastical analogies. The paper demonstrates the profound impact that Hungarian contemporary political discourse exerted on Congress delegates in both camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Szeged was the main deportation centre for Southern Hungary, in June 1944 three trains departed from here. The first train went to Auschwitz, where most people were killed upon arrival. The second train was uncoupled, half going to Auschwitz. The train's second half and the third transport ended up in Strasshof near Vienna, where most people survived. The setup of these transports resulted in Szeged's Jewry having an exceptionally high survival rate, including children and elderly. The current paper serves as a collection of ego-documents by Jewish children from Szeged, their lives in concentration camps, and their immediate post-war lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vladimir Nabokov modelled his moral and political values on those of his father, V. D. Nabokov, especially revering his defence of Russian Jewry. This paper attempts to clarify broad-brushstrokes accounts of V. D. Nabokov, demonstrating how his ambivalent approach to the 'Jewish Question' evolved as a result of his Russian liberalism. Using contemporary accounts and revisiting primary sources, this challenges the hagiographic legacy built by his son and critics. In turn, this allows for a more refined understanding of Vladimir Nabokov's literary engagement with the 'Jewish theme', his sacred relationship with his father, and the limitations of inherited liberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paper focuses on the Zionist Organizations founded in Mandatory Palestine. They presented ideas about age, gender, and Zionism which opposed Zionist perceptions that became dominant throughout the Yishuv on the eve of World War II. The organizations challenged dominant perceptions on masculinity, and by internalizing the category of age-related identity, the seniors sought to promote broader acceptance of forms of masculinity using their newspaper as a platform. The organizations of the senior Zionists were characterized by a male subculture of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can physical objects tell us about the Holocaust and the experience of survivors? Studies of Jewish restitution mostly focus on the political debates and negotiations for postwar compensation, as well as institutions and actors involved in these discussions. While individual claimants might be used as examples of particular trends in studies of restitution, we lack a matrix to chart the meaning of individual claims in relation to the overall scope of Jewish reparations. This paper explores the nature of individual property claims in an effort to sketch out a material culture of Jewish loss. Although material culture studies tend to explore how goods reflect everyday life and culture, this paper uses this approach to study the personal, political and socio-economic meanings of wartime theft and postwar restitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a review essay on a new publication concerning Anglo-Jewish history: Lauren Fogle, The King's Converts: Jewish Conversion in Medieval London. After addressing the contents of the aforementioned monograph, I concentrate on new aspects of research on Jewish medieval conversion to Christianity. The second part of the essay is dedicated to some methodological concerns. The essay closes with a discussion on the necessity of integrating the perspective of Jewish sources when writing about Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid twentieth century, Los Angeles boasted a large community of German speakers. Drawing from archival research, this paper will examine the ways in which German language weekly newspapers and a German language cinema conceived of and communicated with their audiences. Through examinations of both language usage and visual imagery, this paper argues that, despite a plurality of German speakers in L.A., German language media organizations marketed to a European-based notion of Germanness. Such marketing reveals a practice of exclusion of non-typical German speakers and ultimately provides insight into the early postwar Angeleno German-speaking community. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper focuses on the voyage to Palestine in the 1920s and examines it as a migration experience, different from the ideologically charged term Aliya. It looks at the arrangements and bureaucracy involved, from the stage of waiting in the European ports in Vienna and Trieste, until disembarking in Jaffa or Haifa. The article deals with the highly impressive bureaucracy of the Palestine Offices established by the Zionist Organization after World War I, which enabled Jews to immigrate. Alroey examines immigration from below – from the point of view of ordinary immigrants, for example their life on board the ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehending the role played by Baron József Eötvös, Minister of Religion and Education, in connection with the 1868/69 Jewish congress in Hungary is of paramount importance in better understanding the events that led to the schism of the Orthodox and Neolog Jewry. To fill a long-standing gap in the scholarship regarding the contextualisation of the congress, its preparations, and its repercussions in the religious policies of the Hungarian government, my paper presents the first year of Eötvös's alliance with the Neolog party. It shows that the minister's project of confessional autonomy from mid-1867 fundamentally predetermined the outlines of the congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Congress did not solve the internal conflicts of the Jewish community of Nagyvárad (today Oradea, Romania). On the contrary, divergences between the two parties only deepened. The debate revolved around the issue whether to accept the statutes established by the Congress. In this paper, I will outline the history of status quo ante community in Nagyvárad, based on documents I found at the Bihor County Branch of the Romanian National Archives. I will examine the circumstances and conflicts that led to the emergence of this community, the administrative process related to its establishment, and its dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the relationship between the ideological and legal structures that discriminated against Jews in early modern Morocco and its reflection in social practices. The study shows that there is not always a parallel between ideological-legal inequality and social relationships, as social practices can be influenced by other ideological frameworks. However, there were a few areas where there was a more marked no-trespassing line. This project compares contemporary chronicles by different authors with diverse cultural-religious backgrounds and personal-political agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tells two intertwining stories reflecting post-Holocaust power struggles between Jewish communities and organizations and their impact on Holocaust documentation: the efforts to create a Holocaust archive in Yad Vashem from the late 1940s and the hitherto unknown involvement of Israel Kastner in these efforts. Kastner, a controversial leader and activist in Hungary during the Holocaust, was at the apex of a stormy public debate in 1950s Israel (known as the 'Kastner trial') and was murdered in 1957. His role in the Holocaust of Hungarian Jews is still debated by historians and in the Israeli public sphere. Yet, his involvement with Yad Vashem, the venerable Zionist-Israeli institution, did not come to light in the trial or in historical research. It is unearthed and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores artistic approaches to memorialisation and the archive in reinterpreting personal narratives of Jewish migration, through recent collaborative artworks by the author and her sister, made during a journey to and residency in South Africa in 2009--2010. Drawing on a private family archive of correspondence including over 200 postcards sent mainly between Hull, England and South Africa during the Edwardian period, it touches on migration, genealogical research and changing networks of communication and affection. With the loss of understanding of writing as a scribal (drawn) practice, this paper explores attempts to use embodied artistic actions to 'read between the lines' of archival material, creating forms of translation which remap familiar territories and tropes, shedding new light on these journeys into diasporic memory. The paper is structured like a series of 'postcards': fragmentary sections that reflect the nature of memory and archival material, in combinations of image and text that each contain a short extract of a longer dialogue, place and a relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four articles published in this special issue of I Jewish Culture and History i originated in papers and projects that were presented at the conference. Which spaces serve as a gathering or evoke and provide daily encounters, co-presence, or relations of Jews and non-Jews? She is thus able to show that allegedly Jewish funeral practices emerged in a vivid exchange between Jews and non-Jews. [Extracted from the article]

Incorporating space methodology and combining it with gender studies, this article looks at how German-Jewish men, in a space-specific environment, prewar Nazi concentration camps, came to adjust their understandings and practices of masculinity. The paper argues that performing pre-learned forms of military masculinity inside the camps vis-à-vis Nazi personnel, while simultaneously maintaining conventional gender norms in their letter exchanges to their families and spouses in the outside world, were of fundamental importance. Jewish men's ability to adjust their practice of masculinity represented a defiant attempt of survival and control over their lives under an increasingly oppressive regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connectedness of place, space and time is a well-known idea in the context of space in social theory. This paper argues that the factor of agency, specifically the question whether meaning is given to a space in a conscious or unconscious process, should also be discussed. By analysing a body of correspondence, the perception of nature in the eyes of the Munich Jewish citizen, Erwin Schwager, during the Nazi period is explored, showing the meaning of nature as space of Heimat, recreation and sanctuary in changing circumstances. The usage of a microhistorical approach proved effective for linking the concepts of place, space, time and agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martin Buber's concern with true leadership is evident in his biblical studies, analysis of Jewish history, and his political stance. One aspect of that concern focused on what he called 'negative charisma.' This paper looks at that concept in the context of Max Weber's view of charisma, in Buber's view of Zion, and in his understanding of Judah Halevi's Kuzari. His view of a common charisma as a means of uniting Israelis and Palestinians may hold important clues for resolving the problems in the Middle East today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently discovered archival documents show the famous Yiddish writer Sholem Aleichem’s (1859-1916) significant interest in the field of silent cinema. Living in Switzerland, he wrote a number of film scripts and established numerous contacts with various cinema figures in Berlin, Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Warsaw, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1913-14. World War I interrupted his creative ties and led him to abandon his cinema projects. However, when he immigrated to America in December 1914, his motion picture ambitions revived and he tried to establish contacts with a whole range of film companies: ‘Vitagraph,’ ‘Fox,’ ‘Universal,’ etc. The paper is dedicated to Sholem Aleichem’s quest to find a place for himself in the American cinematograph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marginality of Irish Jews within both Irish and Jewish worlds and their consequent lack of interest to scholars, has meant that the traditional narratives of Irish Jewish history have only begun to be interrogated relatively recently. This paper demonstrates how new approaches, informed by ongoing developments in Jewish Studies, can revolutionise our understanding of key aspects of Irish Jewish history such as migration to and settlement in Ireland. This allows us to progress beyond the realm of anecdote and foundation myth towards constructing a more sound, objective and inclusive historiography of Irish Jewry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strained relations between Scots and Jews during the First World War have largely been forgotten thanks in great part to post-war Jewish displays of patriotism combined with an oversight of wartime tension within the existing historiography. With few sources covering this issue, the Scottish press presents itself as a vital resource because of its heightened wartime readership and since it provided an outlet for both the host and Jewish communities to vent their respective frustrations. This article will survey a number of Scottish papers to show how the widespread anti-alien attitudes during the war affected the Jewish community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions the significance and meaning behind the Byzantine legends of Jewish image desecration between the sixth and tenth centuries. The narrative of these tales, as historical and literary phenomena, uncover the uneasy equilibrium between the Christian theologians’ fear of idolatry and their need to gratify the Christian veneration of sacred images. It also confirms how doctrinal issues regarding types of images, their representation, real presence, worship and theological truth could be integrated into fictitious tale narratives about Jews to locate and define the Christian response to images at any given time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the course of several decades in the mid-twentieth century, the vast majority of Jews living in the Middle East and North Africa migrated to Israel, Europe, and the Americas. Many of them left behind properties and assets that were either seized, sold at a fraction of their worth, stolen, or abandoned. Recently, the question of compensation for these properties has garnered significant attention within the context of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Problematically, the politicized and controversial nature of these claims has obscured the ways in Middle Eastern Jews themselves have understood the issue of their lost assets. This paper focuses on two organizations that offer a lens through which the broader issue of compensation can be understood. In so doing, it argues that the nature of property claims are multidimensional and cannot be reduced to the question of whether they serve Israeli state interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of transition from the dynastically composed, multi-ethnic Habsburg monarchy to theRepublic of German-Austria/Austriawas marked by fundamental economic crises, social tensions, and traumas as a consequence of the harrowing experiences of the war. This situation led to extensive social and political radicalization, including a massive rise in anti-Semitism. The paper focuses on the reasons for this increase in anti-Semitism and describes the rhetoric of the politicians during the war and in the immediate post-war period. Based on the stenographic protocols of the meetings in the Austrian Imperial Assembly and the (Provisional) National Assembly, the politicians who used anti-Semitic speeches in order to achieve particular goals are identified and examples of how the situation and rights of the Austrian Jewish population was discussed in parliament are given. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The compulsory conscription of Jews was introduced in the Habsburg Monarchy in 1788. In 1866, the first Jewish military chaplain was appointed. Until World War I, only a few rabbis served in the army, but they had a significant impact on the self-assertion of Jewish soldiers in the Habsburg armed forces. Between 1914 and 1918, the number of Jewish military chaplains rose to 133, almost three times higher than in the German army. Some of the rabbis still held prestigious positions after World War I, but most disappeared into oblivion. This paper assesses and reconstructs the lives and efforts of these military rabbis, placing a special focus on the Jewish military chaplaincy in Vienna and its head, Arnold Frankfurter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This contribution presents aspects of the life and work of the pianist and composer Werner Richard Heymann (1896–1961) and asks what the experience of that exile in Los Angeles – frightening and exhilarating at the same time – meant for him. In order to better understand his role in the transatlantic exchange of musical and literary ideas and practices, his particular story will be placed in the wider framework of transnationalism as a specific experience in the context of German-Jewish emigration after 1933. In order to get a clearer picture of the conditions in Los Angeles and Hollywood, the paper also looks at documents concerning the situation in New York where Heymann’s friend and colleague Robert Gilbert (1899–1978) spent the War years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyses the varieties of psychosocial discourse present in the story 'The Last Commander', written by one of Israel's most provocative and esteemed novelists: A.B. Yehoshua. Specifically, this article analyses the ways in which Yehoshua presents emphatically secular, left-leaning Israeli exegetical responses to several foundational narratives of the Judaic textual tradition. Through a close reading of the story, in tandem with explorations of Yehoshua's extra-literary political statements and activities, the study examines how the subcultural particularities found in Yehoshua's reconstructions of Judaic themes and imagery work as midrashic responses to what he sees as the problematic 'metastories' upon which Israeli society has been founded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the little explored relationship between communication and Jewish identity, using communication as a means through which to open a discussion on the state of American Jewish identity in the twenty-first century. Focusing in particular on the topics of conversational style and gesture, this paper draws both on historical studies of Jewish behaviour and a contemporary analysis of the television sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm to determine the extent to which identifiably Jewish behaviours continue to be seen in the United States, before seeking to explore the impact of these behaviours on shaping, maintaining and reinforcing American Jewish identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Odessa myth in the context of the Russian-Jewish intelligentsia of the nineteenth century. In a study of three contexts - the origins of the Russian-Jewish newspaper Rassvet; the (fictional) memoirs of Moshe Leib Lilienblum and Mendele Mocher Sforim (Solomon Abramovitch) who made Odessa their home; and the 1902 debates over schools in the Society for the Promotion of Enlightenment among the Jews of Russia - Horowitz discovers that for every myth, there is a counter-myth. Jewish Odessa of the nineteenth century was involved in a battle over its identity and definition. Rather than embodying a single ideological position, the Jewish intelligentsia tells a messy, complicated, and contradictory story of the development of the city and the evolution of the intelligentsia itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archives of the Polanyis, a distinguished family of intellectuals of Hungarian-Jewish origins, are today divided between two continents and three countries. The article traces the history of the family's archives, highlighting the way in which the multiple -- and in their respective contents distinct -- collections of documents testify to the family's history since the late nineteenth century and the intellectual refugee experience at large. Documents of the family's flight from Hitler's Europe, preserved in the Eva Zeisel Papers, shed light on the details of a little-known episode of the intellectual migration from Nazi-ruled Europe to the United States and help integrate the international network of physics and the Ukrainian Physico-Technological Institute in the Soviet Union in the networks of émigré artists and intellectuals. The article also considers the constructed nature of family archives and the shifting perception of what families consider private or public in their own history and legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, part of a larger project, explores ways in which a private collection of personal papers, official letters and documents can be used to construct the lived experience of the author's parents, Lotte and Wolja, two German Jewish refugees. Making use of letters written between May and September 1938, when Wolja was on a temporary visa in London and Lotte still in Berlin, the article focuses on how it felt in 1938 to be forced to leave Germany, the gendered strategies they used to manage their feelings and the importance of their letters for keeping them going through the fear and uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the complex dynamics of the rejection of 'Jewish smells' as markers of Jewish corporeality in the context of stereotypes constructed by Russian culture. It addresses the conflicting desire to cherish and yet reject the smells of childhood as an important repository of memory in autobiographical prose by Russian Jewish writers. It theorizes the notion of smell as a Jewish archive in the context of inter-generational knowledge, displacement, space and time. How can the most ethereal of all sensations serve as an archive? How do we pass on this type of knowledge-inducing mechanism to future generations? And how do writers negotiate their national/ethnic identities on the basis of this form of remembering? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various papers published in this issue including one by Karty Beinart on Jewish migration, one by Esther Saraga on her family's migration from Garmany to England, and one by Hilda Nissimi on heritage centers in Israel.

This paper explores the evolution of the training and function of the French rabbinate in the interwar period. The First World War thrust Jewish clerics out from obscure institutional positions to the very forefront of national activity as 'soldiers' for their community and for the nation. The war experience furnished the French rabbinate with a set of new vehicles for representing a novel model of Jewish integration. Martial and paternal masculinities were both patriotically French and 'modern' in their embrace of secular social service and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the goals of Jewish and Christian sponsored orphanages in late nineteenth and early twentieth century England and identifies ways that religious institutions served the needy, constructed their self-identify, and that of their 'inmates'. Christian charities, especially evangelical institutions such as Barnardo's and the National Children's Homes (NCH), focused not only on the rescue of children, but their salvation. Policy at Norwood, the Jewish orphanage, reflected a combination of Jewish charitable tradition, alongside a self- consciousness about reputation and anxiety over anti-Semitism, and anti-alienism. In response, Norwood developed an extensive programme designed to raise respectable, anglicised Jews who would remain members of Britain's Jewish community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]