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Deployment of sensor nodes is an essential issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The first step involves effective deployment of sensor nodes in the target area based on predetermined location to ensure guaranteed quality of surveillance. One of the hardest tasks in a WSN is figuring out how to route data from source to destination. Sensors gather data from the sensor network area and transmit it to various locations, and a large number of nodes must be deployed in a proper way. There are numerous deployment techniques available to enhance localization success rates and accuracy. The paper examines significant research findings related to sensor deployment, while also outlining key findings with examples of supporting applications. Finally, the unique characteristics and requirements of these deployment techniques for sensor nodes in 5G-integrated traditional WSNs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor node by reducing the energy consumption of each node, which in turn increases the lifetime of the network. Clustering with data aggregation is an effective technique to reduce the energy consumption. Besides prolonging the network lifetime, fulfilling security requirements is vital as wireless sensor nodes are generally applied in crucial application where security plays an important role. Sensor nodes are prone to node compromise and different attacks, so security issues are extremely important while communicating over the internet. The paper deals with the implementation of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and LEACH-CC protocol individually and with cryptographic algorithms Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA), ElGamal and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) in MATLAB. We also developed a program for encrypting and decrypting text files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation in wireless networks is very important before the real-time implementation of any project. For this purpose, design engineers and research community first simulate the networks design and then go for implementation of any project. These will help to build new theories and hypotheses. Since the invention of wireless networks, a number of simulators have been available, and upgradation and enhancement in characteristics are being done for the network simulators. A few examples of these simulators are NS-2, NS-3, SWAN, JIST, OMNET, GloMoSim, etc. The crucial decision for selecting the simulator depends upon its evaluating characteristics such as speed of evaluation, memory usage for running the simulator, utilization of the CPU cycles and scalability by simulating a routing protocol. Therefore it becomes important to choose the simulator accordingly depending upon the project. In this paper, different network simulators like NS-3, NS-2, GloMoSim and OMNet++ are used to compare network performance characteristics like memory usage, CPU utilization and computational time using AODV protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of pipeline monitoring system using acceleration-based wireless sensor network. In this paper, a Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)-based wireless sensor network was developed for nondestructive monitoring of pipeline systems. The system incorporates MEMS accelerometers for measuring flow-induced vibration on the surface of a pipe to determine the change in water pressure caused by rupture and the damage location. Also, field measurements of vibration were performed in pipe sections of a water-filled loop subjected to a wide range of flow rates. In addition, experimental investigation of the relationship between flow-induced vibration and the pressure fluctuations was carried out. The experimental results showed that there is a sharp change in the induced vibration of the pipe surface of about 0.07 g force and 0.22 g force, when the valves were half opened and completely opened, respectively. The results also showed that the correlation coefficient of the measured data is 1.00, which showed that there is a positive linear relationship between the flow-induced vibrations and pressure fluctuations. The results also showed that a nonlinear but proportional relationship exists between the water flow rate and flow-induced vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous cellular Network (HetNet) is a promising technology for 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks that can potentially improve spatial resource reuse and extend coverage, therefore allowing it to achieve significantly higher data rates than single-tier networks. However, the performance of HetNet is limited by co-channel (inter-UE, inter-cell) interference. Hence, resource allocation is carefully done in this paper to ensure that the loss in achievable data rate due to interference does not diminish the gain in the achievable data rate due to higher spatial reuse. The resources considered are the spatial resource (unit-beamformer) and the power resource. Distributed spatial resource allocation problem is formulated as a quadratic optimization problem with non-convex quadratic constraints and solved by exploiting Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. The proposed hybrid power resource allocation scheme involves a three-step process, starting with two power optimization procedures. These two power optimization procedures are formulated as convex optimization problems and solved by exploiting KKT conditions and CVX (a Matlab software for discipline convex programming), respectively, while the third step involves utilizing results from the aforementioned power optimization procedures to compute average powers allocated to UEs. The simulation results of the proposed method, when compared with other existing methods showed significant improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in information and communication systems leads to next generation wireless networks that should support higher capacity and data rate, low end-to-end latency, low infrastructure cost and high energy efficiency. To support next generation requirements, 5G will be the most prominent network based on massive MIMO (mMIMO). mMIMO has multiple number of antennas that help to fulfill the requirements of 5G, but there are some issues like pilot contamination, hardware impairments, inter-antenna correlation due to space constraints and non-orthogonal waveform design that needs to be rectified for utilizing advantages of mMIMO sufficiently. The paper reviews the various limitations and relevant techniques to solve these shortcomings of 5G wireless network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the life span depends on the energy consumption of the sensor node; reducing the energy consumption of each node in turn increases the lifetime of the network. Clustering is an effective technique to reduce the energy consumption. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchical cluster-based routing protocol successfully used in the WSN. In this paper, a recent survey of hierarchical routing protocols which are based on LEACH protocol is presented. Specifically, the network lifetime and energy consumption for each protocol is shown and a comparison of these protocols in terms of advantages, disadvantages, communication pattern and energy efficiency is made to identify the research issues to be solved, and an idea for the future proposed routing algorithms of wireless networks based on LEACH routing algorithm is presented. Further, simulation of the LEACH and improved LEACH-CC protocol is done using MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), nodes are limited in mobility, energy resources, computational capacity and memory. When these extreme limitations are combined with strict traditional architecture, both the network performance and lifetime are compromised by consuming more amount of energy. Network lifetime is the fundamental concern of WSN due to the fact that each node in network operates with extremely limited energy. Recent research has shown that the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is not necessarily the correct approach for WSN. Researchers have made modifications to communication protocols which violate the OSI model, but achieve specific optimization goals. These modifications are termed as Cross-Layer Design (CLD). CLD allows direct communication between protocols at nonadjacent layers or sharing variables between layers. This paper presents a detailed investigation of CLD and discusses different cross-layer proposals given by researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are the networks consisting of a large number of small and tiny sensor nodes. The nodes are supplied with limited power memory and small range of communication. WSN (Rajiv Kumar, 2012) needs a secured and efficient routing path to forward the incoming packet. Security requirement is vital as wireless sensor nodes are generally applied in crucial application where security plays an important role. Sensor nodes are prone to node compromise and different attacks so security issues such as confidentiality and integrity are extremely important while communicating over Internet. This paper briefly gives an overview of some attacks and countermeasures, and also discusses two efficient public key-based algorithms, Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) (Darrel et al., 2004), (William, 2005) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) (Darrel et al., 2004), (William, 2005) that are widely deployed in WSN, and analyzes and compares the performance of both algorithms. We have developed a program for encrypting and decrypting text files in MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interuser interference in 5G system limits the cell capacity. The key concepts of 5G beyond 4G are pervasive networks, group cooperative relays, cognitive radio technology, Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), Vendermonde-subspace Frequency Division Multiplexing (VFDM), hybrid multiple access scheme with new reuse partitioning, High- Altitude Stratospheric Platform (HASP) systems, wearable devices with AI capabilities and IPv6. In this paper, the hybrid multiple access scheme is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are mostly used in various atmospheres and antagonistic geographies in recent years. The utmost challenging aspect in WSNs is defining the location of each sensor node, i.e., localization. This paper proposes a localization algorithm by means of Least Square (LS) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) for with and without obstacle that enhances the fundamental DV-Hop algorithm dramatically. The localization error using the proposed algorithm is calculated and compared with basic DV-Hop, ROCRSSI and APIT. The average localization error for various anchor populations is also compared with Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The proposed algorithm gives better results for localization estimation even in lesser amount of beacons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of energy saving is significant since in a battery-operated wireless node, the battery energy is finite and a node can only transmit a finite number of bits. To extend the life span of a node in wireless sensor networks, an energy-efficient communication technique is mandatory so that energy expenditure is minimized, and at the same time, it satisfies the given throughput and delay necessities. In this context, we analyze the performance of cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)-based communication in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we analyze the communication method to reduce the total delay and total energy expenditure required to send specified quantity of bits. This energy efficiency investigation of MIMO scheme is broadened to individual single antenna nodes that collaborate to form multiple antenna transmitters or receivers. It is also seen that over some distance ranges, cooperative MIMO broadcast and reception can simultaneously achieve both energy savings and delay reduction. Simulations show that with proper design, cooperative MIMO-based communication is more faster and energy-efficient as compared to non-cooperative approach e.g., Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) for larger distances and prolong sensor network lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urban environments leads to many issues; one of them is the traffic blockage. For this fast world, adequate traffic measures should be taken with the help of modern technology. To control this traffic issue, we need effective computation and prediction of traffic flow. To achieve this, the traffic flow data should be collected and analyzed properly (Wang et al., 2020). Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an auto-configured group of sensors that monitor and record physical parameters of the environment like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, etc. and organize the data at a central location. These WSNs find their application in various fields like military for battlefield surveillance, health monitoring systems, etc. One such application can be used in the traffic management system. The traffic flow data can be collected using the WSN; it constitutes wireless modules and magnetometer sensors, which give the vehicle flow data along with their speed and location accurately. This system is cost-effective, consumes less power and requires less maintenance. The data is collected and transmitted to the cloud server using the mobile internet. The traffic flow data is then computed using a method based on incremental noise addition for chaotic identification. This method involves the addition of noise signals with different intensities incrementally by the Pseudo-Periodic Surrogate (PPS) method, and the mean value of delayed Mutual Information (MI) is used to measure the complexity of the signal. Depending upon the trends of the changes in the noise mixed-signal, the characteristics can be determined. Hence, we conclude that this method helps in developing out an organized traffic management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporaneous wireless communication employs one of the conventional strategies of interleaving methodology. An interleaver can be expounded as a single input and single output coterminous state device. The essential liability of an interleaver is to assemble a long block code from memory convolution code. The vital taxonomy of interleaver is random interleaver which scrambles data of disparate users with diverse patterns and deterministic interleaver which can be specified as modified circular shifting interleaver . Again, it expounds on system quintessential which gives an apothegmatic introduction about OFDM-IDMA transmitter and receiver . All systems are simulated in Xilinx platform for comparison on hardware constraints utilizing eight users with data of eight-bit/chip. The efficient interleaver consumes minimum hardware and time constraints. A comparison is made which unveils modified circular shifting algorithm that utilizes less devices when compared to random interleaver . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]