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Objective: The beneficial effects of exercise and ginger extract have been reported to improve obesity-related indicators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and ginger extract on lipid profiles, body composition and selected liver enzymes in obese menopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental trial, 48 obese menopause women (age; 53-58 yr) were randomly divided into 4 groups including control, ginger extract, aerobic training and aerobic training -ginger extract. Aerobic training was performed 3 sessions a week, 60 minutes, with 50-70% maximum heart rate and for 24 weeks. The subjects consumed ginger extract three times a day in 500 mg capsule for 24 weeks. For analyzing the data, two-way ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test was used with SPSS–23 and the significance level was P-value≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed that 12 and 24 weeks of training, ginger and ginger - training significantly decreased ALT and AST in obese menopausal women (P-value= 0.001). Also, 12- and 24-weeks’ ginger- training resulted to improve of body composition and lipid profile in obese menopausal women (P-value= 0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings, regular aerobic training and ginger supplementation have a beneficial effect on body composition and improvement of some liver enzymes and lipid profiles in obese menopausal women. These changes were higher in the Ginger-training group after six months of intervention

Objective: The goal of this research was to determine the influence of 4 weeks aerobic training on gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 30 male wistar rats were partitioned into three groups (n=10), diabetic aerobic training, diabetic control and healthy control (n=10). Induction of type 2diabetes (T2DM) was done by intraperitoneal infusion of streptozotocin. The progressive aerobic training protocol entailed 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week running on treadmill at velocity of 20 m/min for 60 min. The gene expression of TNF-α, VEGF and HIF-1α were measured by real time & PCR. One way analysis of variance and bonferroni test were applied to analysis the data. The significant level was set at P-value< 0.05. Results: The results indicated that the aerobic training induced significant decrease in TNF-α mRNA (P-value< 0.001) and significant increase in HIF-1α mRNA (P-value< 0.001) and VEGF mRNA (P-value< 0.001) compared to diabetic control group. Conclusion: It appears that aerobic training with reduction of TNF-α issues an affirmative effect on angiogenesis, as a result, it improves diabetic cardiac.

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the main reason of the death in type 2 diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training and HITT (High Intensity Interval Training) on GLP-1 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: For this study, male Wistar rats of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were used as statistical population. The statistical samples consisted of 32 male Wistar 10 weeks old weighing 220 ± 20 gr and were divided into 4 obese groups (3 diabetic type 2 and 1 healthy groups). Groups were diabetic obstruction, resistance exercises, diabetic obesity and HITT exercises. Independent T-test and one way ANOVA were used to examine the results. Results: The results showed that the expression of GLP-1R in the left ventricle of diabetic rats was 0.6% lower than that of the non-diabetic group, due to type 2 diabetes induction. There was a significant difference between the groups in expressing GLP-1R in the left ventricle. The post hoc test confirmed a significant increase in the expression of GLP-1R in the resistance and Interval group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in expression of GLP-1R between the two groups. Conclusion: With regard to the results of this study and other studies that have an effect on the proper administration of Glp-1 and its receptor on the heart, it can be proven to heart patients that they can recover by performing physical activity.

In the absence of insulin, regular physical activity facilitates the glucose entry into the cell via affecting several signaling pathways. Moreover, regular exercise improves the lipid profile and increases the paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity. PON-1 interacts with High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and, in the presence of calcium, hydrolyzes free radicals, prevents low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, maintains homocysteine structure in the blood, and inhibits hemoglobin glycation. These factors explain one of the beneficial effects of regular exercise on prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, there is a positive relationship between decreased PON-1 activity and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, gastric cancer, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and even Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical activity on the PON-1 activity and lipid profile. Regular physical activity increased HDL and PON-1 activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Since PON-1 binds to HDL and increased HDL probably increases the PON-1 activity as well. This finding suggests that regular exercise decreases the effect of one bout exercise on PON-1 response. In addition, in order to improve metabolic syndromes, it is advised to perform aerobic exercise for 150 minutes per week with an intensity of 40-60% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The exercises should be preferably performed in 3-5 sessions per week according to the intensity. Based on the disease progression, type of consumed drugs, and certain considerations in each group of patients, aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises can be performed by using large muscle groups in a continuous training mode. However, in dyslipidemia, continuous aerobic exercises are preferred.

Objective: GLUT4 glucose transporter content and glucose transport capacity are closely correlated in muscle. The purpose of current study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training and High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT) on Glut-4 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by high fat diet and STZ. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 32 male Wistar in Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences-Tehran. The study sample consisted of 32 male Wistar 10 week old weighting 220 ± 20 gr which were divided into 4 obese groups. One diabetic group had to do resistance training and another group did HIIT. One more diabetic group and the healthy group did not do any activities. At the end, the amount of their left ventricular GLUT-4 was measured. Independent t-test and one way ANOVA were used to examine the results. Results: The expression of Glut-4 in the left ventricle of diabetic rats was 0.72 lower than that of the non-diabetic group, due to T2DM induction (P-value:0.029). There was a significant difference between the groups in expressing Glut-4 in the left ventricle. The post hoc test confirmed a significant increase in the expression of Glut-4 in the resistance and HIIT group compared to the control group (P-value:0.017 and P-value:0.05). Conclusion: However, there was no significant difference in expression of Glut-4 between the two groups of resistance and HIIT. Our findings showed that T2DM patients with cardiovascular disease can improve their problem by performing physical activity.

Objective: Physical activity and herbal medicine can inhabit apoptosis with two different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of regular aerobic exercise with garlic extract on heart apoptosis regulatory factors in aged rats with chronic kidney disease. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 42 aged male Wistar rats (48-52 weeks) were selected and divided into 6 groups: control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin-salin, doxorubicin- garlic, doxorubicin - exercise, doxorubicin -garlic-exercise (combined). Chronic kidney disease was induced by a single doxorubicin injection (8.5 mg/kg). Swimming training was programmed 3 days /week, 30 min/day for 8 weeks. Both the doxorubicin garlic and combined groups with garlic extract were administered by garlic gavage at a dose of 2.5 g/kg. The renal Bax and Bcl-2 levels were evaluated by ELIZA method. A one-way analysis of variance was used to data analysis (P-value

Objective: Exercise and herbs can possess synergistic effects to control diabetes side-effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplement on activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase of heart tissue in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to four groups of curcumin, training-placebo, training-curcumin and control. The subjects were trained to do HIIT on treadmill and in the fashion of increasing manner. Diabetes was induced via injection of 50 (ml/Kg rat weight) STZ. Fifty (ml/kg rat weight) curcumin was nourished to the animals of the curcumin groups, by using the gavage technique during eight weeks (five days a week). The rats were anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of ketamine, 24 hrs after the intervention. Then heart tissues were separated from bodies of the rats to examine changes in SOD and catalase enzymes. Results: Activity levels of SOD and CAT enzymes of the three groups of curcumin, training-placebo, and training-curcumin increased significantly more than control group. But no significant difference was observed between those first three groups (P≤0.05). Discussion: The results of the present study indicated that either HIIT or taking curcumin supplement could solely contribute significant enhancement to activity levels of antioxidant enzymes within heart tissues of diabetic mice. Though, those two interventions would not strengthen the influences of each other.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was investigation of eight weeks high intensity interval (HIIT) along with curcumin supplementation on liver Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity & Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration among diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male mice were divided to four groups of control-diabetic, exercise-diabetic, supplementary-diabetic, and exercise-supplementary-diabetic. Eight weeks’ aerobic training schedule was five weekly sessions for the two exercise groups, which each session executed on animal treadmill with speed of 24 (m/min), steep of 0°, and entire span of 18 min. The two supplementary groups were being fed daily amount of 50 (mg/kg) curcumin supplementary, by using the gavage technique. The rats were killed and liver tissues were separated, after the eight weeks’ schedule. Thereafter, in order to study variations of GPX and MDA enzymes, Kits of Zelbio Co. were implemented. Results: Activity levels of GPX enzyme and MDA concentration of the three groups of exercise-diabetic, supplementary-diabetic, and exercise-supplementary-diabetic in order increased and decreased than those of the control-diabetic one, significantly (P≤0.05). Discussion: both exercise and curcumin can be recommended as effective interventions on improvement of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity & Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration of the liver, in diabetic condition.