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A paper-based colorimeter for absorbance and concentration measurement of the food colouring dye is proposed. The paper-based colorimeter system consists of a white LED as light source, paper-based cuvette holder, and smartphone light sensor. The paper-based colorimeter with smartphone light sensor is low-cost, mobile and real-time for the detection of colouring dye concentration. The detection response of the paper-based colorimeter system was found to be linear with the colouring dye concentration in the range from 0 to 0.025 g/mL with a correlation coefficient (R2) 0.89±0.04. The experimental results show that this paper-based colorimeter system is highly sensitive and have a potential application, from student labs to small industries.

The pulp and paper sector currently plays important part in the world’s economy. In this paper, we present a review of pulping technologies to convert logs or wood chips and non-woody materials into pulp for use in papermaking which consist of mechanical, chemical and semi-mechanical. It also talks about the history of papermaking and various important factors involved in producing high quality pulp and paper such as H-factor (time and temperature), alkaline charge, liquor to wood ratio, and sulphidity. This paper also discusses about challenges facing by the pulp and paper industry or processes, namely high use of energy and chemicals, as well as generation of liquid and solid wastes of large quantities. This paper will be handier for those who are new to the field of pulping research for paper production.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method of measuring the usage effectiveness of the equipment. This method is known as an application of a Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) program. The ability to clearly identify the source of problem and it causal factors is the main advantage of this method since the improvement effort becomes focused. Pulp and Paper Industries is one of the manufacturing companies that produce dissolving pulp products (rayon fibre). Based on data from the fibre line department, for the period of January - July 2016, the production process of rayon fibre often experienced constraints due to the high downtime and losses in the pulp machine. This is caused of using production process equipment that had not operate optimally. It is important to find out the source of the problem and its causal factors before the company makes any improvement effort. This study aims to identify equipment losses and measure the achievement of OEE values in the pulp machine. The measurement result shows that the average of the effectiveness of pulp machine for the period of January - July 2016 was 74.01% and based on Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) the value has not reached the standard that is > 85%, however, there is still possibility for improvement. One of the loss factors that give the most significant effect on the overall equipment effectiveness of the pulp machine is the reducing speed, where it comprises 27.6% of the loss. One way to minimize the loss is by maintaining the actual speed of operation and maintaining wear on each pulp machine roll.

The Joint 19th IHPC (International Heat Pipe Conference) and the 13th IHPS (International Heat Pipe Symposium) was held at the University of Pisa, June 10th-14th, 2018. The joint conference focuses on topics related to heat pipes, thermosyphons and other two-phase thermal devices. The conference is the most important and attended scientific and networking event in the field of two-phase heat transfer devices worldwide. The 1st International Heat Pipe Symposium was held at Tokyo, Japan, in 1985, and it has been held in staggered years from the IHPC until 2016, when the first joint event has been organized in Jeju Island, South Korea. The conference held at Pisa, has been the second joint event of this important conference and welcomed a large number of scientists and technologists from all over the world.

Breast Cancer is most popular and growing disease in the world. Breast Cancer is mostly found in the women. Early detection is a way to control the breast cancer. There are many cases that are handled by the early detection and decrease the death rate. Many research works have been done on the breast cancer. The Most common technique that is used in research is machine learning. There are many previous researches that conducted through the machine learning. Machine learning algorithms like decision tree, KNN, SVM, naïve bays etc. gives the better performance in their own field. But now days, a new developed technique is used to classify the breast cancer. The new developed technique is deep learning. Deep learning is used to overcome the drawbacks of machine learning. A deep learning technique that is mostly used in data science is Convolution neural network, Recurrent neural network, deep belief network etc. deep learning algorithms gives the better results as compared to machine learning. It extracts the best features of the images. In our research, CNN is used to classify the images. Basically our research is based on the images and CNN is most popular technique to classify the images. In present paper, reviews of all authors are conducted.

Manufacture of Ordinary Portland cement needs large amount of earth resources and also releases enormous amount of green house gases during its production which adversely affect the environment. Therefore an alternative to cement usage in construction can make a huge impact on reducing environmental pollution. Paper making industries generally produces large amount of solid wastes. To reduce disposal and pollution problems emanating from these industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. Therefore in order to resolve the disadvantages of both these sides, an attempt is made to use these paper industrial wastes known as hypo sludge as replacement of cement for a concrete. Hence it avoids environmental pollution due to usage of cement and also solves the problem of mass disposal of these wastes. This hypo sludge behaves like cement because of its silica, lime and magnesium components. These components improve the setting of the concrete and also provide necessary strength for the concrete. Keeping this in view, investigations were done to produce low cost concrete by blending various ratios of cement with sludge. The project deals with experimental investigations on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement of cement by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% hypo sludge and finding out the strength of blended materials. The percentage of cost saved due to replacement is also found out. This project definitely has a major impact on environmental production reduction.

All of 404 top papers for Agricultural Engineering were analyzed from 2009 to 2019, which included 396 highly cited papers and 13 hot papers. All papers were written in English, from 56 countries/territories. The 7 core journals were Bioresource Technology, Industrial Crops and Products, Biomass Bioenergy, Transactions of the ASABE, Biosystems Engineering, Aquacultural Engineering, International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Top 3 countries and regions were Peoples R China, USA, India. The research were separated 6 clusters.

This system uses the STM32F103 single-chip microcomputer as the control center, and the capacitance-to-digital converter FDC2214 collects the current paper value, performs data collection and transmits it to the main control single-chip microcomputer. Methods: Calculate accurate data through Kalman filtering, and accurately calculate and display the number of measured paper sheets on this basis. The device also sets a buzzer to accurately short circuit alarm. The circuit structure of the entire system is simple, and the reliability is high. Results: The system has high precision and fast speed, and can complete the basic requirements and expansion requirements of the problem. Although it is limited by time and venue, it can also have a high reference value for the design of practical applications such as detecting the number of banknotes. Conclusions: Experimental test results show that this design can complete the basic indicators required by the topic and play part of the content. This paper focuses on the hardware design, software design and test result analysis of the system.

The effects of three factors, such as aging degree, water content and temperature, on the dielectric response characteristics of oil-paper insulating materials were studied by setting up a frequency-domain dielectric response experimental platform. In this paper, the frequency domain dielectric spectrum (FDS) test is carried out for the on-site transformer paper insulated casing, and it is found that the method is more abundant than the traditional power frequency dielectric loss method, which is less affected by the work frequency electromagnetic field, and can realize the nondestructive measurement of the aging state of the oil-grease insulation.

Theincreasing of demand of pulp and paper products, will following with the growing the pulp and paper industryand generate significant mill waste. The total waste reached 1/3 of the amount raw materials used and ash boiler is the waste with the largest percentage of 52%. For that it takes effort to manage the existing waste. The boiler ash contained the chemical elements, it can be utilized such as fertilizer, because it also contains transition metals in form of heavy metal such as Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chrome (Cr), Cupprum (Cu), Ferrum (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn), the use of boiler ash must follow the threshold specified by the Government. Several studies have been undertaken to reduce and extract heavy metals from ash and sand of the boiler by using carbon dioxide as its ligand. Eelectrochemical method was used to remove and recovery of heavy metals from the incenerator. This study focused on removal of heavy metals using Lauryl Amine as collector and three solvents namely Dichloromethane, Ethanol and n-Hexane. The treatmentswas able to extract the heavy metal and generally reduce the heavy metal content of ash boiler pulp and paper mill waste. The combination treatment used toreduce the heavy metal content of 5 gram Lauryl Amine collector in Dichloromethane solvent for 4 hours process time.

One of the most important topics that concern many researchers is how to make information that has a high degree of confidentiality hidden and not accessible except by the people who have the authority to view it, images are one of the most important multimedia that can be used as a cover to include the data, because the image contains how much A huge amount of data that can include confidential information in it, as well as the image is one of the most multimedia that is sent and received thus that the process of messaging with pictures does not arouse suspicion, this research provided a detailed study of a group of articles that used the image as a cover in the inclusion of information Confidentiality, and focus was on the most important domains of strength in each article. Articles were studied from 2013 to 2020 that were published at the containers of Scopes, and Google Scholar.

The aims of this research is assessing ecosystem services and helping to integrate the multiplicity functions of urban ecosystems into city planning and management processes. Among the important impacts of trees in gardens and streets in removing CO2 and improving air quality and climate, In the center of Al-Najaf (Iraq). This study included realistic statistics and was incorporated into a modified program (ITE Eco Model), where the trees were inventoried. Then assess the status of trees and the variation in tree types and use this information in the assessment of environmental services. According to this study, it is recommended to increase park areas and care for trees and not to cut them from the point of view of ecosystem service, according to the key to the ecosystem of afforestation.

Rice Straw is one of the most important materials that has been used for pulp and paper production due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. However, the pulping and papermaking characteristics of the mixture of rice straw and used paper have rarely been investigated. In this experiment, delignified rice straw was mixed with used paper in order to make recycle papers with acceptable properties. Soda pulping process was carried out to remove out of lignin. The delignification was designed to measure the effects in terms of sodium hydroxide concentration and temperature, on the cellulose and lignin content of rice straw, and its tensile strength and water absorption. The mass ratio of used paper and rice straw was varied and its physical properties was observed and compared to paper from natural rice straw. The delignification was conducted using NaOH concentrations (4-10% w/w) and temperatures (60-90°C) for 1 hour. The ratio of rice straw to used paper was varied (1:1-1:9). An optimum condition was obtained from rice straw delignification at NaOH concentration of 8% and temperature of 90°C. The results of the optimum condition obtained the highest amount of cellulose content and tensile strength while having the lowest amount of lignin content and water absorption.

The cell-free DNA in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a recent interesting diagnostic marker in patients with periodontal disease. The methods used to collect GCF are very important to get the proper specimen. There are several techniques used for sample collection, such as gingival washing or using a capillary tube, however, these methods are not practical to perform in the clinic since they need well-trained examiner. This study aimed to use absorbent paper strips to collect cell-free DNA fragment in GCF of patients as a diagnostic measure for periodontal diseases comparing to conventional washing technique. Thirty-nine periodontitis and 26 gingivitis teeth were selected from 26 patients according to clinical parameters. The GCF sample was randomly collected from each tooth by either paper strips or washing technique. Then, after one week, the collection of samples from the same tooth was repeated with another technique. The samples were centrifuged to get cell-free DNA in the supernatant and extracted by InstaGene Matrix. The concentration and purity of extracted DNA were determined by NanoDrop spectrophotometer. Three sets of specific primers to the human β-globin gene were used to evaluate the DNA fragment lengths, by amplifying 110 base pair (bp), 536 bp, and 2000 bp products in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed no significant differences in the cell-free DNA fragment concentrations and the prevalence of PCR products between using absorbent paper strips and washing technique in either gingivitis or periodontitis groups. Therefore, with the ease and rapidity of the technique, using the absorbent paper strips for the quantitative and qualitative investigation of cell-free DNA fragment in patients with periodontal diseases instead of washing technique is recommended. Further studies are still required to confirm this finding in a large group of patients as well as in patients with other systemic health problems.

Supercapacitor have attracted much attention due to its fast power supply, long cycle life, simple principle, etc. Supercapacitors are widely used in consumer electronics. Activated carbon is a typical material for electric double layer capacitor. Here, we study the electrochemical performance of an activated carbon (TF-B520) bulky paper electrode made by vacuum filtration method. Cyclic Voltammetry and Constant Current Charge/Discharge were used to test the electrode capacitance and the rate performance. The results showing that TF-B520 activated carbon balky paper electrodes have the highest capacitance of 120F/g at scan rate 1mV/s and good capacitor behaviour at scan rate below 20mV/s and current density below 250mA/g.

Buildings are responsible for 36% of the final energy consumption in Morocco [1-2], and a reduction of this energy consumption of buildings is a priority for the kingdom in order to reach its energy saving goals. One of the most effective actions to reduce energy consumption is the selection and development of innovative and efficient building materials [3]. In this work, we present an experimental study of the effect of adding treated organic waste (paper, cardboard, hash) on mechanical and thermal properties of cement and clay bricks. Thermal conductivity, specific heat and mechanical resistance were investigated in terms of content and size additives. Soaking time and drying temperature were also taken into account. The results reveal that thermal conductivity decreases as well in the case of the paper-cement mixture as that of the paper-clay and seems to stabilize around 40%. In the case of the composite paper-cement, it is found that, for an additives quantity exceeding 15%, the compressive strength exceeds the standard for the hollow non-load bearing masonry. However, the case of paper-clay mixture seems to give more interesting results, related to the compressive strength, for a mass composition of 15% in paper. Given the positive results achieved, it seems possible to use these composites for the construction of walls, ceilings and roofs of housing while minimizing the energy consumption of the building.

A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of factor and to obtain the optimum configuration of Kraft paper honeycomb. The factors considered in this study include density of paper, thickness of paper and cell size of honeycomb. Based on three level factorial design, two-factor interaction model (2FI) was developed to correlate the factors with specific energy absorption and specific compression strength. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on responses and the optimum configuration was identified. After that, Kraft paper honeycomb with optimum configuration is used to fabricate foam-filled paper honeycomb with five different densities of polyurethane foam as filler (31.8, 32.7, 44.5, 45.7, 52 kg/m3). The foam-filled paper honeycomb is subjected to quasi-static compression loading. Failure mechanism of the foam-filled honeycomb was identified, analyzed and compared with the unfilled paper honeycomb. The peak force and energy absorption capability of foam-filled paper honeycomb are increased up to 32% and 30%, respectively, compared to the summation of individual components.

The fast growth of Internet applications brings with it new challenges for researchers to provide new solutions that guarantee better Internet access for mobile hosts and networks. The globally reachable, Home-Agent based, infrastructure Network Mobility (NEMO) and the local, multi-hop, and infrastructure-less Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) support different topologies of the mobile networks. A new architecture was proposed by combining both topologies to obtain Mobile Ad Hoc NEMO (MANEMO). However, the integration of NEMO and MANET introduces many challenges such as network loops, sub-optimal route, redundant tunnel problem, absence of communication without Home Agent reachability, and exit router selection when multiple Exit Routers to the Internet exist. This paper aims to review the different proposed models that could be used to implement the gateway selection mechanism and it highlights the strengths as well as the limitations of these approaches.

Instead of that conventional method of chemical (sanitizer spray) disinfection, this paper introduces a novel idea to fight the attack of microbes causing infections and diseases from the source like lavatory and specially its seat. Here we utilize the germicidal power of ultra violet light ray’s. i.e. Ultra Violet C range of the light spectrum against the viruses (SARS-CoV-2), bacteria (E. coli) and other microbes. This system of disinfection constitutes the UV LEDs placed on the arm above the toilet seat. The range of wavelength is from 200nm to 280nm. Implementation of this technique ensures safety, by human free room with the automatic motion control using Arduino, motor and door locking gadgets. UVC light is very advantageous over other methods as it is eco-friendly, chemical free, non-corrosive, and no hazardous waste is produced and also inactivates viruses by attacking the DNA strands in the microbes ensuring that the replication does not happen further stops spreading of contagious diseases leading to pandemic. Usage of toilet paper and other methods used conventionally could come to an end. Thus an effective idea is derived for the hygiene establishment.

Oil palm (Elaeis Guineensis) is considered to be one of the most valuable crops in Malaysia, helping to revolutionize its economic and agricultural scenario. Unfortunately, the developing oil palm industries in Malaysia have led to significant waste disposal concerns because of the accumulation of large quantities of oil palm waste. During the process of converting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) into crude palm oils (CPO), various types of oil palm waste are generated including oil palm trunks (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm pressed fibers (PPF), palm kernel shells (PKS), and palm oil mill effluents (POME). Waste produced by the oil palm industry is still economically viable because it can be used in various ways since it is a promising material for the generation of renewable energy, as well as a source of chemical compounds, fertilizers, and biomaterials. The study concentrates on Boustead Plantation Berhad, one of Malaysia's most experienced and developed upstream oil palm plantation businesses. The production of oil palm waste is abundant since oil palm plantations and oil palm mills are scattered throughout Malaysia, with the company controlling 48 oil palm plantations and 10 palm oil mills. The goal of this study was to recognize the potential for oil palm waste to provide information on its potential for further use. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out innovative studies to increase the added value of oil palm, reduce waste, and make the oil palm industry more competitive.

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been used as an additive material in 3D printing due to its toxic-free and environmentally friendly property. Lignin with complex and branched chemical structures had been used as a filler to improve the mechanical strength of PLA. The availability of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in Malaysia had made this material a good source for lignin extraction. Thus, in this research, we aim to study the mechanical strength of PLA bio-composite material with reinforcement of lignin from OPEFB. The lignin was extracted by 1,4-dioxane with hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The recovery of lignin from extraction solvent was done by precipitation. The lignin was successfully extracted from OPEFB with 9.04% of lignin extraction yield. The PLA/lignin bio-composite filament with 0.1% (w/w) lignin was performed by filament extruder and then used for 3D printing. The prepared sample in the form of filament and 3D printed material was characterized for mechanical strength and surface morphology. The Young’s modulus, ultimate strength and elongation at break of the PLA/lignin bio-composite sample had increased 11%, 7% and 10% respectively. After the filament was used for 3D printing, the reduction of mechanical strength had been observed. The morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the presence of lignin on the fracture surface of PLA bio-composite material. Apart from that, the interlayer adhesion had been observed in the 3D printed PLA/lignin bio-composite that caused the drop in mechanical strength of the material.

Aquaculture is identified as one of the critical food supplies in Malaysia. Due to the increasing demand for aquaculture products, the demand for protein sources for fish feed is also increased accordingly. Black soldier fly larvae is identified as one of the main protein sources that can be used in fish feed. Such larvae can be grown using different types of organic materials, such as food waste, agriculture waste, etc. As Malaysia is the second-largest palm oil producer in the world, therefore, a large number of agricultural wastes, also known as palm-based biomass (e.g., empty fruit bunches, mesocarp fibre, decanter cake, etc.) are generated annually. Based on the current industry practise, palm-based biomass can be converted into value-added products. However, using palm-based biomass as feedback to grow black soldier fly larvae is a relatively recent discovery. Thus, a viable supply chain model has yet to be established. In this work, a mathematical optimisation model is developed via commercial optimisation software (Lingo v. 16) to synthesise an optimum black soldier fly-based aquaculture feed supply chain that utilised palm–based biomass as the feedstock. Based on the optimised result, the annual operating cost of the aquaculture feed supply chain is estimated as RM 5.2 million.

In this paper a portable machine that is capable of pressing and cutting dried water hyacinth stalks was designed, fabricated and tested. This prototype will help automate the laborious manual cutting of the water hyacinth dried stalks. The machine will flatten the dried stalks and cut stalks into three different widths of 0.5in, 0.25in, and 0.75in. This machine might improve the consistency and quality of the pre-cut stalks. This will also help workers focus on other handicraft processes such as weaving thus improving productivity and helping the local handicraft industry by providing a low-cost alternative equipment.

Sago starch has multiple applications in industries such as textile, cosmetics and pharmaceutical, paper and wood. This study focuses on the utilization of sago starch to promote formaldehyde-free adhesives. Formaldehyde-based adhesive commonly used in wood industry emits formaldehyde, which is classified as carcinogen, into the air that has raised concerns over the potential hazards to human health. Sago starch-based adhesive was produced by blending the sago starch with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and glycerine. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterize the chemical changes in the sago starch-based adhesive. The quality of sago starch adhesive was tested according to their viscosity. The mechanical property is analyze based on lap shear (bond) strength of the sago starch adhesives according to ASTM D907 and D143 by using Model D350 Testomeric. Parameters affecting the viscosity of the sago starch-adhesive such as time, temperature, concentration of sodium hydroxide, and the amount of glycerine were studied. The viscosity of the sago starch-based adhesive decreased as the mixing time, temperature, concentration of NaOH and the amount of glycerine increased.

Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) section for several decades was not considered as a structural member in building and civil engineering constructions due to inadequate technical information available about its usage, despite the potentials it demonstrated as proven by current research studies. Therefore, this paper aimed at demonstrating the structural capability of CFS section as a sustainable structural member in building and civil engineering constructions. Some research studies conducted reported in this paper shows the possibility of CFS section to be utilized as a structural member in the construction industries. Results from the research studies reported shows that flexural capacities were found to be increased when the CFS section was integrated compositely. In conclusion, and as demonstrated in this paper based on the studies reported, the CFS section can be employed as a sustainable structural member in small and medium size buildings, civil engineering and in lightweight industrial constructions.

The production of cotton textiles and garments is of substantial importance for modern society in terms of its economic effect: trade, investment, employment and earnings all over the world. The sector is characterized by substantial demand for electrical energy, alongside with other types of energy resources. The paper discusses the current situation of the production of cotton textiles and garments (import/export), together with the different types of energy, consumed by the textile industry. An in-depth analysis of the energy profile of the manufacturing processes from fibres to garments is performed. The need for a paradigm shift from linear to a circular economy in the field of textiles and clothing production is also discussed.

Industrial textile wastewater usually contains high chemical substances, suspended solids and a very conspicuous intense colour. The complexity of textile wastewater had urged for an effective treatment method. This paper studies the feasibility of red macro alga, Euchema Spinosum as a natural and low-cost biosorbent for the removal of colour in real textile wastewater. The characterization of aforesaid biosorbent was analysed for its physical and chemical properties using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). The effect of dosage and contact time on colour removal was analysed using batch biosorption experiments. The BET result confirmed that surface area of biosorbent is relatively small suitable for biosorbent characteristic. The result shows that at optimum dosage of 15g/L within 48 hours, E. spinosum was able to remove 93.71% of colour from textile wastewater. Therefore, E. spinosum was found to be highly effective in treating real textile.

The use of lignocellulosic biomass has received a lot of attention due to concerns for environmental sustainability and an increasing global waste problem. In order to solve these problems, lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to fuels and chemicals. Since lignocellulose biomass is a renewable feedstock, the conversion process solves the waste problem and produce chemicals simultaneously. However, one of the major challenge in the development of biorefineries is the separation and purification of the biomass hydrolysates. Effective recovery of saccharides and the removal of impurities such as acetic acid and furfural are required as these compounds can inhibit the fermentation process. In this paper, a critical review of membrane technology related to the recovery of saccharides from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is presented. Effects of membrane materials, operating conditions and feed characteristics on the selectivity and productivity of the membrane processes are discussed. The challenges and future outlook of membrane assisted saccharide recovery are also presented.

This study investigates the non-isothermal pyrolysis characteristics of a low-grade, high ash Indian coal, and rice husk using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). A series of thermo-gravimetric experiments are conducted to examine the effects of coal and biomass blending on their thermal degradation behavior and synergetic effects in the nitrogen atmosphere. The thermo-gravimetric (TG) curves show two distinct tips where the larger tip is obtained for biomass as compared to the coal. The thermogravimetric study does not demonstrate any significant synergetic interaction between the biomass and high ash coal in the blends, and the additive rule describes the behavior of their combined pyrolysis. The activation energy and preexponential factor for coal and biomass are calculated based on the TGA data using the Friedman method. the corresponding calculated mean activation energy values for the biomass and Indian low-rank coal were found to be 203.463 KJ/mol, and 66.97 KJ/mol respectively.

From the perspective of technical, environment, and economics, hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) production with renewable hydrogen from biomass gasification (BG), geothermal electrolysis (GEO-E), and solar photovoltaic electrolysis (PV-E) is compared to steam methane reforming (SMR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy efficiency, greenhouse gases emission factor, and production cost of HVO from various hydrogen production technologies. Production technologies are simulated using Aspen Plus ®. HVO is produced by hydrotreating and hydroisomerization reactions. The processes produce three main products: HVO, green naphtha, and bio-jet fuel. The feedstock used to produce hydrogen from BG is empty fruit bunch (EFB). Renewable electricity produced by geothermal combination of flash system and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and solar photovoltaic (PV) with battery. Technical analysis is done by calculating the energy efficiency of overall system. Production cost of HVO is calculated by levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Life cycle analysis (LCA) is carried out to calculate CO2-eq intensity. The result shows that HVO production with SMR has the highest energy efficiency, 55.67%, which then followed by BG, 31.47%, PV-E, 9.34%, and GEO-E, 7.89%. The order of LCOE obtained from lowest to highest is HVO production from hydrogen produced by SMR (15.78/GJ-HVO), BG ($16.37/GJ-HVO), GEO ($22.83/GJ-HVO), and PV ($27.29/GJ-HVO). However, for CO2-eq intensity, the order is HVO productions with the hydrogen produced by GEO-E, PV-E, SMR, and BG are 1.63 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, 1.86 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, 5.57 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, and 16.52 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, respectively.

Cogasification of lignite and EPFB is present as a production of energy sources that aim to get a synergy effect. However, not all cogasification gives better product quality than fuel parent gasification. In this study, demineralization acted as lignite pre-treatment stage is achieved through HF leaching at 70°C for 4 hours. The mixing ratio varied by lignite to empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB) are 1: 2, 1: 1, and 2: 1 both for non-demineralized lignite (BLM) and lignite demineralized (BLD). The negative synergy effect of two combination is caused by the high content of silica and alumina from the empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB). The lignite demineralization cogasification produces a lower H2 yield than BLM because it also dissolves the mineral content which functions as a catalyst for cogasification synthesis.

Mercury has a significant negative effect on the health of humans and living things, and is a dangerous element that is widely known. Mercury is commonly found in gold mining wastewater. One way to remove mercury from waste water is to use the adsorption process. One of the adsorbents used in the absorption of mercury is palm shell fly ash. Palm shell fly ash is solid waste from the result of burning palm shells on the boiler. The use of fly ash from palm shells as an adsorbent is preferred because it is cheap, environmentally friendly and available in large quantities. The adsorption process is carried out by contacting the adsorbent directly with waste water. Addition of adsorbents to wastewater can increase the pH of wastewater to 4 levels. The best adsorption results are indicated by the efficiency of mercury ion absorption up to 100%. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent increases with increasing time of stirring the adsorbent in wastewater.

Reuse of biosolids aiming to take advantage of its nutrients and micronutrients for arable crops is an economical approach, in which wastes are considered potential resources and bring a variety of benefits. However, heavy metal residuals in sewage sludge have been gaining attention due to accumulation risk and adverse effects on the environment. This study experimented with sludges from Binh Hung municipal wastewater treatment plants treated by anaerobic co-digestion process on corn seed LVN10 to assess corn growth and heavy metals accumulation contents in various components of the corn and the soil. Consequently, within 90 days of using biosolids as treatments 1% and 3%, i.e., the corresponding amount of biosolids over the soil weight, there was no inhibition but growth stimulation for corn growth surveyed. Accumulations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni in roots, stalk, leaves, and mature corn and cultivated soil complied with the national regulations. The effectiveness of biosolids application for corn production in this study will benefit the depreciation of sludge production from municipal wastewater treatment plants and other applications for agricultural plants in the future.

The pollution of a surface water supply source (Kuibyshev reservoir) with cyanobacterial metabolites under the conditions of the increased biogenic load has been estimated. During the period of mass growth of Cyanobacteria, the reservoir water quality deteriorates in some indicators, including the smell, taste, and content of organic and toxic substances. Among the wide range of cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR, the permissible concentration of which in drinking water should not exceed 1 μg/dm3, poses the greatest threat to the population. Global warming creates favorable conditions for the rapid growth of Cyanobacteria, therefore, the issue of providing the population with high-quality drinking water will further become aggravated. Conventional process lines at municipal water treatment plants are ineffective in removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins. The best and safest barrier against the ingress of cyanotoxins into drinking water can be membrane technologies that allow ultrafiltration of bacterial cells without mechanical damage and nanofiltration of cyanotoxins dissolved in water.

In this work, the photocatalytic is related to simulated wastewater as well as recycling for industrial uses. Photocatalytic degradation of simulated wastewater content (Eosin Yellowish, Eriochrom Black T, Methyl Violet, EDTA, FeSO4.7H2O, NaCl, and NaOH) was utilized as a treatment approach in batch reactors within solar light in a heterogeneous slurry with the use of many concentrations regarding the commercial powder ZnO as photocatalysts semiconductors. We have tested many operation conditions like (catalyst concentration, pH, initial dye concentration and final water treated properties). The water quality related to treated wastewater is based on the nature of waste added during usage, the industrial water supply quality, and the treatment degree which is received via wastewater. After that, the quality data of wastewater is evaluated and indicated at waste-water treatment plant majorly for the disposal of the treated effluents or discharge requirements with regard to gross pollution parameter.

This study aims to determine the level of economics of the capacity of electricity generation and the amount of raw materials required for solid waste of palm oil for the most optimal power plant. The research begins with literature studies related to the characteristics of waste oil, the structure of investment financing, operational costs and renewable energy reference price. The next stage is a field survey to choose the location as a research object, then proceed with processing and analyzing data with financial feasibility methods. Financial feasibility analysis is conducted in the case of East Kalimantan Province. PLN purchase price for East Kalimantan region is around IDR 1,450 per kWh. The result of financial feasibility analysis of the project on the 10% discount factor assumption (IDR), capital cost 2,300 USD/kW obtained NPV of IDR 329.154.609.386, IRR value of 21.57%, investment rate of 5.15 years, and generating cost of IDR 521, 41 or 3.89 cent USD/kWh. Next is the sensitivity analysis of power plant projects from renewable raw materials to changes in capital cost, O/M cost, calorific value and price of raw materials of palm oil, electricity purchase price and capital composition.

Although Aloe vera has been investigated to contain mucopolysaccharides that are beneficial for moisturizing the skin, the technique for its use is still not widely studied. This study aimed to analyze the effects of skin moisture from the use of aloe vera leaf pulp by patting and pressure rubbing techniques on facial skin. This is an experimental research on 50 women aged 18-20 years. Moisture observation techniques were carried out using photo analysis from a microscope on the skin with 600x magnification. The results showed that the patting technique was better in improving the roughness and shine of skin (p

In recent years, water quality issues related with hazardous wastewater and toxic substances have attracted worldwide attention. Cyanide is a major toxin in wastewater resulting from a diversity of industries, including gold mining. Cyanide has adverse health effects on people as well as other living organisms. The toxic effects of cyanide are so important to cause nerve damage and thyroid glands malfunctioning. In this paper, the degradation of cyanide in waters resulting from gold mining activity was carried out in a batch system with two catalysts TiO2 Degussa P-25 and TiO2 doped with copper heteropolyimolybdate, that was synthesized in laboratory and characterized by FTIR and XRD. Assays showed a degradation of 98.55% with a concentration of 0.3 g/L of TiO2 and 97.17% with TiO2 doped with 1% of Cu heteropolyimolybdate (1 g/L) in 50 min of reaction. A real mining sample showed a cyanide degradation of 55.76% with TiO2 in 240 min of reaction. All the assays were made applying photodegradation using a 125-Watt mercury lamp as source. These results are encouraging to use this technology for the removal of cyanide coming from highly contaminated aqueous effluents.

Many bio-fluids have been introduced to replace petroleum-based products one of which is vegetable oil which has characteristics that are friendly to the environment. Based on its characteristics, it is turning into a significant bio fluid source. Vegetable oil has a great advantage over other forms of bio-oils which is its wild availability as a renewable source. Furthermore, when used in engines, vegetable oil based lubricants have the ability to decrease hydrocarbon emissions as well as carbon dioxide. Using the pure vegetable oil with no additions and using certain blending ratios are the two methods of using vegetable oil as a bio-fluid. This paper focuses on conducting an investigation on the influence of using the normal load on the performance characteristics for the blending of two types of vegetable fluid, and making a comparison between this and a commercial mineral fluid using the four ball tribotester, palm olein with Jatropha curcas oil which were mixed in (RB60/J40) ratio. All conducted experiments were conformed to ASTM D4172. It has been noticed from the obtained results that RBD palm olein and Jatropha curcas oil Blend has the ball bearings wear scar and frication coefficient less than the commercial fluid. Based on that, it is concluded that the RB60/J40 blend is more efficient than neat RBD palm olein and commercial mineral fluid as well.

Wax removal and prevention in oil wells is an important work in field management. This paper introduces the process of developing a new type of loose-leaf wax scraper by using TRIZ method. At the same time, 48 schemes, 33 feasible schemes and 5 patent plans have been obtained by using this method, and certain economic benefits have been obtained.

Nanotechnology involves material with nanoscale dimension that range from 0.1 to 100 nm, to make devices, systems and materials with essentially new characteristics and applications due to their large surface area to volume ratio. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely known due to its wide band gap and high exciton binding energy. ZnO NPs are normally synthesized by chemical methods which involve the use of hazardous and expensive chemicals, resulting in toxic and environmentally hazardous by-products. Green synthesis of ZnO NPs by plants extract is non-toxic and economic. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the potential of plants extract in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs. Moreover, the capability of Coriandrum sativum leaf extracts to produce ZnO NPs in degrading dyes in textile wastewater is also discussed.

The previous studies have shown the potential of using Pterocarpus indicus leaves, which are wastes, as biomass material for briquette production. However, the use of tapioca as a binder may negatively affect the availability of food resources. An alternative to tapioca was proposed in this study by substituting it with rejected pineapples which are considered as wastes. Series of investigations were conducted to understand the potential of briquette made of Pterocarpus indicus leaves with rejected pineapple as the binder. The investigations included bomb calorimeter test to determine the proportion of biomass to the binder that generates the highest calorific value, the proximate and ultimate analyses, and the investigation of optimum particle size of biomass and condensing pressure related to the briquette’s combustion characteristics. The results showed that 95% biomass and 5% binder to have the largest calorific value of 4169.76 kcal kg−1. Results from both proximate and ultimate analyses endorse the use of rejected pineapple as a substitute for tapioca binder. Briquette with the optimal combustion characteristics was obtained with condensing pressure of 2 MPa and biomass size of 60 mesh (250 μm).

The goal of the study is to investigate the impact of adding steam as a gasification agent for the co-gasification of biomass and coal. Study has been performed with ASPEN PLUS simulation, and has been confirmed by experimental findings. The coal and biomass ratio of 60% was gasified at an equivalent ratio of 0.29 and 0.35. The addition of steam was as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% for each equivalence ratio difference. The findings demonstrate that the best quality of fuel gasses such as CO and It is obtained by applying up to 75% steam where the temperature of the reactor can still be held at 770°C. The cold gas efficiency and carbon combustion efficiency where equivalent ratio ranged from 0.29 to 0.35 at 75% steam to air ratio are 61.2-67.3% and 77-79%, respectively. Co-gasification between coal and biomass with a combination of air and steam may technically be a replacement for biomass gasification with air.

A wide range of methods is currently used to remove various pollutants from wastewater. The current focus of research and industries is the use of electrocoagulation for wastewater treatment as this technique can be run using solar energy which produces in-site coagulant able remove dissolved and suspended pollutants at a short time and low cost. Dyes are currently categorised as a universal surface water pollution problem since many industries produce dyes polluted wastewater such as the textile industry. The current investigation focus on the use of electrocoagulation to treat acid orange 2 dye polluted synthetic wastewater and study the impact of the experimental parameters. An electrocoagulation reactor was developed using Iron electrodes and the energy was provided to the reactor using a solar panel. It was found that 100% of the pollutant was removed using electrocoagulation reactor runs on solar power. The Neutral pH level is favourable to remove the dye from textile wastewater. Higher current density and smaller distance between electrodes provide higher removal efficiency of the dye. Generally, it could be said that the best removal of the dye was achieved at pH level at 7, the current density at 2 mA/cm2, the spacing at 5 mm, and the treatment time at 40 minutes.

Nitrogen based nutrients are among the main components in aquaculture effluent to cause eutrophication condition, as it may cause algal bloom and depletion in oxygen once its concentration reaches the threshold. Nitrogen based nutrients are released into water in a form of nitrate after going through nitrification and denitrification. Cellulose based adsorbent are increasingly gaining attention due to its adsorption capability which comes in useful for recovery of nitrogen based nutrients. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of powder cellulose as a potential natural cellulosic adsorbent for the recovery of nitrate ions in water under a constant pH 6.6. The uptake of nitrate by natural cellulosic adsorbent was investigated with variation of parameters such as initial concentration of 5.0 mg L−1 and 30.0 mg L−1, adsorbent dosage of 5.0 mg and 40.0 mg, temperature of 25.0 °C and 45.0 °C, and contact time of 10 minutes and 60 minutes. The experiment was conducted based on the experiment design by Design Expert Version 11 software in order to observe the recovery percentage of powder cellulose in different condition. The best recovery percentage was achieved at the condition of 5.0 mg L−1, 5.0 mg, 25.0 °C and 10 minutes with 96.50 % of recovery. This shows that the electrostatic force of attraction between powdered cellulose and nitrate anion nutrients have the potential to occur without heat and vacant pores around powdered cellulose was filled by nitrate anions in a limited amount of time. The model for the experiment which is most suited in this experiment is a natural log with a significant R2 value of 0.9982. This indicates that the adsorption of nitrate anion nutrients using natural cellulose adsorbent is indeed feasible. Therefore, there are potential of using cellulose extracted from biomasses in Malaysia, which will expand its product-value.