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Although the technology to automatically score multiple-choice tests has been around for several decades, it is still not as widely available or affordable, especially for paper-based test processing. The main reasons that hinder these processes are the lack of software systems capable of working with contents that are not filled optimally and do not require expensive scanners or other costly equipment. In this study, we present a software system for the automatic reading, storing, and evaluation of scanned assessment sheets. This software system offers a solution that only requires the usual scanned Evaluation Sheets in the form of a not high-resolution image and with the help of specific markers, the system performs reading, storage, and scoring. The user interface is designed to read and display the data from the Evaluation Sheets in detail so that they are very understandable to the user and allow him to quickly spot any errors. The tool has been validated over six years of use and has been continuously improved throughout that period. Thus, this software system achieves a high level of reliability and sensitivity to different levels of the quality of filling out Evaluation Sheets by students.

India has one of the world's fastest expanding pulp and paper markets. With a growth rate of more than 10% per year in terms of per-capita growth, The pulp and paper industry requires a lot of capital investment, energy, and water. A paper mill produces 40 to 50 kg of dry sludge (70 percent primary sludge and 30 percent secondary sludge) when 1 tonne of paper is produced. Most of this sludge is now disposed of by land spreading and filling, both of which involve high disposal costs. Pulp and paper industry is one of the most polluted industries in the world in general and India in particular. India produces 10.11 million tons paper per annum which is 2.6% of world’s overall production quantity of paper. This study present using paper mill waste as a component in the manufacture of burnt bricks as a possible route to environmentally friendly construction. This research report details the findings of an experimental investigation into the production of eco-friendly, bricks using soil and paper mills. This research exhibits some increased compressive strength in mix of papermill waste.

For the investigation of porous media with applications in the field of civil engineering on concrete and mortar, NMR technology is used, with emphasis on the sensitivity of 1H hydrogen protons to pore filling fluids. NMR technology was used to highlight the changes that replacing cement with recycled paper ash powder in mortar recipes brings at a molecular level. The samples are analyzed during 56 days, at predetermined deadlines depending on the evolution of cement compounds hydration. Ability of recycled paper ash to replace cement in its role as binder is analyzed and the results obtained from mechanical tests are correlated with the structure and volume of pores in the control samples. Mixture compositions and C–S–H characteristics are calculated based on NMR signal intensities and relaxation analysis.

This study addresses the need to improve life on earth by finding a way to reintroduce ubiquitous waste back into the system. On a hand, there is the amount of cellulosic waste that can no longer be reintroduced into the paper recycling process. On the other hand, the amount of cement used globally, is growing alarmingly. My study seeks the balance of a mix of these two materials, which would generate desirable effects both from an engineering and ecological point of view. Paper ash, is a material made of particles of various sizes and can play various roles in the composition of mortars. The efficacy of particles up to 0.025 mm in size (powder ash) as a cement substitute and the efficiency of particles in size between 0.025 and 8 mm (flakes) as a pozzolanic additive are demonstrated. The results of the mechanical tests to which the samples were subjected show the possibility of reducing the amount of cement used in standard recipes by adding ash from recycled paper, without compromising the physical and mechanical properties of the mortars. The cement economy can rise up to 20 percent while the mechanical strength increases by 5-10 percent compared to the basic recipe.

Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. In this research, the sugarcane bagasse was dry and chopped into 5 cm in lengths. The fibre and pulp were separated and put in a pulp disintegrator then it was weighed and mixed with water. The paper that fabricates will be irradiated with gamma-ray and then followed by characterizing with Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM-EDX result shows that the weight and atomic percentage of the ferrite (Fe) increase after the irradiation. While for the FTIR, the entire sample exhibit the absorption range of 3400 to 2400 cm−1region. The paper will be compared with the properties of multipurpose paper.

Plastic pollution has become a global concern due to poor plastic waste disposal management. As an alternative, independent recycling efforts are necessary. A Plastic shredder machine is a preliminary machine used to cut plastic waste into small pieces before turning it into useful products. The concept design of the shredder machine that is currently available is fairly similar. The shaft and blades are the critical components in the shredder machine that determines its performance. The geometry and orientation of the blades that were fitted into the single or double-shafts were found to directly affect the shredding performance. Therefore, this article aims to review the various geometry and orientations of the blades that give direct effect on the shredding performance, as well as identifying the research gaps related to the shredder machine for plastic waste materials

In this research, paper-based SERS active substrates with different grade gram per square meter (GSM) were prepared by adsorbing 40 nm spherical GNP and 40nm star shaped gold nanostructures GNS. Besides the SERS evaluation and optimization, morphological parameters of the samples were found to strongly affect the enhancer properties of the substrates. The developed substrate was tested regarding surface homogeneity as well as by the Raman reporter dye Methylene Blue (MB). These paper-based SERS active substrates are simple to prepare, easy to handle and cheap solid SERS substrates. GNS with 135 GSM printing paper can be easily used as highly active SERS active substrates, with average enhancement factor EF= 105.

Mixed oil is considered as an ideal insulating fluid for its great physicochemical and insulation properties. A novel mixed oil consisted of 75 vol.% mineral oil and 25 vol.% palm oil, was developed by our team and its main properties basically come up the standards of IEC 60296:2012. In this study, the dielectric properties of mineral oil-impregnated paper (MIN-IP) and mixed oil-impregnated paper (MIX-IP), were comparative analyzed at 25 °C-65 °C, including relative permittivity and dielectric loss factor. The temperature effect on AC breakdown properties for MIN-IP and MIX-IP were also researched at 25 °C-75 °C. The result shows that MIX-IP have higher relative permittivity and dielectric loss factor than MIN-IP. The difference on dielectric strength between MIN-IP and MIX-IP is more significant at 45 °C to 65 °C.

The thicknesses, basis weights and resistances of a type of air filter paper randomly sampled were tested by experiment. The statistical analysis of the test data was carried out by multiple linear regression analysis of the statistical software SPSS19.0. The conclusion were as follows: when the paper had a basis weight variation from 55.2 g/m2to 59.8g/m2and a thickness variation from 0.385mm to 0.406mm, ?=0.05, basis weight variation on resistance existed significant influence, the regression equation was ?p=2.551w, correlation coefficient R2=0.83; thickness variation on resistance did not exist significant influence.

The purpose of this paper is to extract keywords from scientific papers. Keyword extraction is used to assist in suggesting keywords for indexers or to produce a summary in a form of keywords for scientific writings. Scientific writings are also categorized as structured document because the scientific papers have parts such as title, abstract, content, and conclusion, so we are going to find important information on those parts. So the method that suitable was Associative Neural Network Algorithm and using trained Associative Neural network with chosen keywords data sets we are able to find keywords features in scientific documents. So the automated keywords extraction and pre-included keywords from the writer will be compared to choose either the most relevant or complementary and providing recommendation or perhaps the extracted automated keywords and the keywords from the writer are exactly the same.

Computational simulation for the fluid flow in a paper based microfluidic system was performed and was experimentally validated in this work. Comsol Multiphysics based simulation was performed and the module used was species transport in porous medium. Two separate simulation for the reagent distribution and the interaction of sample with the immobilized reagent in paper based microfluidics devices were carried out. This was performed by varying the parameters such as adsorption constant, diffusivity and average velocity of fluid in the porous medium for finding the concentration profile. Finer mesh were used for the simulation which gives more accurate results with less computational time. The reagent distribution was experimentally validated by dropping methylorange indicator over Whatman filter paper.

In the modern era Computerized Numeric control (CNC) machines are widely used in most of the industries around the world. Nowadays this technology has been used in almost all industries for different operations like cutting, milling, welding, etc. This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a solar powered, portable LASER CNC machine for cutting paper and fabric. The design procedure includes the calculations for finding torque required to run the machine, Factor of Safety etc. Modelling and analysis of the machine is carried out using soft wares like Solid Works and Ansys. The electronic circuit included in the assembly will convert the G-Codes into movements of CNC machine. Incorporation of Solar panels into the assembly helped to make this CNC machine work on clean energy. The results show that the machine is feasible at a reasonable cost for applications where speed and repeatability is achieved while not compromising on accuracy.

Rice Straw is one of the most important materials that has been used for pulp and paper production due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. However, the pulping and papermaking characteristics of the mixture of rice straw and used paper have rarely been investigated. In this experiment, delignified rice straw was mixed with used paper in order to make recycle papers with acceptable properties. Soda pulping process was carried out to remove out of lignin. The delignification was designed to measure the effects in terms of sodium hydroxide concentration and temperature, on the cellulose and lignin content of rice straw, and its tensile strength and water absorption. The mass ratio of used paper and rice straw was varied and its physical properties was observed and compared to paper from natural rice straw. The delignification was conducted using NaOH concentrations (4-10% w/w) and temperatures (60-90degC) for 1 hour. The ratio of rice straw to used paper was varied (1:1-1:9). An optimum condition was obtained from rice straw delignification at NaOH concentration of 8% and temperature of 90degC. The results of the optimum condition obtained the highest amount of cellulose content and tensile strength while having the lowest amount of lignin content and water absorption.

Converter transformer is an important equipment in HVDC system and it is the key to the stable operation of the whole power transmission and distribution system. Unlike the traditional AC transformer, the oil-paper insulation of converter transformer will receive both AC and DC voltage. So the requirement for the structure design of oil-paper insulation system will be more stringent. It is of great engineering significance to study the electric field distribution of converter transformer and to study the influence of different oil-paper insulation configuration on the electric field distribution in the internal insulation of converter transformer. In this paper, first, an oil-paper insulation structure of converter transformer is established and electric field distribution under AC/DC composite voltage is studied. Then change the thickness and layers of pressboard, the distance of oil channel and the oil-paper ratio to get different oil-paper configurations. Use the simulation software to calculate the electric field distribution under the different oil-paper configurations. Finally, the influence of different oil-paper configuration on the electric field distribution of internal insulation structure of converter transformer is analysed which will provides significant reference for the internal insulation design of converter transformer.

The cell-free DNA in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a recent interesting diagnostic marker in patients with periodontal disease. The methods used to collect GCF are very important to get the proper specimen. There are several techniques used for sample collection, such as gingival washing or using a capillary tube, however, these methods are not practical to perform in the clinic since they need well-trained examiner. This study aimed to use absorbent paper strips to collect cell-free DNA fragment in GCF of patients as a diagnostic measure for periodontal diseases comparing to conventional washing technique. Thirty-nine periodontitis and 26 gingivitis teeth were selected from 26 patients according to clinical parameters. The GCF sample was randomly collected from each tooth by either paper strips or washing technique. Then, after one week, the collection of samples from the same tooth was repeated with another technique. The samples were centrifuged to get cell-free DNA in the supernatant and extracted by InstaGene Matrix. The concentration and purity of extracted DNA were determined by NanoDrop spectrophotometer. Three sets of specific primers to the human b-globin gene were used to evaluate the DNA fragment lengths, by amplifying 110 base pair (bp), 536 bp, and 2000 bp products in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed no significant differences in the cell-free DNA fragment concentrations and the prevalence of PCR products between using absorbent paper strips and washing technique in either gingivitis or periodontitis groups. Therefore, with the ease and rapidity of the technique, using the absorbent paper strips for the quantitative and qualitative investigation of cell-free DNA fragment in patients with periodontal diseases instead of washing technique is recommended. Further studies are still required to confirm this finding in a large group of patients as well as in patients with other systemic health problems.

Several essential oils have been evaluated as antibacterial agent in the production of natural paper from banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.), namely cinnamon, clove, lime and lemon oil. The purpose of the research was to examine the antibacterial activity of the papers with additive of those several essential oils againt Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Paper preparation was successfully carried out by alkalization method, using 4% NaOH at a temperature of 100 degC for 1 h. The essential oils as antibacterial agent were added with concentration 2.5% to the pulp (1:40). The antibacterial activities were tested using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All of the paper produced meet the standard of ISO 6519:2016 about Basic Paper for Laminated Plastic Wrapping Paper within the parameter of pH and water content. The result of the research showed that all of the paper with essential oils additive has antibacterial activity againt S. aureus, but only paper with cinnamon oil additive that have antibacterial activity againts E. coli. The use of cinnamon oil gave the largest inhibition zone diameter both on S. aureus and E. coli. Paper with cinnamon oil additive had inhibition zone diameter 18 mm on S. aureus (strong category) and 9 mm on E. coli (medium category).

Paper making requires raw materials with high cellulose and hemicellulose content. The alternative materials that can be used in the paper making are sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib. The paper production method used in this study is acetosolve which involves acetic acid as an organic solvent. The objectives of this research are to figure out the acetic acid concentration in delignification process and the ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib that produce pulp with the highest yield, cellulose and kappa number. In this research, there are some variables, the first is the levels of acetic acid concentration in delignification process, which are 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, the second is the ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib, which are 20:0, 18:2, 16:4, 14:6, 12:8, 10:10. The results show that the best pulping conditions are found to be 80% acetic acid concentration with 12:8 (w/w) ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib, and also 1:20 (w/v) ratio between raw material and solution of acetic acid at two hours cooking duration. The highest yield of pulp in acetosolve process was 63.1%, and its characteristics are 84.67% of cellulose and 10.44 kappa number.

This paper is devoted to fabrication of Ti3SiC2-based ceramic materials from preceramic paper using spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The synthesis temperature and pressure were 1373-1473 K and 30 MPa, respectively. The phase composition, microstructure and elemental composition were analysed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of temperature on the sintering process as well as on the phase and microstructure of the sintered materials was investigated.

The goal of the research is to improve the surface states of kraft paper and to make coated kraft paper with wear resistance suitable for packaging material. Based on wear and coating mechanism, the research analyzed and compared the characteristics and microstructure of uncoated paper and coated paper.The result shows that coating can reduce the surface resistance and friction of paper.Kraft paper was coated with the VaporCoatTM2200.s coating in the research. The research studied the influence of coating process on wear resistance of coated kraft paper.Two hundred groups of experimental datum of each sample show that the optimal coating weight is 18g/m2. As expected, coated kraft paper has better wear resistance and other performance than the uncoated kraft paper. The results show that the coating technology is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly process. The research provides the theoretical basis and data supporting for packaging enterprises to produce the coated paper-based packaging materials with wear resistance.

Preface The Annual International Session of Scientific Papers - IMT Oradea 2019 is an International Conference which held in Felix Spa, near Oradea, in the North-Western part of Romania. We are delighted, proud and honored to be your hosts every year at the scientific events of the Faculty of Managerial and Technological Engineering at the University of Oradea. The high value of the works presented at each of the Annual Session of the Scientific Works makes us the Editorial Board, The Scientific Committee and The Organizing Committee, trust that we have carried out intensive work dedicated to the progress and dissemination of scientific, multidisciplinary engineering information. We have proposed that the rate of acceptance of papers should always be a reflection of the scientific review process, the more demanding, the higher the scientific level, and the lower the rate of acceptance of the works, respectively. The high degree of exigency in the review process has been instrumental in accepting publication by IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (MSE). In this regard, the papers presented at The Annual Session of Scientific Papers, IMT Oradea, have been indexed SCOPUS and since this year they will be indexed in Web Of Sciences (Clarivate Analytics, ISI). The road was not easy, nor straight, due to the many difficulties encountered, but the results are obviously positive. Our objectives, courageous and motivating, at the same time, were based on ethical criteria unequivocally. We have succeeded in promoting this scientific event to such an extent that it has been accepted as full membership in the respected and recognized of global profile organization, we named here The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). In the meantime, we did not give up on the proposed objective, namely that the papers presented at the IMT Oradea Conference should be free of any deviations from scientific ethics, thus discouraging plagiarism. We verify the degree of "overlap" of the texts of the works, with a maximum error of 5% being allowed, which are accepted at the level of writing References titles. All the papers presented at the IMT Oradea Conference are identified by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) as we are full members of CROSSREF, which allows us to have access to any search engine as it enables robots and crawlers to recognize Crossref DOIs as URLs. There, it is significant for the scientific world because the DOI structure is built on the URL link system, but DOI survives even after the URL link of the paperwork has disappeared. We are very confident that we have always received full credit from you, the participants in this elegant event, and we recognize that you have always had a positive influence on the quality of our work, but especially on the outcome of this work: IMT Oradea. Editorial Board List of the conference's committees are available in this pdf.

FMEA is a widely selected tool for the application of machinery breakdown prevention. This research adopted FMEA technique to reduce and prevent the breakdown of the important equipment of a large commercial paper machine that has capacity of 200,000 tonnes per annum located in the Northeast area of Thailand. This research accomplished the improvement of preventive maintenance in other machines for rapid implementation and improved machine inspections. After implementation, the downtime of paper machine belonging to maintenance department responsibility reduced significantly 5 hours per month by average, machine availability, OEE, and MTBF increased 0.46%, 0.51%, and 10 hours respectively. The machine downtime has been on the downward trend.

The aim of this research was to used bacterial cellulose (BC) as a biodegradable reinforcing agent in bagasse (BG) paper sheets. BC was cultured by Komagataeibacter nataicola and defibrillated into isolated nanofibers by using microfluidizer. Micro/Nano (BG/BC) papers were prepared by adding 0.5 and 5 wt% BC in BG pulp and then the paper sheets were fabricated by compression molding. The morphology, physical and tensile properties of the prepared sheets were studied. It was found that the adding BC increased the density of BG sheets while their porosity was decreased. SEM images confirmed that BC filled gaps and bridged between BG fibers leading to a raise in fiber bonding. With increasing BC content, the mechanical properties of paper sheets were clearly improved. The addition of 5 wt% BC significantly enhanced the tensile strength and elongation at break of the reinforced sheets by 47% and 117%, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile index and breaking length of the BG sheets were increased for approximately 35%.

Underutilized agro-waste of cultivated banana pseudostem was treated by a soda pulping process and passed through a microfluidizer to prepare nanofibrillated cellulose (BA). TEM images confirmed the presence of thin fibrils and fine webs of BA with average diameter and length of 20.0+-7.6 nm and 1.7+-0.1 um, respectively. Reinforcing potential of this BA nanofibers in recycled papers was investigated by adding 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 wt% BA into the recycled bagasse sheets. Tensile testing results indicated that all mechanical properties (i.e. tensile index, breaking length, Young's modulus, and elongation) were noticeably increased all at once. SEM images revealed that the physically retained BA nanofibers in the sheet structures bridged and linked between bagasse fibers increasing inter-fiber bonding, hence, strengthening the sheets as a result. Toughness of the reinforced sheets was also found to be significantly enhanced (~128% increase with 5.0 wt% BA incorporation). The change in failure mode showing fibers stretching and slippage before breaking was observed on fractured surface of this paper sheet. This BA cellulose nanofiber demonstrated to be highly promising as reinforcement in pulp and paper industry.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device has been fabricated and subsequently applied to determine the Vitamin C level of the non-seasonal fruit i.e pineapples, oranges, guavas, and apples in Indonesia. uPAD was prepared by creating a hydrophobic barrier on Whatman Chromatography paper No. 1 in a certain pattern printed using Xerox Colorcube 8580 DN-2. 0.05 ul of 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol was dispersed into a detection area on the uPAD devices prior to the addition of 0.2 ul of fruits juice samples. The barrier allowed the fruits juice to flow and alter the color of the reagents through a redox reaction. Vitamin C in fruit juice altered the color of 2.6-Dichlorophenolindophenol reagent into a pinkish color. The changing of the reagent color was then processed using Image J software to determine the RGB intensity level. The results showed that the average amounts of Vitamin C in pineapples, oranges, guavas, and apples are 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.08%, and 0.04% respectively.

In this paper, we describe a Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (uPADs) for the simultaneous quantification of two important biomarkers of kidney function in blood. This paper provides a simple, disposable, portable, and inexpensive colorimetric method for the quantification of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCRE). BUN detection is based on the Berthelot reaction, in which urea is converted to ammonium by the use of urease, ammonium ion which then reacts with a mixture of salicylate, sodium nitroprusside, and hypochlorite to yield a blue-green chromophore. sCRE detection is based on the Jaffe reaction, in which sCRE under alkaline conditions react with picrate ions forming an orange complex. The intensity of the color formed is proportional to the BUN & sCRE concentration in the sample. Various experimental parameters were optimized to achieve the best performance of the uPADs. There were no significant differences between the results obtained using the uPADs and a comparative method.

Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (uPADs) are a simple analytical platform that satisfy combination of low cost, portability, and ease-to-use with selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. In this experiment, the uPADs devices are prepared using a chromatographic paper and designed at appropriate pattern prior to printing by mean of a solid ink (wax) printer to produce hydrophobic barriers and hydrophilic channels. Then, the uPADs are heated at 120degC for 3 min to allow a wax penetrates in the both side of a paper. The resulted uPADs are used for the detection of benzoic acid through alkalimetry principle. For this purpose, the devices are implanted with 5M NaOH in the detection zone and a 2% phenolphthalein indicator in the sample zone before dried in open air. When the devices have dried, the uPADs are ready to be used to detect benzoic acid. To avoid color interferences, the samples are distilled before introduced to the sample zone for quantitative detection. The result soft the color changes can be immediately seen by naked eye, and their intensities are quantified by the Image J software. Excellent linearity is achieved in the range of benzoic acid concentration of 20-120 ppm with the linear equation of Y = 0.0102 x + 0.0077 and the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. The optimized uPADs devices are successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of benzoic acid in the 5 kinds of commercially packaged beverages. There is no significantly different of the analytical results obtained by the uPADs in comparison to the spectrophotometric method. Overall, the results obtained in this study indicate that the uPADs devices are a reliable tool for high throughout and on-site determination of benzoic acid content in commercial drinks.

This work describes comparation two designs of a microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (uPADs) using a wax printing for fabrication of hydrophobic zones on the chromatographic paper and their application to the detection of lead in waste samples. Two different designs used in this research were distance-based method and analysis image method. Sodium rhodizonate in tartrate buffer solution (pH 2.8) solution are used as the colorimetric reagents for the direct naked eyed detection of lead(II) on uPADs. The detection of lead(II) concentration is conducted by measuring the distanceof a colored reaction product which propagate in the detection zone (design 1) and the change in color intensity on the uPADs is also used for the lead detection using ImageJ software to determine the RGB value (design 2). Related to both methods can be used to determine the concentration of lead(II) with a comparable coefficient of determination, but based on the analysis method, design one is a design that is very simple, easy, fast, inexpensive and only uses the naked eye for detection.

The determination of the antioxidant activity in green tea using FRAP essays developed in a Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (uPADs) was observed. uPAD was prepared on the chromatographic paper with a suitable pattern and then printed using a solid ink printer. The solid printing was intended to obtain a hydrophobic barrier and a hydrophilic channel on the chromatographic paper. A preliminary study was done to determine the optimum time and temperature used on the penetration of obtaining the hydrophobic barrier to avoid leakage in the channel. Optimization of temperature and time was calculated by the average velocity, the optimum condition was obtained at 120 degC for 90 seconds with an average speed of 0.1 mm.s[?]1. The green tea samples were prepared by extracting its active compound using demineralized water at 25 degC and 90 degC with 2 hours of immersion time. For the measurement of antioxidant activities, the analysis was carried out by placing 0.5 ul in the detection zone and 5 ul samples into the sample zone uPAD. Then, the color reaction product, which propagates from the sample zone to the detection zone, is processed by Image J software to measure color intensity in CMYK mode. Extracts of green tea samples at 25 degC and 90 degC has a significant difference in antioxidant activity. These results indicate that the method developed in this work can be used as an alternative method for analyzing antioxidant activity in green tea extract. The results of the average amount of antioxidant activity in green tea samples were shown with Fe2+ concentration. High-speed detection, low cost, high accuracy, and ease of use can be attributed to the advantages of our uPAD method.

The conductive paper has been of great interest due to its flexibility and superior properties. In this work, the facile procedure with scalable possibility was used to prepare conductive paper with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). GO synthesized by the modified Hummers' method was successfully transformed to rGO using ascorbic acid. These GO and rGO were used as a conductive source to improve conductive properties of the as-prepared paper. GO and rGO (0 - 25 wt%) were mixed with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) to form conductive paper. Results showed that the reduction of the electrical resistance was found from both GO/NFC and rGO/NFC paper sheets with increasing a content of GO or rGO. Furthermore, the paper with rGO exhibited more outstanding electrical conductive than the GO/NFC paper. Also, the water uptake of the conductive paper was affected by the addition of GO or rGO. The significant reduction of water uptake was found to be more pronounced with the introduction of rGO in comparison with the presence of GO. The conductive paper prepared in this study would be useful for applications such as flexible electrode.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device has been fabricated and subsequently applied to determine the Vitamin C level of the non-seasonal fruit i.e pineapples, oranges, guavas, and apples in Indonesia. uPAD was prepared by creating a hydrophobic barrier on Whatman Chromatography paper No. 1 in a certain pattern printed using Xerox Colorcube 8580 DN-2. 0.05 ul of 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol was dispersed into a detection area on the uPAD devices prior to the addition of 0.2 ul of fruits juice samples. The barrier allowed the fruits juice to flow and alter the color of the reagents through a redox reaction. Vitamin C in fruit juice altered the color of 2.6-Dichlorophenolindophenol reagent into a pinkish color. The changing of the reagent color was then processed using Image J software to determine the RGB intensity level. The results showed that the average amounts of Vitamin C in pineapples, oranges, guavas, and apples are 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.08%, and 0.04% respectively.

The determination of the antioxidant activity in green tea using FRAP essays developed in a Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (uPADs) was observed. uPAD was prepared on the chromatographic paper with a suitable pattern and then printed using a solid ink printer. The solid printing was intended to obtain a hydrophobic barrier and a hydrophilic channel on the chromatographic paper. A preliminary study was done to determine the optimum time and temperature used on the penetration of obtaining the hydrophobic barrier to avoid leakage in the channel. Optimization of temperature and time was calculated by the average velocity, the optimum condition was obtained at 120 degC for 90 seconds with an average speed of 0.1 mm.s[?]1. The green tea samples were prepared by extracting its active compound using demineralized water at 25 degC and 90 degC with 2 hours of immersion time. For the measurement of antioxidant activities, the analysis was carried out by placing 0.5 ul in the detection zone and 5 ul samples into the sample zone uPAD. Then, the color reaction product, which propagates from the sample zone to the detection zone, is processed by Image J software to measure color intensity in CMYK mode. Extracts of green tea samples at 25 degC and 90 degC has a significant difference in antioxidant activity. These results indicate that the method developed in this work can be used as an alternative method for analyzing antioxidant activity in green tea extract. The results of the average amount of antioxidant activity in green tea samples were shown with Fe2+ concentration. High-speed detection, low cost, high accuracy, and ease of use can be attributed to the advantages of our uPAD method.

This work describes comparation two designs of a microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (uPADs) using a wax printing for fabrication of hydrophobic zones on the chromatographic paper and their application to the detection of lead in waste samples. Two different designs used in this research were distance-based method and analysis image method. Sodium rhodizonate in tartrate buffer solution (pH 2.8) solution are used as the colorimetric reagents for the direct naked eyed detection of lead(II) on uPADs. The detection of lead(II) concentration is conducted by measuring the distanceof a colored reaction product which propagate in the detection zone (design 1) and the change in color intensity on the uPADs is also used for the lead detection using ImageJ software to determine the RGB value (design 2). Related to both methods can be used to determine the concentration of lead(II) with a comparable coefficient of determination, but based on the analysis method, design one is a design that is very simple, easy, fast, inexpensive and only uses the naked eye for detection.

In this paper, we describe a Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (uPADs) for the simultaneous quantification of two important biomarkers of kidney function in blood. This paper provides a simple, disposable, portable, and inexpensive colorimetric method for the quantification of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCRE). BUN detection is based on the Berthelot reaction, in which urea is converted to ammonium by the use of urease, ammonium ion which then reacts with a mixture of salicylate, sodium nitroprusside, and hypochlorite to yield a blue-green chromophore. sCRE detection is based on the Jaffe reaction, in which sCRE under alkaline conditions react with picrate ions forming an orange complex. The intensity of the color formed is proportional to the BUN & sCRE concentration in the sample. Various experimental parameters were optimized to achieve the best performance of the uPADs. There were no significant differences between the results obtained using the uPADs and a comparative method.

Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (uPADs) are a simple analytical platform that satisfy combination of low cost, portability, and ease-to-use with selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. In this experiment, the uPADs devices are prepared using a chromatographic paper and designed at appropriate pattern prior to printing by mean of a solid ink (wax) printer to produce hydrophobic barriers and hydrophilic channels. Then, the uPADs are heated at 120degC for 3 min to allow a wax penetrates in the both side of a paper. The resulted uPADs are used for the detection of benzoic acid through alkalimetry principle. For this purpose, the devices are implanted with 5M NaOH in the detection zone and a 2% phenolphthalein indicator in the sample zone before dried in open air. When the devices have dried, the uPADs are ready to be used to detect benzoic acid. To avoid color interferences, the samples are distilled before introduced to the sample zone for quantitative detection. The result soft the color changes can be immediately seen by naked eye, and their intensities are quantified by the Image J software. Excellent linearity is achieved in the range of benzoic acid concentration of 20-120 ppm with the linear equation of Y = 0.0102 x + 0.0077 and the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. The optimized uPADs devices are successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of benzoic acid in the 5 kinds of commercially packaged beverages. There is no significantly different of the analytical results obtained by the uPADs in comparison to the spectrophotometric method. Overall, the results obtained in this study indicate that the uPADs devices are a reliable tool for high throughout and on-site determination of benzoic acid content in commercial drinks.

Paper sludge (PS) ash is a waste material collected from the paper industry, which containing calcium compound. In the previous research, several paper sludge ashes have been tried into coal fly ashes in order to suppress the leaching of trace elements such as As, Se, and B into the environment. The result showed that paper sludge ashes has potential effect in inhibit the leaching of these trace elements because of the calcium contains in the paper sludge ashes. Therefore, this research provide information about the amount of calcium in paper sludge ash as suppressing material. Nine kinds of paper sludge ashes tested into coal fly ash C (FA C) in order to know the ability of each paper sludge ash in suppressing the leaching of trace elements. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES) used to determine the leaching concentration of As, Se, and B. Then, the kind of calcium in paper sludge ashes were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TG) used to determinate Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3. The percentage of CaO in paper sludge ashes analysed by combination ethylene glycol, ICP-AES and TG. This research found the kind of PS which most influential for controlling leached out of trace elements.

The Tea packaging paper sack process at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII is done manually using human labor to lift paper sack weighing 40-60 kg. This condition makes it harder for the labor and increases the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). In the existing condition, the RULA score is seven which have high risk of work accidents. To minimize the risk of MSDs, a proposed work tool is designed using the Ergonomic Function Deployment approach to produce ergonomic tools. The proposed work tool was developed with the ESHCE principle (Effective, Safe, Healthy, Comfortable, and Efficient) which became a variable in meeting the Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) approach. The research results showed that the proposed work tools could help workers in carrying out packaging activities with the decrease in the RULA value on the labor's posture and could reduce processing time because it united all activities in the packaging area. So it can be concluded that the proposed work tools can reduce the risk of MSDs and can help workers to process the packaging of tea with minimum time.

Issues related to the performance and processing remain a challenge when managing materials from renewable and natural resources. This study aims to show the potential of biopolymer film composite from cassava starch and carboxymethylcellulose to replace the synthetic coating and the area of studies are its barrier, mechanical and chemical properties. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis identified that only film containing CMC could act as antimicrobial agent carrier. The biopolymer film coated on the kraft paper with the presence of 30% v/v glycerol and 10% w/w CMC had the highest tensile strength, at 15 MPa. The film-coated paper also exhibited a hydrophobic surface with reduction of the contact angle from 104.95deg to 96.33deg for 120 seconds. Meanwhile, addition of turmeric oil into developed BF 3 showed insignificant changes in tensile strength but reduced the contact angle to less than 90deg. Thus, the formulated coating materials can be used as an alternative green technology for paper coating used in food industry and can be classified as a form of active packaging.

Nanocomposite have a huge potential in the future technologies and scientific communities. It is possible to design new materials with a simple modification and new materials have different properties and improvement in its mechanical properties and application fields. Hybrid latex based on monomer styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BA) and methylmethacrylate (MMA) have been studied and used for barrier paper applications in food industries in order to replace polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials. To achieve better hybrid materials, various techniques and materials have been utilized, montmorillonite (MMT) from smectite family have been selected as filler in order to synthesize polymer clay nanocomposites (PCNs). The selection of MMT as filler due to its high aspect ratio, high modulus and high cation exchange capacity (CEC). MMT was not susceptible to common polymer due to its organophobicity, low basal spacing, and incompatible to common monomers phase. Surface modification of MMT with traditional ion exchange method can be done through ion exchange with quaternary alkyl ammonium surfactants. The objective of surface modification of MMT are to change its nature hydrophilicity to organophilicity, in the same time to increase its basal spacing. Various quaternary alkylammonium cationic surfactants have been used; in this study, three type of alkylammonium were selected to be used due to its different in alkyl carbon chain lengths. Intercalation of surfactants cation in MMT depend on the layer-charge alkyl carbon chains, selection of myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTAB) with C17 carbon chains, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with C19 carbon chains and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) with C21 carbon chains could give an answer of the selection of organoclay that compatible with St, BA and MMA. This study focuses on the microstructure of organo montmorillonite (OMMT) after surface modification and the potential to be used as filler in synthesis of hybrid latex through miniemulsion polymerization technique. The intercalation or exfoliation of MMT through ion exchange with alkylammonium surfactant were studied, interlayer spacing of OMMT were analysed with X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scanning (SAXS) technique, presence of cationic surfactant in the interlayer space and bond character and arrangement of surfactant ions were analysed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Synthesis of hybrid latex was done by miniemulsion polymerization technique with selected OMMT filler. Series of experiments were performed to study the polymerization variables such as filler loading, role of surfactant/cosurfactant and filler solubility in monomer emulsions. The results shown that water soluble surfactant SDS in miniemulsion polymerization resulted lower coagulum and smaller particle size compare to non-ionic surfactant (TX405) and cationic surfactant (OTAB). Combination of non-ionic surfactant (TX405) with ionic surfactant (SDS) with ration 1:2 showed the better results than SDS alone, with lowest coagulum, narrow particle size distribution, and lowest Broekfield Viscosity. Scale up loading level of OMMT filler in miniemulsion to 5.0 wt%, resulting instability before and after polymerization with regard to high coagulum content and low monomer conversion rate (<90%). The hybrid latex resulted from miniemulsion polymerization will be applied on paperboard with hand rod coater with coating weight 15-20 gsm. The coated paperboard tested on its water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) together with paperboard coated with PE from melt blending process. Paperboard coated with hybrid latex comparable to paperboard coated with PE, indicated improvement in its WVTR value compare to paperboard coated with latex without filler addition. The main target of this research was to synthesis polymer hybrid latex for super barrier material for food packaging in order to replace unrecyclable PP, PE or PET. The utilization of polymer hybrid latex could benefit paper and paperboard packaging industries.

Ammonia is one of the most important chemicals for agriculture, chemical, and food industries. This condition prompts the need for a research on detecting ammonia gas with a simple and easy method in daily practices. One of the methods for detecting ammonia gas is done through the use of visual indicators. Aiming for making the visual indicators, Ruellia simplex flower extract is used in this research as an indicator, which visually detects ammonia gas. The extract functions as a smart material, which changes its colour according to the extract's pH condition. At pH 2 [?] pH 3 the extract colour is pink and then turn to purple at pH 6 and becoming green at pH 10 [?] pH 11. The results of the UV-Vis spectra for the extract solution at pH 2 [?] pH 3 show the absorbance peak at 535 nm wavelength, then shifted to 537 nm for pH 6 and shifted to 621 nm for pH 10 [?] pH 11. For developing paper-based indicators, cellulose paper (1cm x 6cm) is used for substrates. The cellulose paper's tip has been coated with extracts whose pH have been preconditioned to 2 correspondingly. Using ammonia gas with a concentration between 0% and 0.1%, a test on the visual indicator paper is performed. Colour changes that occur in the indicator paper are observed as a function of detection time and then analyzed through RGB image analyzer. The result of the experiment shows that the indicator paper undergoes a change of colour upon the detection of ammonia gas. The colour change depends on the detected gas concentration. The paper indicators with pH value of 2 has the most optimum contrast in colour change as the paper's original pink colour changes into green upon the detection of ammonia. This research may be able to be developed further for the purpose of detecting food freshness.

A VARMA-model represents a modern instrument for modeling and forecasting time series having a high degree of novelty for national science. An algorithm of study on the basis of a VARMA-model is suggested in the article, then it is tested through the example of modeling dynamics of price increment for security papers of Apple, Microsoft Corporation and Netflix. Within the framework of the study undertaken, the influence of historical data of trading on change in the future price of security papers of the companies being analyzed has been revealed: interconnections between shares of each company have been evaluated, and also the influence of the change of the shares dynamics of one company on quotations of two other companies has been analyzed. The developed model has been tested for robustness, also its validity has been evaluated and measures for optimization of VARMA-models have been suggested. Besides, timeliness of its use when undertaking national studies has been substantiated.

Transformers are an important part of the power transmission and distribution process of power systems. Designing and manufacturing a stable transformer is essential for the stable operation of the entire power system. Accordingly it is critical for the stable operation of the entire power system to design and manufacture a stable transformer. In order to improve the composite insulation performance of the oil-paper in power transformer, studying the polarization characteristics of oil-paper composite insulation is essential. In this paper, the polarization characteristics of high external applied voltage and different oil-paper composite insulation structures are studied. In the three-electrode system, the cardboard has obvious polarization characteristics at the two poles, and the polarization characteristics are most obvious when the cardboard is at the high pressure pole. The initial value and the attenuation function of the polarization and depolarization current do not match the laws determined by the RC circuit. When the voltage is at a higher level, the difference between the initial values of the polarization and depolarization currents at different positions of the cardboard at the same voltage level is greater, and the polarity effects are more obvious. the above rules still exist when the distance between the electrodes is changed.

This paper adopts a typical double-layer oil-paper insulation structure model, and obtains the mathematical expression of electric field distribution of oil-paper composite insulation. On the basis of the mathematical expression of the electric field distribution of oil-paper combination insulation, the numerical calculation results of the electric field distribution of oiled paper composite insulation are obtained. It is found that the temperature has little effect on the field strength distribution in transformer oil and paperboard under high AC content, and the temperature is low in low AC content. It has a great influence on the distribution of field strength in oil-paper insulation, especially the field strength in transformer oil.

This article considers the influence of a tacking with curvilinear knives on the quality of sulfated bleached softwood pulp crushing, certain paper-forming characteristics of the paper pulp are determined as well.

The aims of this research is assessing ecosystem services and helping to integrate the multiplicity functions of urban ecosystems into city planning and management processes. Among the important impacts of trees in gardens and streets in removing CO2 and improving air quality and climate, In the center of Al-Najaf (Iraq). This study included realistic statistics and was incorporated into a modified program (ITE Eco Model), where the trees were inventoried. Then assess the status of trees and the variation in tree types and use this information in the assessment of environmental services. According to this study, it is recommended to increase park areas and care for trees and not to cut them from the point of view of ecosystem service, according to the key to the ecosystem of afforestation.

List of Papers for IOP is available in this PDF.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method of measuring the usage effectiveness of the equipment. This method is known as an application of a Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) program. The ability to clearly identify the source of problem and it causal factors is the main advantage of this method since the improvement effort becomes focused. Pulp and Paper Industries is one of the manufacturing companies that produce dissolving pulp products (rayon fibre). Based on data from the fibre line department, for the period of January - July 2016, the production process of rayon fibre often experienced constraints due to the high downtime and losses in the pulp machine. This is caused of using production process equipment that had not operate optimally. It is important to find out the source of the problem and its causal factors before the company makes any improvement effort. This study aims to identify equipment losses and measure the achievement of OEE values in the pulp machine. The measurement result shows that the average of the effectiveness of pulp machine for the period of January - July 2016 was 74.01% and based on Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) the value has not reached the standard that is > 85%, however, there is still possibility for improvement. One of the loss factors that give the most significant effect on the overall equipment effectiveness of the pulp machine is the reducing speed, where it comprises 27.6% of the loss. One way to minimize the loss is by maintaining the actual speed of operation and maintaining wear on each pulp machine roll.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method of measuring the effectiveness of the use of equipment. This method is known as an application of a Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) program. The ability to clearly identify the source of problem and it causal factors is the main advantage of this method since the improvement effort becomes focused. Pulp and Paper Industries is one of the manufacturing companies that produce dissolving pulp products (rayon fibre). Based on data from the fibre line department, for the period of January - July 2016, the production process of rayon fibre often experienced constraints due to the high downtime and losses in the pulp machine. This resulted in the use of production process equipment that had not been optimal. It is important to find out the source of the problem and its causal factors before the company makes any improvement effort. This study aims to identify equipment losses and measure the achievement of OEE values in the pulp machine. The measurement result shows that the average of the effectiveness of pulp machine for the period of January - July 2016 was 74.01% and based on Japan Institute Of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) the value has not reached the standard that is > 85%, however, there is still possibility for improvement. The losses that give the most significant effect on the overall equipment effectiveness of the pulp machine is reduce speed that was equal to 27.6%. One way to minimize the losses is by maintaining the actual speed of operation and maintaining wear on each pulp machine roll.

In this research, design optimization of the dryer paper machine gear (driven gear) is performed by adding a stress-relieving hole feature. The aim of this research is to find the effect of hole features with a specific position and diameter size in reducing the value of stress that occurs so that the lifetime of the gear will increase. Design optimization begins with finding problem data that occurs in work field and continues with the analysis by mathematical calculations and software simulation by using Autodesk Inventor 2017 education version to find stress distribution that occurs on the gear with the current operating load used. From the analysis carried out on the gear in operational working conditions, the maximum stress value occurs on the fillet radius area with 22.7 MPa. With the addition of a stress-relieving hole feature in the area around the fillet radius, the optimal stress reduction was obtained by 7.05% to 21.08 MPa. Keywords: gear, analysis, optimization, hole feature, stress.

This paper is intended to explain how to make empty bunches of palm oil as the basic ingredients of papermaking. Which with wood-based paper will indirectly lead to increased logging in the forest. On the other hand, paper production and demand continue to increase with a consumption rate of 349 tons per year. The need requires a timber of 45 million m3. So other raw materials needed alternative, one empty bunch of oil palm. Which is a waste of palm oil industry and contains cellulose. The production of palm oil in Indonesia is 31.07 million tons per year (BPS, 2015), and produces 25-26% empty bunches of palm oil waste. The method used in this research is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Then the data collected by using literature review techniques with various references related to the utilization of empty bunches of palm oil as raw material for paper making, as well as with documentation techniques. The data is processed with the pattern of deductive piker and interpretation of the author. The results of this study illustrate that empty bunches of palm oil can be optimized into products with a high economic value of papermaking materials. This can reduce the volume of palm oil waste and also become a solution to overcome the exploitation of timber that affects deforestation.

This study aims to develop a paper indicator from Aerva sanguinolenta plant extract. The experimental method is used including the analysis of the dye, the extraction of various solvents, the test of the phenolic compound, and the absorbance measurement of the UV-Vis spectrophotometry of the plant extract, and the creation of indicator paper by absorbing the extract of A. sanguinolenta, and testing it on the pH range of 1-14. The experimental results show that the indicator made from coarse filter paper with ethanol extract of the polypropylene binder of the decoction product has the best characteristic shown by the absorbance of 1,186 ppm of bright purple anthocyanin. The resulting color change range is evident from purple to yellow in the pH range 11-12. This research is expected to facilitate the teacher using indicator paper in practice.