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The study is done at a paper company in west java by doing evaluation of waste paper supplier of raw materials with the aim of gaining evaluation criteria supplier and ranking supplier. The process of making evaluation criteria supplier is done by using the method hierarchy (AHP) analytical process and ranking with the approach of the supplier technique for order preference by similarity to (TOPSIS) solution of a problem. according data processing by using both the main criterion used this method produced 6, the quality criteria, delivery, the price of, resources, service, and company management and putting quality criteria as the criteria with the weighting for 30,7 % of as much as. While the supplier of ranking. the best supplier PT. CMN and PT. AMN supplier as the worst alternative supplier of 5. Made with a model evaluation criteria and ranking supplier is expected to supplier evaluation process useful for other types of businesses the same paper companies.

A paper-based colorimeter for absorbance and concentration measurement of the food colouring dye is proposed. The paper-based colorimeter system consists of a white LED as light source, paper-based cuvette holder, and smartphone light sensor. The paper-based colorimeter with smartphone light sensor is low-cost, mobile and real-time for the detection of colouring dye concentration. The detection response of the paper-based colorimeter system was found to be linear with the colouring dye concentration in the range from 0 to 0.025 g/mL with a correlation coefficient (R2) 0.89±0.04. The experimental results show that this paper-based colorimeter system is highly sensitive and have a potential application, from student labs to small industries.

This study aims to obtain the best operating conditions including pyrolysis time and amount of catalyst in oil fuel production from reject plastic as raw material with coal fly ash as catalyst based on its yield and characteristics. Both reject plastic and coal fly ash are waste originating from a paper industry in Medan. This research was carried out in three steps: preparation of reject plastic and coal fly ash, oil fuel production and characterization (composition of coal fly ash and density, viscosity and heating value of oil fuel). The main components in the coal fly ash are SiO2, C and Al2O3 that are 30.36%, 27.11% and 24.04% respectively. The yields of oil fuel are in the range of 14.18% - 26.58%. From 12 samples, 10 samples meet the standard density whereas 8 samples meet the standard viscosity for diesel fuel based on ASTM D-975. The best operating condition is achieved when using 15% catalyst with 2 h pyrolysis time that produce oil fuel with the highest heating value.

India has one of the world's fastest expanding pulp and paper markets. With a growth rate of more than 10% per year in terms of per-capita growth, The pulp and paper industry requires a lot of capital investment, energy, and water. A paper mill produces 40 to 50 kg of dry sludge (70 percent primary sludge and 30 percent secondary sludge) when 1 tonne of paper is produced. Most of this sludge is now disposed of by land spreading and filling, both of which involve high disposal costs. Pulp and paper industry is one of the most polluted industries in the world in general and India in particular. India produces 10.11 million tons paper per annum which is 2.6% of world’s overall production quantity of paper. This study present using paper mill waste as a component in the manufacture of burnt bricks as a possible route to environmentally friendly construction. This research report details the findings of an experimental investigation into the production of eco-friendly, bricks using soil and paper mills. This research exhibits some increased compressive strength in mix of papermill waste.

For the past few years, the generation of the solid waste was increasing which makes the environment pollution. In such solid waste products are reused by waste management process like gasifier. The solid waste products majorly dump into the municipal wastages, the paper cup waste was regular waste from the municipalities in such waste was regular in practice. Recycling of paper cups is not easy because it has a paraffin or polyethylene plastic and also need 150 years to degrade. So far focus on the recycling of paper cup waste, which was treated to the downdraft gasifier when the producer gas formed by means of supplying compressed air to the gasifier, After that the producer gas pass with inlet air into to the combustion chamber. In this project deals the analysis of paper cup waste which characterized by using TGA, CHN analysis and also evaluated the performance of CI engine.

Recent Industry looking for paper battery with highly flexibility, easily handling and high voltage. Currently, battery occupies a large quantity of vicinity and contributes to a big part of device weight. In this paper, we use carbon nanotubes with conventional sheet of cellulose based paper as cathode, aluminum foil as anode and a polyethylene (plastic paper) of 50µm as a separator to obtain adaptability, ultra-thin electricity storage without a loss of integrity and performance. In this attempt folded anode and cathode sheets which resulted increase in voltage and achieved approximately 40% more than other paper batteries. Voltage 3.38V is achieved which is better than the preceding existing paper battery voltage.

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is one of solid waste from crude palm oil (CPO) mill. It’s about 20-22% from fresh fruit bunches (FFB) or equal to the CPO yield. Indonesian CPO production in 2019 was 51.8 million tons; increased by 9% compared to 2018. So, about 51.8 million tons of EFB was available in 2019. EFB is a potential lignocellulosic material for pulp and paper. The utilization of EFB fibers for papermaking has been studied extensively. The use of EFB for printing and writing papers tends to cause pitch problems and poor visual appearance. The most potential use of EFB fibers is for packaging papers. EFB fiber is classified as short up to moderate fibers, so its usage must still be mixed with other fibers to improve the sheet strength. Many experiments have been done regarding the mixture of EFB fibers with other fibers such as OCC (Old Corrugated Containers) and UBC (Used Beverage Cartons) recycled fibers. Other types of paper from EFB are still being developed, including for nursery bags and active packaging papers.

Dynamic simulation is increasingly adopted in the preventive conservation of cultural heritage as an advanced method to investigate strategies for mitigating the climate-induced degradation. The conservation of paper collections is strongly interrelated with the relative humidity of the air, as organic-hygroscopic materials act as buffers on relative humidity fluctuations while being vulnerable to moisture-induced damage. In the dynamic simulation of the microclimate within library and archival storage facilities, it is thus fundamental to include the hygrothermal interaction between the building and its hygroscopic content. The hygroscopic behaviour of paper collections can be modelled by hygrothermal tools such as those of the HAM-family (Heat, Air and Moisture), used to simulate simultaneous heat and mass transfers through porous envelope materials. This research aims at investigating the use of the HMWall model coupled with the software IDA ICE (Indoor Climate and Energy) to simulate of the 1-D heat and moisture transfer through a single wall made of paper. A literature survey was carried out to collect the available hygrothermal properties of modern and historical papers. Sensitivity analysis was used to identify the most relevant hygrothermal parameters in the simulation of moisture gradients across the paper wall. Moreover, the number of sub-layers in the paper wall model was found to significantly affect the internal distribution of moisture gradients. The use of the HMWall model was then tested in the simulation of the hygroscopic behaviour of a single paper wall in both steady-state and transient conditions. Finally, a simplified model able to preserve the accuracy of the results was proposed with the purpose of reducing the computation effort that a high-resolution model could involve if implemented in whole buildings. This study represents the first step towards the application of the HMWall model for the simulation of the indoor climate of library repositories.

Methane yield is one of the important factors that indicate the anaerobic digestion (AD) process efficiency. The AD is an available treatment of recycled pulp and paper sludge (RPPS) and recycled pulp and paper wastewater (RPPW). This process protects the environment and produces methane, which is considered as renewable energy. In this study, the anaerobic treatment of the RPPW and RPPS were studied using 1L completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at laboratory scale with mesophilic conditions. However, a kinetic study was carried out using four models in order to compare and adjust the experimental results. The experimental results show that the RPPW and RPPS methane productions were between 691 and 945 mL/g based on volatile solid (VS), and the corresponding digestion time was about 26 days for the both experiment. The corresponding digestion time could be understood through the methane production kinetic models by digestion experiments within a short time. Different kinetics models were tested including Richards, Logistic, modified Gompertz and Cone models. The obtained results show the modified Gompertz model as the suitable model since it gives the lowest deviation from experimental results. Therefore, the proposed model could be used to accurately predict behavior of AD processes.

For the investigation of porous media with applications in the field of civil engineering on concrete and mortar, NMR technology is used, with emphasis on the sensitivity of 1H hydrogen protons to pore filling fluids. NMR technology was used to highlight the changes that replacing cement with recycled paper ash powder in mortar recipes brings at a molecular level. The samples are analyzed during 56 days, at predetermined deadlines depending on the evolution of cement compounds hydration. Ability of recycled paper ash to replace cement in its role as binder is analyzed and the results obtained from mechanical tests are correlated with the structure and volume of pores in the control samples. Mixture compositions and C–S–H characteristics are calculated based on NMR signal intensities and relaxation analysis.

The pulp and paper sector currently plays important part in the world’s economy. In this paper, we present a review of pulping technologies to convert logs or wood chips and non-woody materials into pulp for use in papermaking which consist of mechanical, chemical and semi-mechanical. It also talks about the history of papermaking and various important factors involved in producing high quality pulp and paper such as H-factor (time and temperature), alkaline charge, liquor to wood ratio, and sulphidity. This paper also discusses about challenges facing by the pulp and paper industry or processes, namely high use of energy and chemicals, as well as generation of liquid and solid wastes of large quantities. This paper will be handier for those who are new to the field of pulping research for paper production.

Paper industry has a big potency of energy that can be reused in its sludge. However, the water content of the sludge is still high and need to be dried. In this study, the characteristics of the sludge at different water content are explored. The sludge is collected from paper industry in Sumatera Utara province of Indonesia mainly at 70% water content. The experiments are carried out at lower water content that is from 10% to 60%. The proximate and ultimate analyses are carried out and the calorific values are discussed. The objective is to explore the potency of the sludge if it is employed as solid fuel. The results show that reducing water content of the sludge affects the characteristics of the sludge. The lower water content increases fixed carbon value, calorific value and volatile matter.

Paper documents provide important records of human civilization and so understanding the causes of paper document aging is very important to delay the process and prolong the lifespan of paper. This study used an anionic rosin as a sizing agent and aluminum sulphate as a fixing agent, to produce paper with different amounts of aluminum sulphate. The effect of different contents of aluminum ions on the acidification and aging of the paper was studied by accelerated aging experiments. The results showed that the presence of aluminum ions in paper could accelerate the acidification and aging process, and the higher the content of aluminum ions, the worse the durability of paper. In the process of accelerated aging, with increasing aluminum ion content, the rate of decline in the strength and whiteness of paper increased whilst the pH value decreased. Accelerated aging under the same conditions for 15 days caused the pH value, whiteness, tensile index and tear index of paper without aluminum ions to decrease by 14.77%, 3.15%, 7.99% and 11.70% respectively. In comparison, paper which had aluminum sulphate added to 30 kg per ton of paper, showed the decreases of pH, whiteness, tensile index and tear index by 22.62%, 4.35%, 24.66% and 31.07% respectively.

Paper making requires raw materials with high cellulose and hemicellulose content. The alternative materials that can be used in the paper making are sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib. The paper production method used in this study is acetosolve which involves acetic acid as an organic solvent. The objectives of this research are to figure out the acetic acid concentration in delignification process and the ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib that produce pulp with the highest yield, cellulose and kappa number. In this research, there are some variables, the first is the levels of acetic acid concentration in delignification process, which are 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, the second is the ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib, which are 20:0, 18:2, 16:4, 14:6, 12:8, 10:10. The results show that the best pulping conditions are found to be 80% acetic acid concentration with 12:8 (w/w) ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib, and also 1:20 (w/v) ratio between raw material and solution of acetic acid at two hours cooking duration. The highest yield of pulp in acetosolve process was 63.1%, and its characteristics are 84.67% of cellulose and 10.44 kappa number.

The goal of the research is to improve the surface states of kraft paper and to make coated kraft paper with wear resistance suitable for packaging material. Based on wear and coating mechanism, the research analyzed and compared the characteristics and microstructure of uncoated paper and coated paper.The result shows that coating can reduce the surface resistance and friction of paper.Kraft paper was coated with the VaporCoatTM2200.s coating in the research. The research studied the influence of coating process on wear resistance of coated kraft paper.Two hundred groups of experimental datum of each sample show that the optimal coating weight is 18g/m2. As expected, coated kraft paper has better wear resistance and other performance than the uncoated kraft paper. The results show that the coating technology is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly process. The research provides the theoretical basis and data supporting for packaging enterprises to produce the coated paper-based packaging materials with wear resistance.

This study addresses the need to improve life on earth by finding a way to reintroduce ubiquitous waste back into the system. On a hand, there is the amount of cellulosic waste that can no longer be reintroduced into the paper recycling process. On the other hand, the amount of cement used globally, is growing alarmingly. My study seeks the balance of a mix of these two materials, which would generate desirable effects both from an engineering and ecological point of view. Paper ash, is a material made of particles of various sizes and can play various roles in the composition of mortars. The efficacy of particles up to 0.025 mm in size (powder ash) as a cement substitute and the efficiency of particles in size between 0.025 and 8 mm (flakes) as a pozzolanic additive are demonstrated. The results of the mechanical tests to which the samples were subjected show the possibility of reducing the amount of cement used in standard recipes by adding ash from recycled paper, without compromising the physical and mechanical properties of the mortars. The cement economy can rise up to 20 percent while the mechanical strength increases by 5-10 percent compared to the basic recipe.

Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. In this research, the sugarcane bagasse was dry and chopped into 5 cm in lengths. The fibre and pulp were separated and put in a pulp disintegrator then it was weighed and mixed with water. The paper that fabricates will be irradiated with gamma-ray and then followed by characterizing with Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM-EDX result shows that the weight and atomic percentage of the ferrite (Fe) increase after the irradiation. While for the FTIR, the entire sample exhibit the absorption range of 3400 to 2400 cm−1 region. The paper will be compared with the properties of multipurpose paper.

One of the strategies to improve the food shelf - life is to utilize functional packaging. The functional packaging could contain antimicrobial agents to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms or antioxidants to prevent oxidative degradation. Vanillin, known as one of the most common food flavoring ingredients, could serve as a potent antioxidant. This paper focuses on the development of a methodology to determine vanillin content in the coated paper using gas chromatography. The vanillin was extracted from vanillin-coated paper using water as the aqueous phase and dichloromethane (DCM) as the organic phase. The effect of filtration on vanillin extraction and water to DCM ratio used for extraction were investigated. It was concluded that the extraction without filtration with water to DCM ratio of 1:2 was the best setting for the vanillin extraction from vanillin- coated paper.

The cement industry is one of the most polluting industries globally, due to the high amount of CO2 emissions generated during production. Improving the sustainability of cement production is thus vital. Waste paper is also a big problem for many societies, especially in developed countries, where the use of board and paper increases almost every day. This work examines the possibility of using incinerated waste paper ash (IWPA) and non-incinerated waste paper (NIWP) as a partial replacement for cement (by weight) in mortar mixtures. For non-incinerated waste paper, the tested replacement levels were 1%, 1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5%, while for incinerated waste paper, the replacement levels were 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. An additional mix without any replacement was also cast for comparison purposes. The fresh and hardened properties of mortar were assessed using flow rate, compressive strength, direct tensile strength, water absorption, and dry density tests, and two test ages (7 and 28 days) were considered for the compressive and tensile strength tests, though water absorption and density tests were undertaken at 28 days only. The results showed that the presence of waste paper (incinerated or non-incinerated) reduced the flow rate of fresh mortar as compared with the reference mix. It was also found that, for the NIWP mixtures, 1% replacement of cement was the most efficient percentage; this increased the compressive strength by 16% and the direct tensile strength by 19% at 28 days of age. For the IWPA mixes, the results showed that the best replacement ratio was 5%, where the compressive strength and direct tensile strength were improved by 10% and 11% at 28 days, respectively. These 1% NIWP and 5% IWPA mixtures gave similar water absorption of 7% to the reference mix.

Tomato is a fruit that does not last long (perishable), so it is necessary to find another alternative to increase its economic value. One of those alternatives that can be done is by making a fermented product called nata de tomato. Nata de tomato contains microbial cellulose which is formed by the bacteria Acetobacter xylinum. This microbial cellulose has some advantages over the typical cellulose found in common plants. Thus, it potentially could be further developed in the papermaking. This research was conducted to study the effects of combining microbial cellulose pulp from nata de tomato with tomato powder on paper quality, such as water content, grammage and water absorbency. In this research, the tomato filtrate was used as a growth medium for Acetobacter xylinum to produce nata de tomato. Then, nata de tomato was shredded into pulp, while its waste was dried into tomato powder and used as additional material for the pulp. This research was designed using a single factor experiment with variation in the addition of tomato powder by 0, 1, 3 and 5 % (w/w). The effects of this variation observed using variance analysis and significant test using the LSD (Least Significant Difference) method.

Computational simulation for the fluid flow in a paper based microfluidic system was performed and was experimentally validated in this work. Comsol Multiphysics based simulation was performed and the module used was species transport in porous medium. Two separate simulation for the reagent distribution and the interaction of sample with the immobilized reagent in paper based microfluidics devices were carried out. This was performed by varying the parameters such as adsorption constant, diffusivity and average velocity of fluid in the porous medium for finding the concentration profile. Finer mesh were used for the simulation which gives more accurate results with less computational time. The reagent distribution was experimentally validated by dropping methylorange indicator over Whatman filter paper.

Several essential oils have been evaluated as antibacterial agent in the production of natural paper from banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.), namely cinnamon, clove, lime and lemon oil. The purpose of the research was to examine the antibacterial activity of the papers with additive of those several essential oils againt Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Paper preparation was successfully carried out by alkalization method, using 4% NaOH at a temperature of 100 °C for 1 h. The essential oils as antibacterial agent were added with concentration 2.5% to the pulp (1:40). The antibacterial activities were tested using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All of the paper produced meet the standard of ISO 6519:2016 about Basic Paper for Laminated Plastic Wrapping Paper within the parameter of pH and water content. The result of the research showed that all of the paper with essential oils additive has antibacterial activity againt S. aureus, but only paper with cinnamon oil additive that have antibacterial activity againts E. coli. The use of cinnamon oil gave the largest inhibition zone diameter both on S. aureus and E. coli. Paper with cinnamon oil additive had inhibition zone diameter 18 mm on S. aureus (strong category) and 9 mm on E. coli (medium category).

In this paper, we describe a Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (μPADs) for the simultaneous quantification of two important biomarkers of kidney function in blood. This paper provides a simple, disposable, portable, and inexpensive colorimetric method for the quantification of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCRE). BUN detection is based on the Berthelot reaction, in which urea is converted to ammonium by the use of urease, ammonium ion which then reacts with a mixture of salicylate, sodium nitroprusside, and hypochlorite to yield a blue-green chromophore. sCRE detection is based on the Jaffe reaction, in which sCRE under alkaline conditions react with picrate ions forming an orange complex. The intensity of the color formed is proportional to the BUN & sCRE concentration in the sample. Various experimental parameters were optimized to achieve the best performance of the μPADs. There were no significant differences between the results obtained using the μPADs and a comparative method.

The determination of the antioxidant activity in green tea using FRAP essays developed in a Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (μPADs) was observed. μPAD was prepared on the chromatographic paper with a suitable pattern and then printed using a solid ink printer. The solid printing was intended to obtain a hydrophobic barrier and a hydrophilic channel on the chromatographic paper. A preliminary study was done to determine the optimum time and temperature used on the penetration of obtaining the hydrophobic barrier to avoid leakage in the channel. Optimization of temperature and time was calculated by the average velocity, the optimum condition was obtained at 120 °C for 90 seconds with an average speed of 0.1 mm.s−1. The green tea samples were prepared by extracting its active compound using demineralized water at 25 °C and 90 °C with 2 hours of immersion time. For the measurement of antioxidant activities, the analysis was carried out by placing 0.5 μl in the detection zone and 5 μl samples into the sample zone μPAD. Then, the color reaction product, which propagates from the sample zone to the detection zone, is processed by Image J software to measure color intensity in CMYK mode. Extracts of green tea samples at 25 °C and 90 °C has a significant difference in antioxidant activity. These results indicate that the method developed in this work can be used as an alternative method for analyzing antioxidant activity in green tea extract. The results of the average amount of antioxidant activity in green tea samples were shown with Fe2+ concentration. High-speed detection, low cost, high accuracy, and ease of use can be attributed to the advantages of our μPAD method.

Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (μPADs) are a simple analytical platform that satisfy combination of low cost, portability, and ease-to-use with selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. In this experiment, the μPADs devices are prepared using a chromatographic paper and designed at appropriate pattern prior to printing by mean of a solid ink (wax) printer to produce hydrophobic barriers and hydrophilic channels. Then, the μPADs are heated at 120°C for 3 min to allow a wax penetrates in the both side of a paper. The resulted μPADs are used for the detection of benzoic acid through alkalimetry principle. For this purpose, the devices are implanted with 5M NaOH in the detection zone and a 2% phenolphthalein indicator in the sample zone before dried in open air. When the devices have dried, the μPADs are ready to be used to detect benzoic acid. To avoid color interferences, the samples are distilled before introduced to the sample zone for quantitative detection. The result soft the color changes can be immediately seen by naked eye, and their intensities are quantified by the Image J software. Excellent linearity is achieved in the range of benzoic acid concentration of 20-120 ppm with the linear equation of Y = 0.0102 x + 0.0077 and the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. The optimized μPADs devices are successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of benzoic acid in the 5 kinds of commercially packaged beverages. There is no significantly different of the analytical results obtained by the µPADs in comparison to the spectrophotometric method. Overall, the results obtained in this study indicate that the μPADs devices are a reliable tool for high throughout and on-site determination of benzoic acid content in commercial drinks.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device has been fabricated and subsequently applied to determine the Vitamin C level of the non-seasonal fruit i.e pineapples, oranges, guavas, and apples in Indonesia. µPAD was prepared by creating a hydrophobic barrier on Whatman Chromatography paper No. 1 in a certain pattern printed using Xerox Colorcube 8580 DN-2. 0.05 µl of 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol was dispersed into a detection area on the µPAD devices prior to the addition of 0.2 µl of fruits juice samples. The barrier allowed the fruits juice to flow and alter the color of the reagents through a redox reaction. Vitamin C in fruit juice altered the color of 2.6-Dichlorophenolindophenol reagent into a pinkish color. The changing of the reagent color was then processed using Image J software to determine the RGB intensity level. The results showed that the average amounts of Vitamin C in pineapples, oranges, guavas, and apples are 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.08%, and 0.04% respectively.

This work describes comparation two designs of a microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) using a wax printing for fabrication of hydrophobic zones on the chromatographic paper and their application to the detection of lead in waste samples. Two different designs used in this research were distance-based method and analysis image method. Sodium rhodizonate in tartrate buffer solution (pH 2.8) solution are used as the colorimetric reagents for the direct naked eyed detection of lead(II) on µPADs. The detection of lead(II) concentration is conducted by measuring the distanceof a colored reaction product which propagate in the detection zone (design 1) and the change in color intensity on the µPADs is also used for the lead detection using ImageJ software to determine the RGB value (design 2). Related to both methods can be used to determine the concentration of lead(II) with a comparable coefficient of determination, but based on the analysis method, design one is a design that is very simple, easy, fast, inexpensive and only uses the naked eye for detection.

FMEA is a widely selected tool for the application of machinery breakdown prevention. This research adopted FMEA technique to reduce and prevent the breakdown of the important equipment of a large commercial paper machine that has capacity of 200,000 tonnes per annum located in the Northeast area of Thailand. This research accomplished the improvement of preventive maintenance in other machines for rapid implementation and improved machine inspections. After implementation, the downtime of paper machine belonging to maintenance department responsibility reduced significantly 5 hours per month by average, machine availability, OEE, and MTBF increased 0.46%, 0.51%, and 10 hours respectively. The machine downtime has been on the downward trend.

The Tea packaging paper sack process at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII is done manually using human labor to lift paper sack weighing 40-60 kg. This condition makes it harder for the labor and increases the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). In the existing condition, the RULA score is seven which have high risk of work accidents. To minimize the risk of MSDs, a proposed work tool is designed using the Ergonomic Function Deployment approach to produce ergonomic tools. The proposed work tool was developed with the ESHCE principle (Effective, Safe, Healthy, Comfortable, and Efficient) which became a variable in meeting the Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) approach. The research results showed that the proposed work tools could help workers in carrying out packaging activities with the decrease in the RULA value on the labor’s posture and could reduce processing time because it united all activities in the packaging area. So it can be concluded that the proposed work tools can reduce the risk of MSDs and can help workers to process the packaging of tea with minimum time.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method of measuring the usage effectiveness of the equipment. This method is known as an application of a Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) program. The ability to clearly identify the source of problem and it causal factors is the main advantage of this method since the improvement effort becomes focused. Pulp and Paper Industries is one of the manufacturing companies that produce dissolving pulp products (rayon fibre). Based on data from the fibre line department, for the period of January - July 2016, the production process of rayon fibre often experienced constraints due to the high downtime and losses in the pulp machine. This is caused of using production process equipment that had not operate optimally. It is important to find out the source of the problem and its causal factors before the company makes any improvement effort. This study aims to identify equipment losses and measure the achievement of OEE values in the pulp machine. The measurement result shows that the average of the effectiveness of pulp machine for the period of January - July 2016 was 74.01% and based on Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) the value has not reached the standard that is > 85%, however, there is still possibility for improvement. One of the loss factors that give the most significant effect on the overall equipment effectiveness of the pulp machine is the reducing speed, where it comprises 27.6% of the loss. One way to minimize the loss is by maintaining the actual speed of operation and maintaining wear on each pulp machine roll.

In chemical pulping process, lignin is targeted to be dissolved and eliminated as much as possible in order to obtain better fiber separation. A primary study was carried out to investigate the effect of sodium hydroxide pretreatment prior to bamboo chemical pulping. The selected bamboo species was Gigantochloa scortechinii which is a well-known bamboo in Malaysia. The bamboo chips were soaked in 2 % sodium hydroxide solution for 6 hours at 60 °C. These treated chips were cooked at 14 % and 18 % of alkali active via kraft pulping process. The unbleached pulp was obtained and made into paper. The pulp and paper were tested according to pulp yield, pulp freeness, paper optical, paper physical and paper mechanical properties. The results exhibited that by using treated bamboo chips, the value of pulp yield, freeness and paper brightness increasing. Slight decrement was observed for mechanical paper properties such as tensile, tear and burst strength. Chemical pretreatment prior to pulping process was investigated to offer significant effects to the pulp and paper properties of bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii. Hence, mild kraft pulping can be carried out to produce bamboo unbleached pulps. In addition, dependency on bleaching sequences can also be declined.

Papers are one of the most used materials in food packaging industries. Additives need to be added in order to improve and prolong sensory properties of food. This is to maintain the food quality level before reaching to the end users. A preliminary study has been conducted to produce antimicrobial paper by blending the pulps of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) with oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). The papermaking was done according to TAPPI Standard Method. Morphological observation using Scanning Electron Microscope was carried out for all samples while physical, optical and mechanical paper properties were also determined. A simple antimicrobial test was also done by using 3 types of fungus namely as Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404, Gram positive Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella choleraesuis (subtype enterica). The morphological observation showed the difference between EFB paper and paper made of blended pulps. Citronella was found to affect the physical, optical and mechanical paper properties as expected. To be specific, the paper opacity was improved while the mechanical properties especially tensile and tear indices were dropped tremendously. However, the presence of Citronella in the paper sheet seems to have good potential as an antimicrobial agent as shown by the antimicrobial test

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water are the materials to make concrete. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as cement replacement or addition in concrete production will reduce environmental pollutions. This review paper is to investigate the effect of waste paper on mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength and flexural strength. From many previous studies before this, 5% and 10% waste paper as cement replacement and additions were the ideal percentages to increase the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. This study indicates waste paper can give benefit by using it as additional material in concrete production.

Issues related to the performance and processing remain a challenge when managing materials from renewable and natural resources. This study aims to show the potential of biopolymer film composite from cassava starch and carboxymethylcellulose to replace the synthetic coating and the area of studies are its barrier, mechanical and chemical properties. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis identified that only film containing CMC could act as antimicrobial agent carrier. The biopolymer film coated on the kraft paper with the presence of 30% v/v glycerol and 10% w/w CMC had the highest tensile strength, at 15 MPa. The film-coated paper also exhibited a hydrophobic surface with reduction of the contact angle from 104.95° to 96.33° for 120 seconds. Meanwhile, addition of turmeric oil into developed BF 3 showed insignificant changes in tensile strength but reduced the contact angle to less than 90°. Thus, the formulated coating materials can be used as an alternative green technology for paper coating used in food industry and can be classified as a form of active packaging.

Plastic pollution has become a global concern due to poor plastic waste disposal management. As an alternative, independent recycling efforts are necessary. A Plastic shredder machine is a preliminary machine used to cut plastic waste into small pieces before turning it into useful products. The concept design of the shredder machine that is currently available is fairly similar. The shaft and blades are the critical components in the shredder machine that determines its performance. The geometry and orientation of the blades that were fitted into the single or double-shafts were found to directly affect the shredding performance. Therefore, this article aims to review the various geometry and orientations of the blades that give direct effect on the shredding performance, as well as identifying the research gaps related to the shredder machine for plastic waste materials

Shrimp is a type of perishable food. This study developed a simple indicator label using colorimetric method for monitoring shrimp freshness. This indicator label was made from natural dye extract of Ruellia simplex flowers which immobilized on cellulose paper by dip coating method. The indicator labels were used for examining freshness of shrimp. In this experiment, shrimp were stored in sealed bottles that have been labeled using the indicator and stored at 13 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C for a certain range of time. Color changes of the indicator labels were observed using digital photography after shrimp storage for 0 h, 2 h, 17 h and 24 h. The color changes that occur were quantified and analyzed using the ImageJ program. The color of the indicator label when detecting the fresh shrimp was pink and after the shrimp spoilage began, the color of the label changed to purple and then became yellow when the shrimp is badly spoilage. The color change rates of label indicator increases as the shrimp storage temperature increased. These results indicate that this label indicator can be used as an indicator of the freshness of shrimps and it is not toxic and safe for food.

Theincreasing of demand of pulp and paper products, will following with the growing the pulp and paper industryand generate significant mill waste. The total waste reached 1/3 of the amount raw materials used and ash boiler is the waste with the largest percentage of 52%. For that it takes effort to manage the existing waste. The boiler ash contained the chemical elements, it can be utilized such as fertilizer, because it also contains transition metals in form of heavy metal such as Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chrome (Cr), Cupprum (Cu), Ferrum (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn), the use of boiler ash must follow the threshold specified by the Government. Several studies have been undertaken to reduce and extract heavy metals from ash and sand of the boiler by using carbon dioxide as its ligand. Eelectrochemical method was used to remove and recovery of heavy metals from the incenerator. This study focused on removal of heavy metals using Lauryl Amine as collector and three solvents namely Dichloromethane, Ethanol and n-Hexane. The treatmentswas able to extract the heavy metal and generally reduce the heavy metal content of ash boiler pulp and paper mill waste. The combination treatment used toreduce the heavy metal content of 5 gram Lauryl Amine collector in Dichloromethane solvent for 4 hours process time.

Various data and information in the form of documents will accompany every activity in an institution. The existence of a reliable management to create, store, record, distribute, and maintain documents is needed to generate dynamic information traffic. In addition, the application of document processing can reduce the use of paper in every activity of an institution which will indirectly reduce excessive forest exploitation. The purpose of this research is to analyse digitizing archive application as an integrated archive management application to reduce the use of paper in every activity of an institution. Qualitative descriptive methods was used as a research methodology. The result of this study based of the analysis of the digitizing archive application that has been done in terms of data and procedures can be concluded that digitizing archive application can reduce the use of paper as a document in various institutional activities.

In this review paper we have done a detailed study on the different types of material that we can use for the manufacturing of alloy wheels in order to meet the need of the market. During this project we studied the fatigue analysis of aluminium, magnesium, and titanium alloy wheels on the basis of their deformation under load, maximum shear stress of materials, and equivalent stress of the materials. Also we studied the different methods of production of alloy wheels.

Keywords are used to facilitate searches, inaccurate keyword determination, which can result in searches for journals that do not match the intended title. To overcome this, it is necessary to implement a keyword search in the abstract using deep learning methods from a journal to produce the right keywords that will distinguish journals from one another. The purpose of this study is to implement a keyword search system in abstracts using the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) method as an abstract word search system that produces keyword answers that have context according to the desired keyword results. The results of this study get optimal results in the epoch 500, and from these results using a dataset with of 444 training data and 10 test data for testing.

Good combination of pulping variables is required to obtain the quality pulp and paper characteristics. Thus, in this preliminary work, naturally dried durian rind were pulped under Soda-Anthraquinone (Soda-AQ) pulping process with 18% to 22% alkali charge, 0% to 0.1% Anthraquinone (AQ) charge, 90 minutes to 150 minutes of cooking time and 150°C to 170°C to investigate the effect of pulping variables on the characteristics of the pulp and paper. Pulping condition with 0% of AQ charge was also conducted for comparison. Results indicated that the best screen yield percentage, reject yield percentage, freeness, drainage time, tear index, number of folds and optical properties were shown by the pulp produced with combination of the highest active alkali (22%), AQ charge (0.1%), cooking time (150 minutes) and cooking temperature (170°C) except apparent density, tensile index and burst index. This preliminary result shows that the optimum quality of durian rind pulp as a potential papermaking raw material pulp could be produced by selecting the good combination of pulping variables which influences the pulp and paper characteristics.

The cigarette paper industry is one of the industry that is always experiencing increasing demand from consumers. Consumer expectations for the products produced also increased both in terms of quality and quantity. The company continuously improves the quality of its products by trying to minimize nonconformity, waste and improve the efficiency of the whole production process of the company. In this cigarette industry, there is a disability whose value is above the company's defect tolerance that is 10% of the production amount per month. Another problem also occurs in the production time is too long due to the many activities that are not value added (non value added activities) on the production floor. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to improve the production process of cigarette paper and minimize production time by reducing non value added activities. Repairs done with Lean Six Sigma. Lean Six Sigma is a combination of Lean and Six Sigma concept with DMAIC method (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control). With this Lean approach, obtained total production time of 1479.13 minutes proposal with cycle efficiency process increased by 12.64%.

The large quantities of waste sludge produced by the pulp and paper industry present significant environmental challenges. In order to minimize the amounts of waste, the pulp sludge should be utilized for productive applications. In order to find feasible solutions, the sludge need to be characterized. In this study, the potential of using acid pretreatment and ashing method to determine the chemical compositions of the sludge is investigated. This study shows that acid pretreatment could be used to dissolve and determine the composition of CaCO3 in the pulp sludge. CaCO3 removal also facilitates the measurement of fiber and ash (clay) contents by using the ashing method. The optimum acid concentration used to completely dissolve CaCO3 was determined using a titration method. Using this method, the measurement of the chemical composition of the sludge sample revealed that it consisted primarily of CaCO3 (55% w/w), clay (25%, w/w), and fibers (18%, w/w). Based on these chemical compositions, potential utilization for the sludge could be determined.

The present-day environmental concerns have provided an incentive for firms to reduce environmental pollution by the reduction in resource consumption which in turn reduces the carbon emissions and other pollutants. To achieve the stakeholder requirement, the firm needs to improve the environmental management system, utilize environmentally friendly activities and strategies for efficient utilization of materials. Different results (positive, negative, no influence) have been documented in previous articles. This study focusses on the measurement of variables and the result of these papers. An inconsistent result has been found between Corporate Environmental Performance (CEP) and Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) relationship, for a sample of 63 empirical studies. In general, environmental performance is positively related to corporate financial performance. The result indicates the variety of environmental variables influencing the results. It is demonstrating that financial benefits (both accounting-based, market-based and others) are more from environmental management and environmental pollution than environmental disclosure. But there is no obvious evidence to demonstrate different financial variables can lead to different correlations.

We have investigated the problem of underwater hazy image enhancement and restoration in this paper studied. Underwater image processing has several applications in the field of oceanic research work and scientific applications such as archaeology, geology, underwater environmental assessment, laying of long distance gas pipelines and communication links across the continents which demand geo-referential surveying of the oceanic bed and prospection of ancient shipwreck. There are many difficulties for undersea optical imaging. To submerging a camera in underwater enough space is required. The maneuvering of the camera with the help from remote place or in person at the site is likewise a complex task. However, the major challenge is imposed by underwater medium properties. Underwater haze image enhancement has gained widespread importance with the rapid development of modern imaging equipment. Though, the contrast enhancement of single underwater hazy image is a cumbersome task for scientific exploration and computational application. At extreme depth, because of attenuation in light propagation, the underwater images are susceptible to inferior visibility.

In today’s competitive world, companies are required to increase productivity and produce high-quality products while managing their operational efficiency. This leads a firm to involve its performing suppliers by taking into account multiple factors. For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), despite its importance, supplier selection is less considered. In this study, a case study for evaluating supplier selection factors in a small-medium scale paper manufacturer in Indonesia is demonstrated using the fuzzy best-worst method (fuzzy BWM). The BWM method that provides a structurally consistent factors comparison through the best and the worst criteria is extended using a fuzzy set to address the ambiguity from decision-makers’ judgement. The evaluation includes five supplier criteria: service, flexibility and delivery, reputation, quality, and purchasing cost. To determine the fuzzy criteria’ weights, the nonlinearly constrained optimization problem was introduced. The result indicated that the best and the worst criteria were respectively service and purchasing cost, while the service criterion was weakly crucial than quality. Besides, the Fuzzy BWM has also provided high consistency in the comparison. The optimal weights determined in this study can be applied for ranking suppliers for further attempts.