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In the context of the processes of professionalization and modernization of political communication and mediatization of politics, the aim of the article is to show how to use social media in strategies for communicating of party leaders on the Polish political scene. The research questions concerned attempts of the politicians to use social media to implement communication marketing strategies, in particular in the aspect of engaging and mobilizing Internet users not only in the periods of electoral campaigns, but also in the long-term perspective. The messages disseminated by politicians in social media (mainly on Facebook and Twitter) were analysed primarily from the point of view of their effectiveness (measured by the popularity of entries and their media visibility). It was important to pay attention to the ways of presenting and creating the political reality by politicians through the media. The empirical research covered the years 2015-2017 and were of the longitudinal nature. The basic research method is the analysis of the content, both quantitative and qualitative. Examining the way of the presentation of specific issues I am using the concept of framing the media messages. According to the first hypothesis (H1), the use of social media by Polish politicians proves the growing professionalization of political communication, especially through the prism of its Americanization based on the concept of a hybrid style of communication, thus adapting selected solutions tested on the American political scene to Polish realities. The second hypothesis (H2) indicates that in the communication strategies of political party leaders, social media are perceived as a communication tool which primary function is not only to inform but also to maintain relations with a potential electorate, in accordance with the assumptions of relationship marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the main results of the study of the Ethnography of the road as a separate and specific sphere of the ethnic tradition of the Tungus on the basis of an integrated approach in the coverage of the geo culture of the peripheral ethno - local groups of the Northern Tungus (Еvens and Evenks). The focus of the research attention is the culture of the road as a set of customs, norms of behavior, material attributes and representations associated with direct movements - a fairly new, successfully developing area of research in Russian Ethnology and social anthropology. We have analyzed the "road language" of traditional Tungus etiquette. The actual material collected in the field from the Tungus of Yakutia showed that the communicative code is implemented through the travel strategies of the Northern nomads. The communicative norms defining behavior on the road are reconstructed, including both the mythical tradition – symbolism and attributes – i.e. the sign elements of the road culture (marked loci and moments of time, significant objects, etc.), and the socio normative -the statuses and norms of behavior of road people. It is revealed that the road rules of the Tungus were basically grouped around the images of the supernatural, there is a close interweaving of mythological ideas with rational knowledge and practical experience. The methodological and theoretical base of the research is characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern international economic relations are characterized by instability and conflict character. Current events in British political, business and economic life make the nation identify itself in new global environment. The image of the country as a strong player on the international arena is powerful tool which aims to unite its citizens and form the consciousness of prosperity and economic development. This fact makes the verbal characteristics of identity formation in discourse a topical issue to study. The aim of the article is to single out communicative strategies which reflect linguistic identity on the pragmatic level. The authors define linguistic identity as a reflection of national identity in discourse. As discourse is a multidimensional phenomenon taking into account extralinguistic components of communication, we aimed to search linguistic means showing belonging of the speaker to geographical location, ethnic stereotypes of behaviour, historical background, confession, symbols of culture and other constituents of linguistic identity. The method of functional analysis was used. The article proposes a functionalpragmatic approach to the identification of verbal means, which testify to the linguistic identity of a particular nation. The definition of functions and purposes of using various lexical, grammatical, syntactic and stylistic means allows to identify markers that indicate the identification of a communicant with a particular group. The materials of the study included the statements of the British Prime Minister Theresa May and representatives of business and economic circles in 2016-2018. As a result of the analysis of practical material, it was possible to identify the following communicative strategies: creation of the image of strangers, solidarity, invocation. The authors come to the conclusion that British identity is a tool for managing the behavior and consciousness of representatives of business circles. Further directions of research can include development of methodology of linguistic analysis of markers of linguistic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution is connected with the previous research realized between the years 2016 and 2017 with the group of seniors who are in danger of cognitive disorders. In this previous research basic communicative categories were set apart in order to establish and develop an interaction with clients. The aim of a following survey was to furher analyse individual manifestations of verbal and non-verbal communication and on the basis of ascertained findings to create functional models that would be helpful to workers of assisting professions who come into everyday contact with the given senior group which is delineated on the basis of their age. The research was realized in terms of the process of an experimental diagnostic-therapeutical intervention and in order to collect data the frequency analysis was used. The frequency analysis furthermore enabled a detailed screening of observed manifestations as well as their comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines professional communication of medical workers with consumers and other specialists of the medical industry over the Internet. The study was based on the descriptive method, including involved observation, the method of communicativepragmatic analysis of discourse, and discourse analysis, through which communication was examined from different perspectives. Communication participants as well as speech strategies and tactics were also analyzed. The study made it possible to describe communicative-pragmatic features, determine the specifics of communicative interaction in network medical discourse and identify its main strategies and tactics. The analyzed material has shown that it is not always possible to clearly and unambiguously identify a specific speech strategy in professional communication. Merging and interpenetration of speech strategies is a characteristic feature of network medical discourse. We should not forget that the human body is a complex system: diseases of one organ are often accompanied by dysfunctions of other organs. Therefore, in order to avoid mistakes, it is important to take into account all the three strategies: (1) treating, (2) diagnosing and (3) recommending. It should be noted that the study of communicative-pragmatic features will significantly expand the theoretical understanding of the network discourse structure and obtain reliable data to compile modern dictionaries on relevant topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to prove the efficiency of innovative technology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, taking into account the specifics of precedent phenomena, i.e., units of discourse, which are understandable without additional explanations. The performed analysis made it possible to distinguish the following groups of precedent phenomena: autoprecedent phenomena (phenomena of the surrounding world); socially-precedent phenomena (known to every representative of a society); nationally-precedent phenomena (familiar to every representative of a national linguo-cultural community); and universally-precedent phenomena (entering into the "universal" cognitive space). Taking into account each of the groups of precedent phenomena is important for teaching Russian as a foreign language, because these phenomena create difficulties for foreign students to understand written or oral speech in the learning process. The reason for these difficulties is the fact that precedent phenomena reflect mental representations of the Russian people, embodied verbally and conceptually, which are unknown to foreign students. So that students can understand and remember these precedent phenomena, reveal their structure, meaning and functional peculiarities in discourse, it is necessary to teach them to correctly decode precedent phenomena, use and correlate them in speech according to their communicative needs, using innovative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political discourse of social networks (and the discourse of Twitter in particular) exhibits a number of structural and semantic features that differentiate it from other political discourses. Such factors as multimodality, interactivity, immediacy and limitation on the message length affect the communication on Twitter in terms of what communicative strategies are used and how they are implemented. This study explores the linguistic and paralinguistic means employed by US presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in the messages on their official Twitter accounts during one month prior to the 2016 election. The research was conducted on 215 Twitter posts by D. Trump and 116 Twitter posts by H. Clinton. Two primary communicative strategies were identified: the strategy of positive imaging of the candidate and the strategy of negative imaging of the opponent. The following communicative tactics used within these strategies were analyzed: positive self-presentation, negative presentation, manipulation, unification, separation. The tactics are realized through various language means, including certain vocabulary choices, rhetorical structures and stylistic devices. The results are discussed in terms of (a) specifics of the format of Twitter communication and its influence on the pre-election political discourse, (b) prevalence of certain communicative tactics and language means in the candidates' discourse patterns, and (c) differences between the Republican and Democratic narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a specific form of organizing and providing the information in the sphere of business, in particular, presentation. In the article the author focuses on a communication strategy - this is a term which unveils the principles of speech organizing from the viewpoint of rhetoric and pragmatics. The author, in the article, considers specific rhetorical techniques, which arrange these means so as to enhance the entire quality of a speech by expressing the key ideas and producing a certain logical or emotional effect on listeners. Basing on different goals of a speaker and bearing in mind the context of presentation, the differentiation on presentations' types is made which is also touched upon in this article. Exploring the peculiarities and types of presentation speeches, providing the rhetorical and linguistic analysis of several recent business speeches, using in their tern, methods such as contextual analysis, conversation analysis, paradigmatic analysis, lexical analysis, rhetorical criticism, the author reveals the ways in which meaning is conveyed by a speaker, what linguistic means may be used as elements of a communication strategy and how the speech goals are achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the peculiarities of Future simple tense functioning in speech acts of order. Speech act of order is considered as a part of speech strategy. The speech act of order may realize a common communication strategy aimed at establishing the status of a speaker. The order may be a part of a private communications strategy related to realize particular communicative tasks in a particular communicative situation - to achieve an action. Independently of expression means speech act of order is characterized by the indication of speaker's will and by the impulse to perform an action. Future simple tense with second person pronouns implement speech act of order (someone's will). Semantic structure of such statements is the following [I order] you will do something. The implicit order is implemented by Future simple tense but intonation has the most important role. Predicates in Future simple tense forms represent the second part of the statement, whereas the first is implicit [I order]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report describes effective and non-effective communication tactics that implement a basic communicative strategy of the main communicant (tourism manager) a persuasion strategy. The specific nature of verbal reasoning strategy is determined in comparison with a persuasion strategy. The response (reactive) actions of the passive communicant - a client of the travel agency - are presented. A comprehensive analysis of cooperative and confrontational strategies using methods of interpretation and description, generalization and analysis is given in a communicative-pragmatic aspect. Characteristics of language indicators of these speech actions are focused on the description of lexicalsemantic level because the lexical and semantic units are understudied being the most promising objects for studies at the same time. The tactics of threat as a part of the persuasion strategy is of particular interest because it is represented by a large number of communicative actions in different implementations (threat to the safety of life, threat of poor living conditions, etc.). The most productive are the argumentative moves based on an appeal to feelings. The lexical indicators of tactics are revealed. They are both nouns and adjectives with negative and positive connotations, semantic clichés. The materials and conclusions of the paper may be useful for pragma- and sociolinguistics, intercultural communication, and also in planning the development of business communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As journalism is viewed as a source and transporter of the values of the society and "the transfer of knowledge", the study of its language is crucial when attempting to give a comprehensive analysis of the changes in axiological assumptions of the society concerning migration processes. This paper sets the goal of sorting out the most common communicative strategies used by political writers and analyzes by what language means and tactics they are mostly achieved. More than 200 articles dedicated to the problems of migration in leading British periodicals, newspapers, and news websites beginning July 2015 and ending February 2016 were subjected to a lingua cognitive analysis. To achieve the goal, we resorted to observation, comparison and generalization of factual evidence and its classification. The study revealed the use of such the communicative strategies as "Building up emotional pressure", "Intimidation", "Pity/Guilt inducement" along with "Discredit", "Idealization" and "Thoughtprovoking" ones. To implement the above-mentioned strategies, political writers resorted to a rich variety of metaphors pertaining to such cognitive spheres as DISASTER, WAR, CRIME, BURDEN, CRISIS, CHALLENGE and WEATHER along with epithets, rhetorical questions, exaggerations, allusions, irony, puns, and alliteration. The use of creolized texts which included a lot of caricatures was mainly connected with the strategies of "Intimidation", "Discredit", and "Provoking thought". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the department of Sciences for Architecture - University of Genoa-, has been establishing a working method that provides a continuous exchange and an interdisciplinary approach among the subjects and professors belonging to the field of communication design and of architecture, connected by the focus of the communication project; according to several ways of development, more topics have been treated, using different skills and knowledge, but organically related. There is no doubt that today we need more and more "communication" and that, in this sense, the project ambit of design is a fertile and productive testing ground: a site of artistic and architectural importance not only must be protected and enhanced in tangible terms, but it is also necessary to promote its values through appropriate communication strategies. The present study gets into this context: the argument is a piece of the city of Genoa, to be enhanced and promoted in its positive aspects, varied and often scantily known to the inhabitants themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors of the paper consider writing as a process of activation and further development of students' thinking. They introduce fundaments based on unsatisfactory state of a written expression of present young generation. It is often characterized by no concept, chaos, incoherence, shallow-thinking, illogicality or inaccuracy in language expression. Stated defections also point out problems in cognitive and metacognitive area. During the creation of the mentioned conception the authors focus mainly on pubescent students. In this period the natural gradual development of cognitive and metacognitive processes take place. This development should be steadily and systematically supported during the whole educational process. Within this period, students' written expression is focused largely on explanatory, essay and argumentation texts. Mastering of these texts is conditioned by a considerable level of cognitive functions. Presented didactical concept is based on a strategy where both teacher and student are consistently oriented towards the process of creation of written communiqué in accordance with solution of a given task/problem; they do not tend to the final product only. The authors proceed from the basic classification of the stages of writing processes that are pre-writing, writing and post-writing. Balanced attention should be paid to all these stages. The authors pay attention mainly to direct relations between the given stages and thinking operations that are typical for them and that are developed through its activation and stimulation by a teacher. They warn of the necessity to respect the sequence of the particular stages, which ideally becomes evident in the gradual mastering and improving of the processes. The authors also point out an importance of support of the metacognitive processes and strategies during writing, which leads to the improvement of the cognitive processes and can be activated within the school environment during the intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. All presented activities and procedure suggestions are not only to teach the students to master the simple thinking operations, but mainly to be aware of relations, categorization and inductive and deductive operations. They should also be able to take more variables into the account and to deduce hypotheses which can bring them to both logical and objective arguments and creation of intellectual communiqué that is correct in sense of language and thoroughly structured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Based on the communication skills of adults it can be made correlations between these skills and those of children, as a means of highlighting the importance of heredity in development, but also to highlight the importance of practicing communication from an early age. To improve communication skills of employees in order to increase performance across the organization, you can make different training, personal development activities etc. Communication is the mediator between people and also the mediator between the machine and employers across the organization. Methodology/approach - To determine these correlations was conducted a study on a preschool education institution in Sibiu, Romania. Questionnaires were distributed to parents, which tested the communication skills of adults, then children were tested on their communication skills. In parallel, it was researched not only the communication skills of children, but also their position towards people with communication difficulties and social adaptation. This part of the research was carried out through an interview, from the story of Oblio, The Point. The character has become an exponent of adaptive difficult people, not classic normality, with above average intelligence who have no real place in society. The interview with subject Oblio has highlighted "special children" because of both responses, and because the nominations made by peers. Findings - Adults who have communication problems often have children who have the same problems being identified also by colleagues. In conclusion, the quality of intra and interpersonal communication has an ontogenetic evolution, but also has hereditary coordinated that can be improved through various musical genres. Research limitations/implications - Due to space economy were analyzed only two goals of the questionnaires, one on communication skills and and one on social skills. Practical implications - Intra and interpersonal communication skills can be practiced from an early age so that in adulthood, integrating to work can be done more easy and with lower costs. Originality/value - This paper presents an original approach, in agreement with other studies in the field, on communication skills of adults and children. Analysis was performed basically in kindergarten, the results are relevant to the issues studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at presenting the realities and factors that allow efficiency in educational communication starting with the inextricable relationship that is being established between communication and education and that enhances its complexity getting new values. In research methodology we have used methods and techniques of qualitative and quantitative research and data processing was done by bibliographic study, research in the field and discussions with the interviewees. The steps in the research on the polls were: the study of special literature, polls, determining the size and structure of the material studied, checking the degree of understanding the polls with the would be interviewees, collecting the polls, data processing, the analysis and interpreting information, drawing conclusions. Having in view the results obtained after the research we can assert that we got good genuine conclusions, some being predictable others on the contrary, but they helped us made a clear image regarding the real aspects for the educational communication. We can say that a diagnosis for the process of communication came out related to the Romanian academic learning the allowed an exact location according to the first criteria of problematic aspects, of specific ways regarding the communicative dysfunctions that can be found in developing the instructive educational activities. The research made has proved that within the didactic process it is incumbent that the one way communication place be an educational communication based on dialogue and collaboration and allowed us to draw suggestions and recommendations for professors in view of having a better way regarding communication from the perspective of interactivity professor- student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pragmatic orientation of the article was influenced by the fact that communication and rhetoric (as a skill) is not part of education programs at the Technical University. If it is present, then only as partial subpart of some subjects (more or less social sciences subjects). In terms of current theory and practice the communication skills are considered as a key factor of success in entering individual to the labor market. Article follows the issue of communication skills, partial results of self-assessment of communication skills and ability of students in bachelor and master degree of Technical University (as part of the core competencies to enhance employability and selfemployability). In the discussion is compared domestic and foreign research which confirming the continuing negative trend of disposition of communication skills in the educational and professional process. In the conclusion is underlined the need to develop of communication skills of graduates in the area of educational and professional training for their successful self-employment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a contemporary world that dazzles an abundance of knowledge and an unbelievable capacity of technological communication, we witness the show of a social life jammed with contradictions, in which community civilisation are unable to find communication bridges. Knowledge and respect of heritage values of a community, lead to a deeper understanding of the complexity of the world we live in, of the mutual influences and conditioning in the social, economic, political and cultural life. Choir singing is one of the most straightforward and accessible methods of human and social communication, due to its three-folded message significance: musical, poetic and performance vibration - it is the collective voice which best expresses the affections of the collectivity. Choral associations, national and international represent the widest framework of manifestation of the choir formations of all types, which provide simultaneously the optimum conditions for partnering and cooperation among affiliated choir formations, that music is a language of intelligence and sensibility, of inductive-emotional and conceptual-ideatic essence, which favours the development of personality and character. The cultural dialogue and human relations between choir singers contribute to the promotion of ethnical, linguistic, cultural and religious diversity. Direct and indirect beneficiaries of the cultural projects are the choir singers that take part in the concerts and choir masterclasses, the viewers and the cultural and artistic education institutions, the cultural and humanitarian association and foundations, massmedia, as well as the composers, conductors, musicologists, music critiques and individuals in political, administrative and cultural positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]