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Gert Biesta makes a distinction on three dimensions when he discussed the purposes of lifelong learning, the economical dimension, the democratic dimension, and the personal dimension. In this paper I would like to emphasize on the importance of democratic dimension. But it is necessary to explore some important questions. What kind of content about democracy that we would like to implement through adult education? What is the educational approach to implementing democracy? Generally speaking, democracy is related to concepts and ideas such as inclusion, consensus through deliberation, active citizenship. However, they have some problems in relation to democracy. The aim of this paper is to elucidate these problems. If we do not consider these issues, we could not adequately evaluate our education praxis, but staying on inconsequential discussion without challenging the supremacy of economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern institutional theory demonstrates astute attitude to studying transactional costs. The key explanation of transactional costs will include the costs, which the economic entity will bear while complying with the conditions of economic exchange. This is one of the guiding reasons why institutional theory of economics is often referred to as the economic theory of transactional costs. The real volume of transactional costs in the Global economy is getting increasingly high. Economic entities are facing the necessities to process costs, which are accrued above the purchase and sale or exchange transaction. Thus, the evident necessity to structure categories of costs occurring and to come up with the new methods of scrutinizing the existing approaches, is evolving. Scientific attempts to study the nature and the reason of transactional costs in the economy have come to a spectacular level. This article is mainly dedicated to complex observation of existing approaches of examining and calculation of transactional costs. While discussing transactional costs in the paper the authors are inclined to consider the consequence of limited rationality of the economic entity, the complexity of the economic environment and the coordination system in which economic transaction occurs. In this perspective, the authors will demonstrate that excessively high transactional costs have substantial economic influence. The authors will also provide the rationale for government and social institutions to decrease abovementioned costs with the exemplified informal norms and formal rules. The aim of the provided paper is to organize cabinet research in the field of transaction costs and their influence on the environment and economic activity of the business entity. The object of the research is the diversified typology of transaction costs. As the subject of the research the authors have chosen to study the essence and the reasons for transactional costs existence. According to the stated aim, the authors, while proceeding with the course of the paper, will be solving the following tasks: to consider the term and the essence of transaction costs, to provide common classifications of them, to demonstrate structural differentiation of transaction costs, to identify the ways to decrease them. The methodological and theoretical background of the paper includes national and international published research papers and methodological cases in the field of institutional economics and transactional costs. The methodology of the research is based on using classical and innovative approaches: systematic study, analysis and synthesis, dialectical logic, induction and deduction, comparison and consolidation. The use of the mentioned approached allows the authors to present the results in the most thorough, integral and reliable way. The provided results indicate the importance of transactional costs in the core economic activity of business entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic diplomacy attracts an increasing level of interest from various areas of life ranging from academics in the fields of e.g. international relations, international economics and political economy through public servants responsible for foreign affairs, trade policy and promotion as well as their private and entrepreneurial counterparts to its former and active practitioners – all of them trying to identify its role in foreign and/or economic policy from their own particular perspective. However, many of them do not always apply the legal framework of contemporary diplomacy – the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations – as the guiding principle and defining norm. The paper discusses various aspects of economic diplomacy from the theoretical viewpoint as well as the relations and specifics of its constituting vectors and streams (trade diplomacy, commercial diplomacy, financial diplomacy and others), levels of action (bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral as well as macro and micro). It focuses on institutional forms states apply in order to pursue economic interests abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights Russia’s economic cooperation with sub-Sahara Africa; it posits that Russia’s present relationship with sub-Sahara African countries is focused on economy rather than ideology as witnessed during the Soviet era. Analyzing secondary data collection, this paper examines the expanding economic ties between Russia and sub-Sahara Africa. The study reveals that there has been a significant increase in trade, foreign direct investment and economic cooperation from emerging economies with sub-Sahara Africa since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Leading the pack is China, Brazil, India, Turkey, Republic of Korea and Russia, these emerging development partners have in the last two decades expanded their economic ties with sub-Sahara Africa countries within the context of different initiatives, with the view of having new strategic economic partnership. Sub-Sahara’s economic tectonic plate is currently leaning towards these emerging economic powers to stimulate the much needed socio-economic growth in the sub-continent. Most countries in Africa are in search for new economic partners as a result of the changes in the international system. Russia’s trade volume with Africa still remains largely insignificant when compared to other emerging and developed economies, but the aspiration of doing business with Africa is increasing. Russia has increased economic ties with a number of African countries; this is evident in the scope of the mutual official visits by Russia and African officials to Moscow and various capitals in Africa. In March 2018, Russian officials led by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov had a five-day visit to Africa to further spread, deepen and strengthen economic ties with their African partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yakutia is a region where the largest mining projects have been implemented for several decades, but traditional activities for the North (e.g. livestock, reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering) maintain their steadiness, which spawns conflicts in land and nature use. The paper is devoted to the issue of access of Yakut traditional communities to land and natural resources in the context of ensuring income and consumption on the basis of traditional economic activities. The evolution of the settlement system in the XX - early XXI century is described including the main stages: processes of resettlement in the beginning of the XX century, collectivization, industrialization, enlarging of collective farms, market economy. It is justified that the squeezing of the rural settlement system along with urbanization gave birth to the differentiation in socio-economic development and ethno-social composition of the districts, it negatively affected the agriculture. It is proved that the implementation of large investment projects has a mixed impact on the life of Yakut traditional communities. Along with the development of transport, energy, social infrastructure, there is the physical and economic displacement of residents, as well as damage to local ecosystems. When land is withdrawn for industrial projects, compensation is paid only to communities of indigenous peoples for a narrow list of ecosystem services. In the paper we suggest mechanisms for assessing the sustainability of traditional communities, depending on accessibility and sufficiency of land and natural resources. The information base of the study was the population census data from 1939 to 2010 and also modern statistics. The evaluation of the compression of the settlement system and the development of the territory of the republic is shown based on the use of standard statistical methods for data processing. The paper contains data on sociological surveys (2017) on access to land and natural resources, in regard to the project "Far Eastern hectare", property and land rights. An analysis of the current regulatory framework governing the access of traditional communities to land and natural resources is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The socio-economic performance of a country depends on the performance of its regions. In this paper we examined the differences between the performance of the regions of Visegrad group (Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland). Performance of countries and regions can be evaluated on the basis of various socio-economic indicators. We measured the performance of the regions using these indicators: gross domestic product per capita, employment rate and unemployment rate. In the paper a region is defined as a territorial unit corresponding with NUTS II. Methods. We used the method of analysis, synthesis, comparison and scoring method in this paper. The method of analysis was used to examine the development of selected indicators in the regions of Visegrad group. The method of comparison was used for comparing the gross domestic product per capita, employment and unemployment and the performance of the regions. The scoring method was used for the evaluation of the performance of Visegrad group regions. The method of synthesis was used to draw conclusions. Results. Prague region achieved the best results. In 2001, the Prague was followed by regions Közép-Magyarország, Nyugat-Dunántúl and Bratislava region. In 2006, Bratislava region was on the second place, followed by Közép-Magyarország region. The best Polish Mazowieckie region was placed on the 11th place. In 2011, the Prague region scored the highest points, but Bratislava region was the best region in regard to the level of GDP per capita. Mazowieckie region was placed on the 5th place and Közép-Magyarország region was on the 6th place. Conclusions. There are significant differences among the states of Visegrad Group but also among the regions within the same state in regard to GDP per capita, employment and unemployment. The biggest economic performance is achieved by regions with capital within. The most productive region is Prague. The highest increase in performance was observed in regions of Poland and Slovakia. The performance of regions in Hungary was worsened significantly. Some regions of the Czech Republic have increased their performance, some of them have decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air transport demand is highly monitored determinant since its knowledge is important for transport planners, airlines, airports and aircraft manufacturers as well. In the present paper we analyzed whether there is a causal relationship between air transport demand and population in Germany. The dependence was examined by correlation analysis of residues which guarantees to reveal the true relationship between any determinants. However, it is essential to realize that the population is very extensive term and brings together groups of people with different characteristics. Therefore not only the influence of the population as a whole was examined, but the population was for research purpose divided into groups according to the economic activity of citizens. The relationship between population and air transport demand was explored in Germany as a whole and also separately for its districts. Although previous research has proven the relationship between the population and air transport demand, in this case is shown that air transport demand depends much more on number of inactive citizens than on the whole population. It was also discovered that the demand is more dependent on the total population of the country than on the number of inhabitants in individual districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, many countries of the world are characterized by the change of conceptual approaches to the management of spatial development of territories and the search for new sources of economic growth. As a rule, in the economy of resource regions most of the perspective technologies are developed and implemented in the resource sector. Such technologies have unique feature–a wide range of secondary products that can be transformed into independent innovative products, services, technologies, management models for other sectors of economy. On the basis of these technologies the potential for the development of new markets of demand for innovative solutions and intellectual resources is formed. The aim of the research is to substantiate a new approach to the diagnostics of promising technologies for the innovative development of the region. To achieve the aim we carried out the analysis of modern tendencies, factors and problems of the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia and in the world. It is proved that the prospects for the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia and Krasnoyarsk krai are connected with the expansion of production of new types of consumer products with the creation of new high-tech industries for deep processing of aluminum. The model of technological development of non-ferrous metallurgy of Krasnoyarsk krai was designed. This model allows to develop three scenarios: «niche leadership»based on the import of technologies for existing and new sectors of the economy; «local technological competitiveness» based on the creation of parent technologies through local research and development; «international technological competitiveness» based on the results of unique research and technological development in the form of breakthrough technologies, technologies-integrators, technologies of «knowledge economy». The potential for the development of demand for innovative products is based on a six-stage and multi-criteria evaluation of the estimated technology, including compliance with perspective and critical technologies at the national level; priorities and targets for the development of the resource region. The paper presents the results of testing the proposed methodology to evaluate the market potential for the development of high-tech industries for aluminum processing in the Krasnoyarsk krai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is trying to provide a basis for a comprehensive analysis of European and American social enterprise. In the background of this basic comparison, the analysis attempts to locate the Polish model of social enterprise This study is going concern difference in definitions of social enterprise and conception of national models these entities including polish model of social enterprise The aims is of this study is to show that economic and social results of the participants in the Anglo - Saxon models (American and English) are the most effective however comparative studies of models show that the European model created by the EU should be adopted in the Polish model. This analysis is focuses on presentation reason of formation national model including in the discussed scope, legal basis for action, which would favourably affect the so-called encouraging prospective social entrepreneurs to engage in economic and social activities. The study is going to use own research of social enterprise model conducted by author from 2015 to 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of each country strongly depends on the successfulness of the business. Due to this the article examines the small and medium enterprises (SME) in Lithuania's economy. The aim of the paper is to show what role youth employment plays in Lithuanian labor market and in the country's economy. Therefore the main aim of the paper is to make the analysis of youth labor market in the gender aspect and show its contribution to the Lithuanian economy. For the analysis the data from Lithuanian Department of Statistics, World Bank Data, and EUROSTAT databases for the year 2005-2012 are used. Global entrepreneurship development index for the evaluation of youth entrepreneurship in gender aspect is used. The analysis showed that youth entrepreneurship makes a considerable contribution solving youth unemployment problem and expanding economic development in Lithuania in the context of the European Union countries (EU-27) in the period of 2005-2012. In order to examine the youth entrepreneurship and its gender dimension the changes of unemployment level, of entrepreneurship characteristics in Lithuania according to age group and the level of entrepreneurial activity are analysed. Both absolute and relative amounts are compared. The method of base indicators (youth unemployment, the main entrepreneurship indicators) comparison is applied, whereas the first year (e.g., year 2005) of the analyzed period is chosen as base year. The intenseness causes and structure of the changes of youth labour market and entrepreneurship level is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public sector approaches tourism with special interest due to its positive impact on the economy. However, in order to realize the benefits of the effects of tourism, the public sector must achieve certain prerequisites for the development of tourism. The public sector by its intervening in tourism development seeks to achieve its long-term sustainable development, i.e. the maximization of benefits from tourism activities while preserving the attractiveness of tourist destinations. After an overview of issues associated with measuring tourism, the paper describes some of the characteristics and possibilities for improving the Croatian tourism. Croatian public sector should adequately evaluate its tourism potentials. To bring about improving Croatian tourism, modern management practices will be needed, together with the creation of a desirable destination image, adequate valorization of natural, historical and cultural heritage, innovative forms of investment, and improvement in the infrastructure facilities. The next part deals with the role of the public sector in tourism. The fundamental role of the public sector in tourism lies in planning its development. The last part of the paper is based on conclusion that sustainable development is the reason for the public sector interventionism in tourism. However, the level to which the public sector can influence tourism flows is limited. Successful management of tourism as much as tourism planning and regulation of activities related to tourism, requires coordination between government bodies, interest groups, private sector and the involvement of local and regional government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global trade flows have been strongly affected by the worldwide economic crisis that broke out in 2008. Trade collapse in 2009 was deep but followed by a swift recovery in 2010-2011. However, later on the situation got complicated - growth rates have been much lower than expected and in 2015-2016 trade flows declined once again. The goal of the paper is to analyze the main trends in global trade flows - in terms of growth, changes in geographical structure etc. and point out main factors affecting trade in a positive way and barriers to the continuous growth of world exports. Analysis is mainly focused on the 2015-2018 period. It points to some of the more obvious factors affecting the nominal growth rate of world trade such as exchange rates and world prices. However, those determinants do not completely explain the changes in trade flows in recent years. There are other issues that appear to be affecting the growth capabilities of world exports such as: changes in economic activity, protectionist pressures and trade war threats, peaking of the internationalization processes and a refocusing of countries towards domestic economies. The policies towards trade play a particular role in fostering development of trade - they can either become strong driving forces or interferences hindering the flows of goods and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge economy requires that the process of building of competitive economy involves scientific achievements as a source of new knowledge. At the same time effective management of the innovation processes taking place within European regions is fundamental for European economy to establish its good position in the world. Regional innovation strategies are actually responsible for directing innovation processes. As some time has gone by and first experiences with regard to the functioning of those tools becomes visible, one can say that when implementing the tools one has had to dealt with some problems. It can be emphasized that activities undertaken by actors of innovation system are too limited. That is why building regional innovation system that is expected to ensure that knowledge flows within region in a rational way is the most important challenge. Now it is quite clear that innovativeness depends on linkages among entities that generate and/or absorb knowledge. Due to the fact that this process can be still perceived as far from being optimal the need to carry research on the topic appears to be unquestionable. Regional innovation system actually consists of two main types of actors and interactions among them. First type refers to companies that utilize innovations and finally create value. Second type refers to organizations that build infrastructure necessary for innovations. They support innovation processes in region because of possessed key competences. Although knowledge brokers have appeared one can say that hitherto gained experiences indicate on some problems concerning knowledge flows. As a consequence, those facts form the point of departure to the conducting research on type of knowledge intermediaries as well as types of their activities undertaken within innovation ecosystem of Silesian Voivodeship. The paper aims to investigate types of activities of knowledge intermediaries in the light of efforts put in an intensification of the cooperation between science and business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic activity through its correlative system is under the direct influence of human capital as a determinant. Tourism as an economic activity has great potential for transformation. This potential is due to the upward trend, together with other economic activities, to the attention of the specialists, who are dealing with the irreparable destruction of the environment. In this sense, tourism and the environment have been a matter of discussion for the scientists of the past two decades, which led to the formulation of the concept of sustainable tourism. Tourism activity, through its complexity, has a major impact on the environment, due to the impact it has generates human capital, both from the point of view of the tourist and the tourist worker. Ecoinnovation represents a viable solution for the sustainability problems facing the contemporary society. The aim of the paper is to achieve a research on human capital capacity within the tourism company by generating innovative ideas to support the realization of a balance between the dynamics of economic systems and eco-systems from the South-East region of Romania. The actual stage of the innovative capacity of human capital within the tourism sector is determined through the use of five factors determining the innovative capacity. The results are based on descriptive statistics. The results indicate that the staff involved in the guest house activity together with the managers have the innovative capacity for sustainable tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines prospects for expanding exports of manufactured goods in Russia's foreign trade and increasing presence of Russian companies on the world markets of goods with high added value. In the paper macroeconomic tendencies, national and regional conditions of foreign economic activity (FEA) are analyzed. The author focuses on the infrastructure and public administration aspects of supporting international trade of the Russian Federation. The article offers short-term, mediumterm and long-term scenarios for the development of Russia's foreign economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management develops strategic advantages in the area of economic activity through the implementation of the Total Quality Management (TQM) principles into each management system. The purpose of this paper is to redefine the quality management principles and to develop an individualized questionnaire to measure the management perceptions when principles are implemented. We have studied the application of management principles in small and medium-sized enterprises in two Romanian regions on the basis of four hypotheses, in order to emphasize the differences that may appear depending on each location. The perceptions on management principles and performance differences have been identified through by means of an auditing process. We have suggested an original set of certain criteria to be used during the audit. The audit was conducted in order to identify how the management principles were implemented. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to process the results. Applied multivariate statistics show that there are differences in management systems in the two regions under consideration, both in terms of managers' perception and in terms of performance in implementing the principles of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the necessity of seeking new conceptual approaches to the management of spatial development of territories to confront the global challenges. The radical changes that have occurred in the modern world formed new trends resulting in cluster and network models in the development of territories. The general trends that influence territorial development are: global synchronization of technologies in advanced industrial sectors, convergence in sciences and technologies, transformation in existing value added chains, switching to network models of development. Due to globalization the distinctive features of economic development of Russian resource regions have become more evident (different stages of development of applied technologies, dominance of large industrial holdings, limited participation of local governments in the management of raw materials exploitation. As a result, the effectiveness of traditional management techniques is reduced. Therefore, it is of primary importance to find new approaches to the modelling of regional economic development. We consider the technological development of resource regions on the basis of multi-sectoral model which includes booming industrial sectors such as «knowledge economy» and «high tech». The sectors are distinguished based on the following characteristics: production factors, technological stage, types of products and services, prices. It allows us to identify the main function of a sector to deal with global threats in terms of supply and demand proportion. We also investigate the role of the sectors in regional social and economic development, highlight the essential conditions of development, analyze the consequences of social, economic and technological effects arising from booming sectors. The study was conducted by employing quantitative data for Krasnoyarsk Krai. We defined the sectoral composition of the economy, basic specialization and new sectors. We also made a forecast of growth rates up to 2020. The results confirmed the hypothesis that there are booming sectors in Krasnoyarsk Krai economy which are based on their potential of innovative technological development, creation and application of «breakthrough technologies» and «knowledge economy». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study shows how to distribute tomato products at national level. For this purpose, the weights held by the macro regions and the regions of economic development at national level. The drawing of the paper used the method of comparison in time and space. The analyzed period was 2012-2014. The approach presents the national, macroregional and regional situation of the indicators, establishing the structure indices (cultivated area and total production) according to the formula: Is = (Si, Qi / St, Qt) x 100 (%). For average production, the comparison of macroregional and regional situations with the national level of the indicator is made. Macro region 2 cultivates the largest national tomato area (33.13%), followed by Macro region 4 (28.43%), Macro region 3 (24.58%) and Macro region 1 (13.86%) - With the areas of favoring culture at national level (considering, for example, that the South - West Region component of Macro region 4 includes counties such as Dolj and Olt). Total production is dominated, in structure, by Macro region 2, followed by Macro region 4, Macro region 3 and Macro region 1 (35,20, 27,32, 24,19 and 13,29% respectively), a situation similar to that found for the cultivated area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors presented preliminary results of the project II.2П/XII.186-2 «Historical memory in a polycultural space of Yakutia: the formation and transformation of the Arctic identity», supported by the Program of fundamental scientific research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and part of results of the project № 15-11-14003 with the financial support of Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). This paper focused on local cultural landscapes of Russian old-timers groups as the result of their adaptation to environment and multiethnic socio-cultural space of Yakutia. Research work on the project was carried with a broad range of documentary sources from central and local archives and libraries. Field materials were collected in settlements of Russian old-timers and neighboring non-Russian communities of the Northern and Central Yakutia. An originality of development of the Russian people in the conditions of Far North is their successful experience of interethnic economic and cultural contacts. Several local ethno-territorial groups were formed as a result of four centuries of Russian old-timer's adaptation to climatic conditions and multiethnic space in Yakutia: arctic fishing and hunting group, agricultural group of central Yakutia, descendants of coachmen and Yakut Cossacks. These local ethno-territorial groups have mastered their niche in the surrounding landscape. But primarily in new space the Russians had kept their traditional economic activities, as arable grain husbandry. Pockets of "Russian agriculture" in Yakutia appeared with the arrival of the first settlers in basins of Amga and the Middle Lena. Growing of cereals and vegetables, unfamiliar activity for the local population, has changed the cultural landscape of Yakutia. The example of fruitful mutual borrowed economic activity is the experience of arctic group of Russian old-timers. Faced with natural and climatic specifics of Arctic Yakutia, Russians have used components of traditional skills of the indigenous population. Arctic fishing, hunting and dog sledding became the basis of well-being for Russian old-timers in the harsh arctic conditions. Here we focused on two cases of adaptation when the Russians were the source of economic and cultural innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broader information exchange and globalisation of the economy leads to internalisation of methods of the regulation of social reproduction, economic activity and social processes. Therefore, studying and summarizing the foreign experience of bankruptcy institution operation does not have only theoretical, but also applied value for business and legislation. The purpose of the research is to summarize foreign experience in the field of government regulation of financial insolvency and evaluate the opportunities to adapt it for the Russian economy. The paper is based on the fundamental concepts introduced in the works of scientists using the neo-institutional approach for studying economic processes. The information base of the research includes the materials of head Russian and foreign researchers in the fields of theory and practice of bankruptcy: Blazy R., Charlety P., Combier J. White M., Le Cannu P. The authors have been using such research tools as methods of synthesis, empirical and benchmarking analysis, scientific abstraction, induction, deduction, expert evaluation. The empirical base of the research includes statistical information from the Federal Agency of Statistical Services of Russian Federation, foreign statistical agencies namely INSEE, MEDEF, Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). The novelty of the research includes expose of the pros and cons of national models of financial insolvency regulations in the benchmarking framework, and an evaluation of the possibilities of using the experience of civilized management for enterprise dissolution accumulated in the countries with developed market economy. The theoretical and practical significance of the research results can be used by legislative bodies to modernize the national system of government regulation of financial insolvency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper the issues of ecological and social factors' methods and procedures of the projects justification for Arctic economic developing are considered. Nowadays some countries including Russia prepare and realize investment projects in Arctic. Their realization influences in one way or another on the indigenous peoples' living area. In the world practice the ecological expertise, the environmental impact assessment, public hearings or environmental damage assessment are used for these kinds of projects' justification and social and environmental factors accounting. In the Russian regions including Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) the acts on indigenous peoples' opinion and interests account are adopted (e.g. during investment project justification for the industrial developing of the Evenk traditional land of use). As the example the authors consider the economic activity of the JSC "Almazy Anabara" and "Nizhne-Lenskoe" including the methods and procedures of the ethnological expertise during industrial developing the territory in the upper reaches of the Anabar River flowing into the Laptev Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the main trends of influence of global environment risks on economic development and identifies preferred directions of international cooperation in the field of sustainable development. Economic development is based on three factors: human capital, artificial production facilities, natural resources. In recent decades, natural factor becomes more limited. In 1970s, fundamentally new development concept became necessary due to environmental problem aggravation. Modern social and economic development is technogenic, i.e. nature-intensive, based on artificial production facilities manufactured without due regard to the environmental limits. Technogenic development is characterized by quick depletion of non-renewable resources (mineral resources) and excessive exploitation of renewable resources (soil, wood, etc.), which are unable to be restored in time. National resource degradation and environmental pollution result in substantial economic loss [1, 2]. Technogenic economic development is characterized by significant externalities. In environmental management, these externalities are defined as negative environmental and economic consequences of economic activity, which aren't acknowledged by agents of this activity, because these consequences are predominantly global [3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the presented research is based on the increasing role of high quality human resources in modern reproductive processes. Efficient and effective types and strategies of human resource management have become an important condition of fast and productive acquisition of new knowledge, labor productivity growth and increase in tempos of innovative economic development. The research is aimed at identifying and proposing efficient ways to improve the kit of tools for human resource innovative management in the context of modern social economic development, employing econometric factors to identify and rank characteristics of human capital, determining the level of individual's innovative activity. The paper substantiates the structure of human capital system influencing individual's economic activity. Achieving the goal of the research required the solution of such problem tasks as structural representation of the characteristics system of the human capital affecting the level of innovation activity of economic entities, the rationale of the base for indicator, mathematical and econometric modeling for parametric dependence of the level of innovation activity of organizations on the selected characteristics The authors provide proofs of the applicability of empirical modeling results in the field of real-life management decisions. Novation of authors' approach, first of all, is in the theoretical methodological basis of heuristic need to integrate four-sector model of human capital as a social resource component of innovative development of the economy as a system of innovative economic trends management. Components (sectors) of the proposed model accordingly characterize the quality of the individual human capital, standard of living, quality of social sphere and environmental quality. The features of the innovation and reproductive functions of human resources are identified. Empirically verified pattern is revealed, thus reflecting the fact that the increase in the quality characteristics of the human capital contributes to the level increase of innovation activity of economic entities and the national economy as a whole. Factors - the characteristics of human capital are ranked by degree of influence on the level of innovation activity of organizations. Statements proposed in the paper provide the basis for more efficient use of human resources for innovation-oriented economic development in the long term. The copyright in the field of development of innovative human resource management with the use of econometric methods provide conditions for strengthening of the scientific and instrumental component of the management system of innovation-oriented national economy in a dynamic and conflicting environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to address practical issues materialized in a case study on human resources performance in a Romanian construction entreprise. This choice was favoured by the results much improved which the organization has had in recent years. Every economic activity requires naturally steps to be conducted for its development, namely: forecasting, organization, coordination, training and control, and strict enforcement of research and development functions such as manufacturing, trade, finance, accounting and human resources. Of the four categories of resources with which organizations operate (human, financial, material, informational), human resources must represent, in each entrepreneur's view, most important and decisive resource for an activity. Human resources activity should be encouraged, motivated and controlled in order to successfully close the "loop" of activities. Without a proper assessment, the entity may face unwanted loss or failure for the entire organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the results of the research realized by the Faculty of Economy, Technical University of Liberec, at the end of 2013. The research explored the impacts of tourism development on the Liberec region residents. Respondents from the traditional areas of the Liberec region described the effects of the tourism development on local economy, especially the family revenues. Positive but also negative impacts of tourism development on respondents were thoroughly examined. At the end of the questionnaire survey the respondents recommended measures how to increase revenues from tourism without negatively affecting the Liberec region environment. The research results will not only be used for further research activities of the author, but also presented to entrepreneurs and officials from municipal authorities of the Liberec region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper devotes to the problem of equal integration of the States of Sub-Saharan Africa into the global informational and communicational space. Author argues that during of the postcolonial history the governments of Africans countries tried to reduce the dependence from well-developed nations. But their desire to become a part of global informational and communicational space actually encourages the increase of the dependence but not the reduction of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an analysis of the contemporary shape of special economic zones in Poland. The attempt presents the complexity of spatial and landscape interactions observed at the interface between privileged areas and urban and suburban spaces. Special economic zones had a strong influence on changes taking place in the Polish economy, labor market, social processes and spatial transformation of the city and regions. Currently, SEZ have become one of the symbols of the Polish political transformation. They are not at the center of our attention, but they have a significant impact on the Polish manufacturing industry. SEZ is also another form of structure and change of the existing configuration of industrial areas in cities. The strategic task of special economic zones was to introduce to the Polish realities of the early nineties of the last century modern production plants with new production technologies and a change in the quality of work, increasing its efficiency. The interdisciplinary nature of the article is a multidirectional attempt to highlight issues related to the functioning of SEZ in Poland. As a result of the analysis of various studies, the publication presents both positive and negative aspects of these zones, which constitutes an objective summary covering almost a quarter of the lifetime of the SEZ in Poland. Contemporary urban and suburban space undergoes transformation, changing the purpose of old buildings and establishing new ones, forcing reconstruction of existing transport systems and directing employees to new routes. It is also a new standard of work space organization: on the one hand it is based on an old production system, on the other it is closed and isolated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern world is changing rapidly due to significant and fast development of technology. Telecommunications have penetrated all spheres of life, and linguistics is not an exclusion. People have to adapt to the changing world therefore the language is constantly varying by adding new words and borrowings from languages of other countries. The article is focused on studying the dynamics of changes which is the key to success in all aspects especially in the professional sphere. Considering the problem the authors of the article have used the method of theoretical analysis and synthesis. The article is dedicated to the problem of the changes of lexical units in a professional language of trading under the influence of telecommunication technologies. The researchers have studied for about 100 testing messages in English written by natives and non-English speaking economists engaged in a trading sphere and have come to the conclusion that professional vocabulary due to the development of texting via various messengers such as WhatsApp and Viber have changed considerably for the last ten years. The authors have revealed the evident changes in spelling in the first place and colouring evaluation of the meanings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the problems of teaching business English for the students who major in world economy and are supposed to work in various spheres using professional discourse in future. As business context has become extremely multicultural and diverse, created sample business situations in the majority of student’s books are considered not sufficient to keep up with real communication at workplaces and supplementary materials are necessary. The author supports the idea that research of definite discourse structures and patterns taken from real life should be made based on the needs of particular groups of learners and after that the conclusions along with existing models of communicative situations should be introduced, explained and practiced in class, as only real fragments of discourse imply intertextuality which means having basic knowledge, understanding the context and the model of communication. The method of discourse-analysis, the method of contextual analysis are used in the research as the work studies the genre of interviewing officials about vital economic issues in newspapers, on official governmental and business web-sites and in famous British and American TV-shows in 2017 and 2018, reveals the difference in using language means and speaking strategies of interviewers based on the discourse genre and its pragmatic function. While aggressive and rude behaviour of a TV host is acceptable, interviewers for other types of official media prefer classic metaphors and words that are not stylistically coloured and a different choice of language units can be criticized by their interlocutors. The article also advises to vary communicative situations in class in order to practice different genres of discourse with the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities are a relatively new phenomenon that requires careful study. A particularly interesting and complex issue is the question of the prospects for the development of smart cities in the far north and in the Arctic zone. Arctic and northern territories have a number of features, such as the focal (localized) nature of economic activity, the uneven distribution of people, the concentration of the population in cities, the low population density, harsh climatic conditions, low transport accessibility, underdeveloped transport system, etc. In this regard, cities in the far north are the main type of settlement for a large number of citizens. The area of large cities in the far north (such as Murmansk, Tromsø, Norilsk and others) can range from several hundred to several thousand square kilometers. Therefore, we consider cities as complex spatially-distributed bio-socioeconomic systems that can be managed using information systems for supporting regional governance based on spatial data. For effective management of smart cities in the far north you need a good understanding of the goals and prospects of their development. This article describes the main factors that will influence the development of smart cities in the far north in the next twenty years. To assess the impact of these factors on the development of smart cities and to identify the main dependencies between them, we used the system approach and the scenarios method. Based on the analysis of available scientific data, the main trends in the development of the world economy and driving forces in the Arctic, certain assumptions, uncertainties and "wild cards" were formulated. Using them, we created several scenarios for the potential development of smart cities in the far north. Also in the last part of the article we pay attention to the problems of smart cities management. As effective management tools, we propose to use information systems supporting regional management with a cognitive interface and tools for dynamic visualization of spatial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latvia has defined the smart specialization strategy in national level since 2013. The planned outcome - increased capacity of innovations - includes the share of high and medium-high technology sectors in the export; number of researchers employed in the private sector; increase in manufacturing productivity and share of innovative enterprises. Smart Specialization Strategy measures are tied to the Latvian Sustainable Development Strategy until 2030, the Spatial Development Perspective and the National Development Plan 2014-2020. Accordingly, regional policy determines the concentration of investments in national and regional development centres, the identification and specialization of the existing resources of the territory, with the prospects and economic development prospects. Since then the task was given to the municipalities to establish and implement local smart specialization strategies in order to achieve the planned results in country. In the implementation of the Smart specialization strategy, one-sided support for economic growth must be avoided: the economic environment and human resources development that promotes economic activity must be created. Unfortunately, in the local level no activities where done since then, raising concerns that Latvia's' smart specialization strategy will not be successful. This article aims to investigate smart territorial development tendencies in local municipalities in Latvia. The methods: analysis of scientific literature and legislative documents, statistical data calculations, factor analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, where we can witness the ubiquitous implementation of information and communication technologies along with the inevitable digitalization of business processes, the role of intangible assets, of intellectual property and intellectual resources for achieving sustainable competiveness is growing in importance. The aim of the present article is to contribute to the identification of the elements of intellectual capital in trade under the established fields in the economic literature: human, organisational and relational capital. The article includes certain theoretical and practical achievements of well-known researchers in the field of intellectual capital, which are founded on the methodology developed by Goeran Roos, Stephan Pike and Lisa Fernstroem. The specific characteristics/of the trade activity and the differences between the elements of the intellectual capital in trade in comparison with other economic activities are taken into consideration. Consequently, the article introduces a theoretical model to identify the elements of intellectual capital in trade, which meets the requirement for detailed intellectual capital elements at minimum three levels. The suggested theoretical model will be verified at a subsequent stage in the trade practice. Building an intellectual capital tree is the mandatory first step in managing intellectual capital. The verification of the theoretical model of identifying the elements of intellectual capital in trade in the commercial practice provides for determining the respective weight of the elements of the intellectual capital and the degree of their importance for creating stockholder value. The management of the intellectual capital poses a serious challenge to the modern economic science and research. In the commercial field there is relatively little research related to intellectual capital at this stage, which defines the publication as necessary and timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanian tourism is distinguished in particular by the two basic components: the natural and anthropic component. Romania stands out in particular through its potential natural tourism, through its geographic position that offers a status of the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic country, through its natural elements defining the structure and landscape of the territory: the Carpathian Mountains, the Danube River and Black Sea. There is one negative aspect that refers to these elements as not being exploited at its maximum level. An original component of the anthropic resource in Romanian tourism is rural tourism with its typical symbols: music and costumes, crafts, gourmet products, dances, folk instruments, handicraft articles. As a trend, Romanian village will undergo to both favorable and unfavorable social and economic effects. The favorable ones, derive from economic activities developed, and unfavorable ones are especially environmental. The favorable effects lead to local and regional development which includes the village. Romanian tourism has many shortcomings: too many tourists and abandoned equipment and materials that can undermine small settlements. Another major issue concerns culture and education of the tourists. Demand in terms of places and products, should not cause distortion and destabilization of local culture. Tourism development without respecting a particular code is damaging both for countryside and natural ecosystem. The countryside is exposed to degradation through the following actions: depopulation, the rapid spread of urban areas, soil, water, air, land and forest pollution, increasing and generalized degradation of the landscapes and cultural qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mission of development strategy of localities from the plain of Romania and the diversification of their functional profile relies on attracting sustainable economic activities, promotion of the quality services, expansion and modernization of infrastructures, renewal of public spaces, in a stimulating and prosperous living environment, equitable for all citizens. The locality taken under study is a multicultural urban pole, with a high standard of living, prosperous community with a dynamic economy, active in the field of culture, education, tourism and cross-border cooperation. Smart and sustainable development can only be achieved only in a stable social climate, cohesive and inclusive. The formulation of the strategic objective of development starts from the premise that, practically, in any field, the organizational factor is crucial for the success, influencing, in a significant way, the activities of other sectors. For a community, the development strategies must be constructed in such a way in order to include more variables, to be flexible and capable to adapt to changes that appears in society. They should maximize their strengths (strengths), to attenuate or even to eliminate their weaknesses, to detect the opportunities offered by the external environment and to diminish the risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors introduce an overview of the Russian Legislation on national security and economic crime and prove the significance of the extent to which economic crime affects Russia's national security and undermines its strength. Also, the article presents classification of elements and principles of the country's national security. The authors have conducted statistical studies of economic crime rates in Russia as compared to the corresponding global trends and provided assessment of the damage caused by criminal economic activity to the State. As a result of the studies, the article proposes a method developed by the authors to assess the extent of the damage caused by economic crime to the State. The article defines the fundamental essential strategies within the framework of the national policy of the Russian Federation in order to improve the situation, namely, to reduce the rate of economic crime in the country and enhance the rule of law. It also proves the necessity for state control over economy in any country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into the theoretical proposals on the dynamic changes in developments in the socio-economic sphere, as well as in the labour sphere, allows us to identify the social pollution phenomenon caused by economic activities of business entities. By this is meant the process of lowering the quality of life, related to welfare damage and causing harm to the physical and psychosocial well-being of the labour force as a whole, due to internal and external business activities. We believe that a special role in solving social pollution problems should be given to such management tools as CSR policy. This would not only improve the labour force's well-being, but the overall efficiency of the production processes as well. The methodology used in this research consists of two main stages: 1) the evaluation of the levels of social pollution among the workers of a large industrial plant, by means of a survey conducted among the plant's employees, as well as the local community, and 2) analysis of the effectiveness of CSR policy a factor in the reduction of social pollution. This study has both theoretical and practical significance, but the results of the approbation of the proposed methodology are limited to only one large manufacturing plant. Elaboration of the reduction of the influence of the factors of social pollution, which were investigated, requires additional research. Nevertheless, this study makes a significant contribution to those scientific efforts which deal with the social pollution phenomenon, and management of CSR policies both inside and outside a business entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To research the psychological aspects of human economic activity is important. The problem of innovation is particularly acute for Russia, which is experiencing a challenging period in its development. The research goal is to compare the various components of the economic consciousness of young respondents and middle-aged respondents. The given research sample is consists of the respondents aged 23 to 50 years old, residing in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) of the Russian Federation. In the comparable two groups, we found some differences in the self-presentation as economic agents. The respondents from the both groups are sufficiently economically active. The older respondents show a higher intensity of desire to take economic risks. The study of the willingness to innovate revealed significant differences depending on the age according to the creativity scales. The high level of creativity self-esteem is observed in the group of respondents aged 35-50 years old. The willingness to innovate on the basis of the past experience is shown in the group of young people, and the willingness on the basis of a positive emotional perception of all the new is shown more in the older age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration is always effect positive on the economy of the country: due to increase of competition between firms, growth of production's volume, more effective territorial distribution of economic activity, reducing the cost of resources and the cost of goods to the value of the border's costs. Domestically, the more successful regions receive more benefits from the integration that enhances the existing socio-economic inequality among the regions. The aim of the study is to identify and evaluate the effect of integration factors on regional inequality, building an econometric model of such a relationship and test a model in the Russian regions. The research is supported by the grant of the President of Russian Federation, project No. 1107.2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present research is to analyse the existing relationship between foreign direct investments and economic growth in the group of developed countries throughout a rather long period of time, in which most countries of the world, and particularly developed countries have been rather highly integrated in the global financial network. In order to meet this objective, we use the econometric analysis of the data provided by the UNCTAD database, for the period 1970-2013, focusing on the two relevant indicators: foreign direct investment flows (FDI) and the Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP per capita), for the group of developed countries. In order to measure the correlation and interdependency between the two variables, we use the dedicated software for statistical analyse. The conducted analysis reveal that, in developed countries, the FDI and GDP indexes evolve rather differently throughout the above mentioned period, and the relationship between these variable could be approximated by a power function. The identified correlation reveals the fact that, in the case of developed countries, a higher level of economic development will trigger inward foreign direct investment flows to other recipient economies, thus acting more like investment transferred to other economies instead of recipients for inward foreign investments. After the appearance of the financial crisis in 2007-2008, foreign investments have become the most important for the global economic activity, in light of the depression that has affected the world's countries during the past few years. The findings of the present research contribute to a better grasp of the existing relationship between the foreign investment flows and the level of economic development and this relationship can be seen as rather helpful when adopting the economic policy measures on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]