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A novel strain, designated strain CU3-7T, was isolated from faeces of a two-week-old baby. The isolate was Gram-staining-positive, anaerobic and rod-shaped. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain CU3-7T was phylogenetically affiliated with members of the genus Bifidobacterium . Strain CU3-7T showed the highest level of sequence similarity with Bifidobacterium adolescentis KCTC 3216T (98.4 %), followed by Bifidobacterium ruminantium KCTC 3425T (97.9 %). Analysis of hsp60 sequences showed that strain CU3-7T was closely related to B. adolescentis KCTC 3216T (94.0 %) and B. ruminantium KCTC 3425T (92.5 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization values with the closely related strains were all below the cut-off value for species delineation, 17.0 % with B. ruminantium KCTC 3425T and 14.9 % with B. adolescentis KCTC 3216T. Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity was detected. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 (27.7 %), C18 : 1ω9c (27.4 %) and C18 : 1ω9c dimethylacetate (15.5 %). The DNA G+C content was 58.6 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy, strain CU3-7T should be classified as the type strain of a novel species within the genus Bifidobacterium , for which the name Bifidobacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed ( = KACC 17904T = JCM 19861T).

A Gram-staining-positive, motile, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CJ32T, was isolated from ginseng soil at Geumsan in Korea. The isolate grew optimally at 30 °C, 2 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 7.0. Colonies of strain CJ32T were beige and circular with an entire margin on LB agar plates. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CJ32T was associated with the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus graminis YC6957T (97.3 % similarity) and Bacillus lentus IAM 12466T (97.1 %). DNA–DNA hybridization with closely related strains was below 31.3 %. The major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipid profile of strain CJ32T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several unidentified lipids, including phospholipids, aminolipids and aminophospholipids. The predominant fatty acids of strain CJ32T were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.1 mol%. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CJ32T should be classified within a novel species of the genus Bacillus , for which the name Bacillus panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain CJ32T ( = KACC 17503T = JCM 19226T).

A bacterium, designated strain CJ16T, was isolated from the estuarine wetland of the Han River. Cells of the isolate were yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped. Growth of strain CJ16T was observed in TSB at 5–37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 6.0) and with 0–3 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CJ16T was most closely related to Chryseobacterium hagamense KCTC 22545T (97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Genomic relatedness based on DNA–DNA hybridization between strain CJ16T and C. hagamense KCTC 22545T was 23 % (strain CJ16T as probe) and 19 % (strain KCTC 22545T as probe). Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that strain CJ16T possessed MK-6 as the major isoprenoid quinone and sym-homospermidine as the predominant polyamine. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (26.9 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (16.8 %) and summed feature 9 (comprising C16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c; 10.5 %). The DNA G+C content of strain CJ16T was 37.9 mol%. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic studies, strain CJ16T represents a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium , for which the name Chryseobacterium rigui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJ16T ( = KACC 16560T = JCM 18078T).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile Brevundimonas-like bacterial strain, J22T, was isolated from black sand collected from Soesoggak, Jeju Island, Korea. Growth of strain J22T was observed in R2A medium at temperatures between 10 and 42 °C (optimum 30 °C), between pH 6.5 and 10.5 (optimum pH 7.5) and at a NaCl concentration between 0 and 4 % (w/v) (optimum 0–1 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain J22T belonged to the genus Brevundimonas, with high sequence similarities of >97 % to the sequence of the type strains Brevundimonas alba CB88T, Brevundimonas lenta DS-18T, Brevundimonas variabilis CB17T, Mycoplana bullata TK0051T, Brevundimonas kwangchunensis KSL-102T, Brevundimonas intermedia CB63T, Brevundimonas subvibrioides CB81T and Brevundimonas bacteroides CB7T. Strain J22T exhibited DNA–DNA relatedness values of less than 22.2 % with the phylogenetically related species of the genus Brevundimonas. The DNA G+C content of strain J22T was 66.3 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c, C16 : 0 and C16 : 1 ω9c; C12 : 0 3-OH was present, which chemotaxonomically characterizes the members of the genus Brevundimonas. Phylogenetic, genomic and biochemical characteristics served to differentiate this isolate from recognized members of the genus Brevundimonas. Strain J22T (=KCTC 22177T=JCM 15911T) should be classified as a novel species in the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas basaltis sp. nov. is proposed.

A novel Gram-negative and facultative anaerobic strain, designated MS1T, was isolated from gajami sikhae, a traditional fermented food in Korea made from flatfish. Strain MS1T was motile, rod-shaped and oxidase- and catalase-positive, and required 1–2 % (w/v) NaCl for growth. Growth occurred at temperatures ranging from 4 to 40 °C and the pH range for optimal growth was pH 6.5–9.0. Strain MS1T was capable of reducing trimethylamine oxide, nitrate and thiosulfate. Phylogenetic analysis placed strain MS1T within the genus Alishewanella. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MS1T was related closely to Alishewanella aestuarii B11T (98.67 % similarity) and Alishewanella fetalis CCUG 30811T (98.04 % similarity). However, DNA–DNA reassociation experiments between strain MS1T and reference strains showed relatedness values

A novel bacterial strain, CJ22T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field located in Anseong, Korea. Cells of strain CJ22T were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, motile, oxidase- and catalase-positive and rod-shaped. The isolate grew optimally at pH 7 and 30 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain CJ22T belonged to the genus Cohnella, displaying highest sequence similarity of 97.3 % with Cohnella panacarvi Gsoil 349T. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain CJ22T and its closest relative was 35.5 % (reciprocal value, 23.8 %). The phenotypic features of strain CJ22T also distinguished it from related species of the genus Cohnella. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone MK-7 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain CJ22T were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 63.1 mol%. Based on data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CJ22T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella saccharovorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJ22T ( = KACC 17501T = JCM 19227T).

A novel bacterial strain, designated CJ29T, was isolated from ginseng soil of Anseong in South Korea. Cells of strain CJ29T were Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile. Strain CJ29T grew optimally at 28–30 °C and pH 7.0. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CJ29T was shown to belong to the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and was related most closely to Lysobacter soli DCY21T (98.5 % similarity) and Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7T (98.2 %). DNA–DNA relatedness between strain CJ29T and its closest relatives was below 55.6 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain CJ29T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65.6 mol%. Phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics strongly supported the differentiation of strain CJ29T from related species of the genus Lysobacter . On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CJ29T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJ29T ( = KACC 17502T = JCM 19212T).

An actinobacterial strain, designated 72T, was isolated from a traditional salt-fermented seafood in Korea. Colonies were coral red and cells were Gram-reaction-positive, non-motile rods. Strain 72T grew with 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7–10 and at 15–37 °C. Optimum growth conditions were 2 % NaCl, pH 7.0 and 30 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain 72T belonged to the genus Dietzia. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), 10-methyl C18 : 0, C17 : 0, C19 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization, coupled with physiological and biochemical tests, revealed genotypic and phenotypic differences between strain 72T and other members of the genus Dietzia. Based on these data, strain 72T represents a novel species, for which the name Dietzia alimentaria sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 72T ( = JCM 16360T = KACC 21126T).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile strain, BL21T, was isolated from landfill soil in Pohang, Korea. Strain BL21T grew optimally at pH 7.0, 30 °C and 0 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain BL21T belonged to the class Betaproteobacteria and was related to the genus Acidovorax. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BL21T was less than 98.30 % similar to those of other species in the genus Acidovorax. DNA–DNA hybridization values with phylogenetically related species of the genus Acidovorax were only 11.7–28.4 %. The major fatty acid components included summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω7c and C10 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 60.9 mol%. For these reasons, strain BL21T (=KCTC 22399T =JCM 15909T) is proposed as a novel species in the genus Acidovorax, with the name Acidovorax soli sp. nov.