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Background: Dementia Care Navigators (DCNs) are professionals without clinical training, who provide individualised emotional and practical support to people living with dementia, working alongside clinical services. Navigator services have been implemented but the service offered vary without a consistent overview provided. The aim of this narrative systematic review was to describe and compare existing service formats, and to synthesise evidence regarding their implementation and impacts. Methods: The review was registered on PROSPERO [CRD42021292518]. Three electronic databases were searched and included studies reported on a DCN service, defined as a service in which non‐clinically trained workers provide personalised advice and support to people with dementia and/or carers in the community. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and titles and read through full papers for inclusion. Risk of bias was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment QualSyst. Results: We included 14 papers reporting on six studies. All services were US‐based and only varied by integration and training provided. Studies reported different degrees of impact on service utilisation and on symptoms and mental well‐being of people with dementia and their carers, with too little evidence to draw substantial/meaningful conclusions and studies employing different outcome measures. One study evidenced greater impacts on people with more advanced dementia compared to earlier stages. Conclusions: DCN services have the potential to effectively provide non‐clinical support to people with dementia and carers from the point of diagnosis. Further research from countries other than the USA, focusing on the impact on social care and social support service access and utilisation, and utilising similar established outcome measures are required. Key points: Evidence on the impact of Dementia Care Navigators (DCNs) is limited but shows promising benefits for people living with dementia and their carers.More research needs to be conducted in countries other than the US, where all evidence was reported, and with similar outcome measures to allow comparison.DCNs are a highly useful professional group without medical training, who can navigate people living with dementia and their carers to support and provide support themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychiatric comorbidity is high in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with up to 90% having at least one additional condition, and two‐thirds having two or more other diagnoses. With an increasing aging population in industrialized counties, knowing which psychiatric disorders frequently co‐occur in older adults with PTSD can have implications to improve diagnosis and treatment. This systematic literature review explores the current empirical literature on psychiatric comorbidity in older adults with PTSD. Method: Literature databases PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched. The following inclusion criteria were applied: research done since 2013, PTSD diagnosis based on diagnostic criteria according to Diagnostic and Statistics Manual‐Fifth Edition, International Classification of Diseases—10th Revision (ICD‐10), or ICD‐11, and studies include individuals aged 60 years or older. Results: Of 2068 potentially relevant papers identified, 246 articles were examined based on titles and abstracts. Five papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. Major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder were the most frequently studied and diagnosed psychiatric comorbidities in older adults with PTSD. Conclusions and implications: Screening for depression and substance use in older adults should include an assessment of trauma and PTSD. Additional studies in the general older adult population with PTSD and a broader range of comorbid psychiatric disorders are needed. Key points: Major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorders are the most frequently studied and diagnosed psychiatric comorbidities in older adults with PTSD.Based on this, screening for trauma and PTSD should be included in older adults with depression and substance useQualitative epidemiological studies on psychiatric comorbidities, such as personality disorders, in older adults with PTSD are limited and needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among informal carers of individuals with dementia and to identify potential influencing factors. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across 10 electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Chinese Biomedical, China National Knowledge Internet, and WANFANG. Our search strategy covered the inception of the databases up to September 16, 2023, with an updated search conducted on March 8, 2024. Prevalence estimates of loneliness and social isolation, presented with 95% confidence intervals, were synthesized through meta‐analysis. Subgroup analyses and meta‐regression were employed to explore potential moderating variables and heterogeneity. Results: The study encompassed 27 research papers involving 11,134 informal carers from 17 different countries. The pooled prevalence of loneliness among informal carers of individuals with dementia was 50.8% (95% CI: 41.8%–59.8%), while the pooled prevalence of social isolation was 37.1% (95% CI: 26.7%–47.6%). Subgroup analyses and meta‐regression indicated that various factors significantly influenced the prevalence of loneliness and social isolation. These factors included the caregiving setting, study design, the intensity of loneliness, geographical location (continent), data collection time, and the choice of assessment tools. Conclusions: This study underscores the substantial prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among informal carers of individuals with dementia. It suggests that policymakers and healthcare providers should prioritize the development of targeted interventions and support systems to alleviate loneliness and social isolation within this vulnerable population. Key points: Informal carers of people with dementia contend with unique circumstances that render them susceptible to both loneliness and social isolation.There is a significant prevalence of loneliness and social isolation in informal carers of individuals with dementia.Several significant moderators influence the prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among informal carers of individuals with dementia.Moderator analysis can guide targeted interventions and support systems for at‐risk informal carers of people with dementia to alleviate loneliness and social isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objects: Dementia has physical, social and economic impacts, causing considerable distress for people with age‐related cognitive impairment (PWACI) and their caregivers. Electronic health (e‐health) interventions can provide convenient education to improve the coping competence of caregivers and have become an important approach to supporting them. Understanding the economic evidence of e‐health interventions will facilitate the decision making and implementation of integrating e‐health into routine health services. The present review aimed to appraise economic evidence related to e‐health interventions for PWACI and their caregivers. Methods: We systematically searched multiple cross‐disciplinary databases from inception to February 28, 2023. Two reviewers independently selected the trials, assessed the quality, and checked the data. A descriptive‐analytical narrative method was used to analyze the review findings. Results: Thirteen studies were analyzed, including 12 randomized controlled trials and one quasi‐experimental study. All included studies were conducted in developed countries. The included studies reported limited economic information. There were six cost‐effectiveness analysis, five cost‐consequence analysis and one partial economic evaluation. The included studies were heterogeneous, and varied in quality. The results demonstrated that e‐health multicomponent interventions can reduce the cost of health service utilization in short term (10–104 weeks). Conclusions: Few studies calculated the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of e‐health interventions. Preliminary evidence indicates that e‐health interventions can reduce the cost of health service utilization in the short term, but the cost‐effectiveness of e‐health interventions hasn't been identified. More robust evidence is needed to clarify the value of e‐health interventions for PWACI and their caregivers. Key points: This review identifies the characteristics of e‐health interventions for PWACI and their caregivers in economic evaluations through cost‐effectiveness analysis and cost‐consequence analysis.Preliminary evidence suggests that e‐health interventions can reduce the cost of health service utilization in the short term (10–104 weeks), but the cost‐effectiveness should be identified further.The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the economic effects of e‐health based on existing evidence and provide more robust evidence‐based practices.More long‐term and high‐quality economic evaluation trials are warranted to determine the value of e‐health interventions for PWACI and their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are highly prevalent in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and are strongly linked to accelerated cognitive decline and dementia onset. While mindfulness‐based interventions have shown promise in improving psychological well‐being in clinical and community settings, their efficacy for individuals in these pre‐dementia stages remains unclear. This meta‐analysis examined the effects of mindfulness‐based interventions on NPS and psychological outcomes in these preclinical cohorts. Methods: Eligible studies were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, JBI EPB, Web of Science, and Cochrane library. Two independent researchers conducted the literature search and data extraction. Cochrane Risk‐of‐Bias Assessment Tool was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Intervention effects were estimated by Hedge's g and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 18 randomized controlled trials (including 974 participants from 21 studies) were included in the meta‐analysis. The results demonstrated statistically significant immediate post‐intervention effects of mindfulness‐based interventions on anxiety (g = −0.30, 95% CI −0.49 to −0.11), stress (g = −0.58, 95% CI −0.91 to −0.24), and quality of life (g = 0.50, 95% CI 0.12–0.87). However, no significant effects were found for depression, apathy, mindfulness, and stress‐related biomarkers. Follow‐up data analysis also did not reveal significant effects for depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The findings of this meta‐analysis suggest that mindfulness‐based interventions may improve anxiety, stress, and quality of life in individuals with SCD and MCI. However, more rigorous randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and evaluation using physiological parameters are needed to establish more definitive conclusions. Future interventions could consider incorporating cognitive training and health education to address the specific needs of the pre‐dementia population. Registration Number: PROSPERO: CRD42022359906. Key points: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are highly prevalent in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, and strongly associated with an increased risk of developing dementia.The effectiveness of mindfulness‐based interventions for individuals in the pre‐dementia stages is still uncertain, despite their widespread use in improving psychological well‐being among clinical and community populations.Mindfulness‐based interventions showed immediate beneficial effects on anxiety, stress, and quality of life compared to control treatments.More rigorous and large‐scale randomized controlled trials, evaluated using physiological parameters, are needed to ensure the robustness of study findings and draw definitive conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: High‐frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeted over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is widely used in research to promote neuroplasticity and cognitive enhancement. RTMS is a promising intervention to tackle cognitive decline in people with age‐related neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is currently no systematic evidence examining the effects of DLPFC‐targeted, high‐frequency rTMS on cognitive function in this population. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and moderators of this treatment intervention. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of five electronic databases was performed to identify articles published before October, 2022. Following PRISMA guidelines, the identified articles were screened, data was extracted, and the methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane tool, Risk of Bias 2. Meta‐analyses were performed using R Studio (v.4.1.2). Results: Sixteen studies involving 474 participants met the inclusion criteria, of which 8 studies measured global cognitive function. The results from the random‐effects meta‐analysis showed rTMS significantly improved global cognitive function relative to control groups shown by a large, significant effect size (g = 1.39, 95% CI, 0.34–2.43; p = 0.017). No significant effects were found between subgroups or for individual cognitive domains. Conclusions: High‐frequency rTMS, targeted over the DLPFC, appears to improve global cognitive function in people with age‐related neurodegenerative diseases. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of studies included, and high between‐study heterogeneity. Key points: High‐frequency repetitive TMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly improved global cognitive function in people with age‐related neurodegenerative diseases, compared to control/sham stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common postsurgical complication. The early identification of its risk factors is the first step toward reducing POD. The predictive factors for POD in patients after major abdominal surgery remain obscure. Therefore, this meta‐analysis aimed to comprehensively summarize the risk factors of POD after major abdominal surgery. Methods: POD studies published between January, 1900 and June 2022 were obtained by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline. Two authors independently reviewed the studies to extract the risk factors and assessed the quality of related articles using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Data were recorded, and a meta‐analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4.1. Results: Ten studies including total 2900 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, were eligible for analysis, 608 of whom developed POD, for a cumulative incidence of 21%. This pooled analysis suggested the statistically significant risk factors for POD were age, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, lower preoperative Mini‐Mental State Examination score, cognitive impairment, preoperative Katz‐ADL score <6, preoperative and postoperative hypoalbuminemia, lower preoperative insulin‐like growth factor‐1 levels, and longer duration of anesthesia. Conclusion: POD is common in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. This meta‐analysis identified risk factors that may aid the early detection of POD and play a prominent role in preventing POD. Key points: Our report was the first to comprehensively summarize the related risk factors for postoperative delirium (POD) after major abdominal surgery; the results of this pooled analysis suggested the statistically significant risk factors for POD were age, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, lower preoperative Mini‐Mental State Examination score, cognitive impairment, preoperative Katz‐ADL score <6, preoperative and postoperative hypoalbuminemia, lower preoperative insulin‐like growth factor‐1 levels, and longer durations of anesthesia, which may better predict the risk of POD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]