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The purpose of this article is to present a model of flexible organisational behaviour of employees [FOBE], which is a proposal for a consistent description of employee flexibility. In accordance with the assumptions adopted, the empirical analysis in this work covers the dimensions of flexibility described as a cluster of indicators, not separate incidents of behaviour. The theoretical model is based on in-depth literary studies in the field of psychology, sociology and management. The empirical verification is based on the methodology of quantitative research. The findings confirm the existence of links between the behavioural indicators assigned to individual dimensions of flexibility. In most cases, this is a statistically significant and positive correlation. It should be noted, however, that the strength of relationships between indicators in individual dimensions is diverse, and in addition, trans-dimensional statistical dependencies have also been noted. Such a state may result, among others, from the fact that diverse behaviours may have a common source in a specific organisational solution. The results of the statistical analysis also confirm the heterogeneity of behavioural flexibility and the legitimacy of separating it into four dimensions. In the theoretical model, flexibility is treated as a heterogeneous category, thanks to which, in the empirical dimension based on identified indicators, it becomes possible not only to determine the general level of flexibility of behaviour but also the flexibility in these dimensions (task-oriented, functional, temporal, and spatial). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Contemporary challenges motivate academics to look for forms of activities stimulating creative processes, releasing creativity, and supporting cooperation between universities and their socio-economic environments, including the expansion of knowledge with the active participation of these environments. Such effects are brought about by cooperation within the framework of a community of practice - a traditional form of academics' organizing themselves that is currently being rediscovered. Research aims. A presentation and analysis of examples of informal academic cooperation in Poland and the United Kingdom. Methodology. A case study has been conducted on the basis of statements made by British and Polish researchers and practitioners involved in communities of practice. Key findings. The result of the conducted research is the identification of a theoretical basis necessary for understanding various types of voluntary cooperation within an academic community. The research results show that communities of practice are an effective way of working thanks to the stimulation of creative processes, academics' individual development, and advantages gained by institutions. Their key strengths are the absence of formalization and the joy of creation. They constitute a renaissance of the traditional forms of work compatible with academics' styles of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The range of operation of e-participation is constantly widening. The commonness of using e-participation in public management makes one think about its effectiveness in implementing complex processes, particularly those occurring in cities, as the urban revitalization. This process traditionally benefits from wide stakeholder participation based on face-to-face relations. Research aims. The aim of the article is to present - in the context of literature - the experiences of the Cracow City Hall in the range of using e-participation of the residents in the process of planning and implementing revitalization. The basic question is whether it is possible to use e-participation instead or to a limited extent of traditional instruments based on face-to-face contacts. Methodology. The article is based on the results of a desk research (documents of the city of Cracow, the results of research and analyses in the field of interest), website analysis and social media profiles as well as focus group interview conducted by the author in June 2019 with the employees of the Revitalization Office at the Cracow City Hall. Key findings. By the example of Cracow, on the basis of literature research as well as own research and experience gained by designing several revitalization programmes, the author has claimed that face-to-face contact is inestimable. However, city government and its officials cannot avoid the necessity of conducting part of the communication process in social media. The example of Cracow has indicated some weaknesses and dangers which a city may face while using these tools the author has shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Although it was proved that there is a positive relationship between effectiveness of HRM and performance of the organization, little is known why this relationship exists. It is due to the focus on the organizational level, instead of examining behavioral aspects of individuals in the organizations. Research aims. The aim of presented article is to fill the gap in HRM effectiveness research by applying multilevel approach. A literature review was conducted to examine how HRM effectiveness was linked to other variables in previous research according to the multilevel logic. Methodology. The article uses systematic literature review of the empirical research on HRM effectiveness focusing on its antecedents and outcomes. Key findings. The review revealed scarcity of multilevel approach towards HRM effectiveness yet suggests there is a gap in examining antecedents and outcomes on individual or unit/group level of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The general concept of a neo-institutional causal sphere was developed in response to the question about what company management, understood as practice, is from the perspective of dynamic changes taking place in a broadly defined coherent causal sphere. A critical analysis of the literature on new institutional economics, psychology, and sociology, observation of the socio-economic reality, and the author's long experience in managing companies became the prime movers behind the formulation of the concept presented in this paper. Research aims. As a result of the search for answers to the key question, two hypotheses emerged. The first one concerns understanding a company as a collection of activities in the form of socio-economic phenomena, whereas the other is related to human activity within a company, which shapes the neo-institutional manufacturing system. It is a process of the direct achievement of the organization's objectives using appropriate tools. However, the most important subject here is the contracting man. In this context, the author of the article proposes a thesis according to which company management practice, as defined by the neo-institutional perspective, should be oriented towards broad-aspect determinism of a coherent causal sphere. Methodology. In order to support his thesis, the author first presents issues concerning a company from the neo-institutional perspective, providing a background for the concept of a coherent causal sphere. The second part of the paper discusses a coherent causal sphere identified with the dynamic environment of a company. And finally, the author defines functions of company management in the context of a coherent causal sphere, which have a chance of forming a new direction in modern company management. Key findings. The main conclusions include three elements. The first concerns the concept of the company in a neo-institutional approach. The second conclusion speaks of the existence of a coherent causal sphere, which is a reflection of the holistic environment of enterprises, in a neo-institutional approach. The most important conclusion comes down to the statement. The practice of managing a company in the neo-institutional sense should be oriented towards the broad-aspect determinism of the coherent causal sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Gender is an important element regarding women's (and men's) situation in organizations. Numerous research studies indicate that women have the required competences and yet they hold positions, in particular top managerial positions, definitely less frequently than men. These differences can be explained by the still existing phenomenon of the glass ceiling and discrimination against women. In addition, knowledge about effective methods of preventing discrimination against women and their importance for the functioning of the organization is little. Research aims. The objective of this paper was to identify the dominant trends in research on women in organizational management. On the basis of the grouped results of the conducted literature review, the authors outlined new research directions which had previously been absent from, or attracted little attention in, the existing discourse. Methodology. The main method applied by the authors was systematic literature review and the principles of research conducted in the fields of management and business (Creswell, 2013; Easterby-Smith, Thorne & Jackson, 2015). Key findings. The authors indicated various possibilities of conducting research on women in management. For example, studies on the glass ceiling effect do not explain differences between the conduct of organizations with a long-term orientation and those pursuing short-term objectives. As far as financial benefits are concerned, it is not clear what causes organizations whose management boards include women to achieve better financial results and how such results are influenced by the external context. With respect to preventing discrimination, an important task is to grasp the differences between the strength of prosocial behaviours and training/procedures. There are also many research directions that should be further developed, e.g. differences between women and men in the manifestation of counterproductive and citizenship behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The article draws thereaders' attention to changes - trends in particular from the environment of further school organizations, and having a significant impact on the way they function. Research aims. Review and attempt at the theoretical analysis of macro trends: economic, (post) humanities and technology, which governs or will govern education throughout the world. Attention was also paid to challenges posed by individual management perspectives. Methodology. My research is based on a literature review giving insight into the basic understanding of changes in education and on existing approaches. Key findings. The article shows that school organizations are subject to various changes initiated by various entities, including political and economic ones and this requires parallel attention to the development of humanities that will allow individuals to become "fully" human, so that entry into the world of nature, economy, technology, society, and culture can be accomplished through awareness and implementation of humanistic ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Given the specificity and importance of social innovation as the processes of converting novel ideas and solutions of crucial social problems into value for society, they cannot be research and designed if taken out from real-life environment. A living lab approach has become a promising methodology for social innovation research and design, wich offer means of developing and testing innovations in co-creation with users and other stakeholders in real-life settings. Research aims. Given that a living lab is above all a research and design methodology, this research study is aimed at developing the inquiry processes on which the functioning of a social innovation living laboratory is based and which are the basis of conceptual design research framework. Methodology. This research study was realized with conceptual research, wherein the existing knowledge was used as a source of reasoning leading to solve the scientific problem. The observing and analyzing existing information on cognitive processes occurring within living laboratories and their interpretation in the light of knowledge about the processes of creating social innovations led to solve the scientific problem. Key findings. The original conceptual design research framework for a social innovation living lab understood as a research and design methodology. Proposed research framework enables to combine existing knowledge with the experiences from its application for theory testing and further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The article draws readers' attention to the potential significance of works of selected Polish sociologists for the historical approach in Management and Organizational Studies (MOS). The reasons for the lack of interest in history, which is typical of management scholars (except for business historians), are outlined, and the phenomenon of "historical turn" in MOS as a counterpoint of the mentioned phenomenon is discussed. Research aims. The central theme of the article is constituted by the thesis that the "historical turn" cognitively corresponds to the earlier conceptions which were developed by Kazimierz Dobrowolski. The article also highlights the internationally renowned works of Jerzy Zubrzycki and Aleksander Matejko, which are deeply rooted in the Polish historical experience. Methodology. The analysis was based on studies of literature on the subject and the publication of selected sociologists. Key findings. The article shows that that the works of mentioned sociologists offer an integral method assuming a holistic nature of social reality, postulating a combination of functional and historical approaches as well as the use of materials obtained through field research and document studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Reputational risk cross building competitive position or mark management. Shareholders of reputational risk management are more heterogenic. Therefore, it is not surprising that managing reputational risk has now become a major preoccupation for business in the private, public and not-for profits sectors. Research aims. The reputational risk is placed at the top of the risk hierarchy as the risk of others risks. As such, it need in new cognitive framework. In this case we study how manage complexity item. Methodology. Comparative analysis of models of reputation risk management devoted the cognitive framework located in time and institutional space. Key findings. Reputational risk management is reduction of internal cost of particular activity, cover transactional cost of monitoring such type of risk and calculate external cost of reputation lost. One of this external cost is crush of reputation on public trust institutions. The current paper demonstrates and reviews different theoretical perspectives that conceptualize reputational risk management. The first part presents cognitive perspective on reputation. The second part covers behavioral approach to risk management. Finally, the paper provides practitioners with a systematic review of different approaches adopted to study reputational risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Corporate sustainability has captured the attention of much of the world over the last few years. The idea of sustainability refers to all spheres of the company' activity, including marketing strategy. Before the company starts addressing sustainable marketing activities to external stakeholders effectively it needs to address them to its employees first. The reasons for that are two-fold. First, employees play a key role in the process of implementation of sustainable marketing strategies and programmes to external stakeholders, and thus they determine their effectiveness. Second, their sustainable behaviours performed in every-day work show that the company truly cares about sustainable development, and sustainable activities are not perceived as just cheap promotional, short-term actions. In this paper we assume that culture may differentiate employees' attitude towards sustainable marketing activities addressed to them and thus may differentiate sustainable marketing activities undertaken by company managers. Research aims. To explore sustainable marketing activities used by companies towards employees in Europe and Asia, as well as to identify the differences in the assessment of the scope of implementation of these activities by enterprises operating in the European and Asian markets. Methodology. The empirical part of the paper is based on research results run among 262 MSMEs (micro, small, and medium enterprises) operating in Poland (a representative of the European market) and Sri Lanka (a representative of the Asian market). The respondents of the research comprised CEOs or CMOs. The research was run in 2016 and 2017. The non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test was used to examine the significance of the differences between the two countries. Factor analysis was also used to identify the way MSMEs in these two countries define sustainable marketing activities aimed at employees. Key findings. The study revealed that differences between the two countries in relation to the assessment of sustainable marketing activities aimed at employees are statistically significant. Asian respondents assess them higher then Polish ones. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first in-depth study regarding the assessment of sustainable marketing activities aimed at employees. The study is a comparative analysis of the phenomenon between markets with different cultures - Poland (as an example of the European market) and Sri Lanka (as an example of the Asian market), which has not been previously researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Destination branding is a complicated, long-lasting and challenging process because destination is the most complex tourist product which involves various other tourism products and various entities what requires a special approach. Research aims. The basic aim of the article is to show using the example of the South Coast Baltic brand, how the process of a cross border umbrella tourist destination proceeds. Methodology. Apart from the case study, the authors used such methods as: literature and documentation analysis and participant observation. Both authors are directly involved in marketing and pro-quality activities aimed at building the described brand. Therefore, the study is also based on practical knowledge about the subject discussed. Key findings. The basic problem in the building a cross-border tourist destination brand such as South Coast Baltic is to take into account the differences between the countries and regions that make up the described brand. The brand creation process requires regular monitoring of the needs and preferences of the sailors in order to make the product identified best suited to their expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Functional fixation has been originally discovered by psychologists and it consists in the difficulty of noticing the possibility of using an object with a known, specific function in a new, unconventional way. It has been studied by behavioural accounting researchers since 1960s who, with time, adopted the idea into accounting and developed a phenomenon called accounting fixation or data fixation. Despite various experiments conducted in the field, the theoretical framework constituting a basis for such research has not yet been summarized in the literature. Research aims. The paper aims to present theories, models, hypothesis etc. harnessed by researchers to investigate functional fixation phenomenon in accounting. Methodology. The method of literature analysis available in the Internet was used. The scientific publications' databases were searched by means of the combinations of relevant keywords. Finally, 39 articles and 6 monograph published in the years 1966-2018 were included in the analysis. Key findings. Studies on functional fixation based on three groups of psychological theories: behavioural decision theory, learning theory and motivation theory. The first two were intended mainly to explain the genesis of this mechanism whereas the last was exploited in research on how to reduce the occurrence of functional fixation in accounting. However motivation theory has not been treated so far as a main theory for the accounting fixation research, but its potential for further studies of this type seems quite promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Preparation of the financial perspective 2021-2027 is to implement the principle of programming the spending of public funds by the EU institutions. Striving to ensure sound management of EU finances by strengthening the rule of law mechanism has become the core value of the new EU budget. The discussion on the EU budget focuses on public policy issues, in particular on aspects such as migration policy and border protection, defense cooperation, climate policy, as well as research and entrepreneurship. In spite of absence from the main stream of the debate, an important part of the EU budget in perspective 2021-2027 will continue to be the common agricultural policy. Research aims. The goal of this article is to analyze the agenda of EU budget assumptions and challenges of EU public policy in political discourse. Methodology. The comparative method used in the study is the analysis of the differences in the scope of inflows and expenditures of the EU budget. In turn, phenomena and events that affect the wording of the EU budget to a lesser or greater degree have occurred at different times and have had a different impact on the budget adoption process. The timeframe for the analysis presented, including the main factors forming the "two streams", took place in 2015-2018. Key findings. In the first part of the article, the assumptions of the EU budget for perspective 2021-2027 presented by the Commission were included. The second part of the study is an analysis of the main determinants affecting the revenue and expenditure part of the EU budget. The third part presents the analysis of two streams present in the public discourse: stream of problems, stream of challenges and streams of interests of member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Regardless of their size, enterprises to achieve their goals should implement risk management in their management processes. One of the tools that can help to control this management is the accounting system. Entrepreneurs in the SME sector are reluctant to run full records of their business activities. Is that right? Research aims. The purpose of the article is to identify the areas of activity of an enterprise in which accounting will fulfill its role as a risk minimization tool or as a risk signalling device. For the purposes of this study, it was hypothesized that an appropriately structured accounting system supported by additional information would allow for the minimization of the risks (adverse effects) of many economic activities. Methodology. A pilot study examining whether there is a need for deeper research into broader accounting involvement in the risk management process in SMEs. In order to realize the research problem that was established, the analysis of literature, the author's experience and the research in a group of small enterprises have been used. Key findings. Small enterprises do not attach importance to keeping full records (accounting), they do not perceive it as a source of risk information, as they do not notice nor manage the risk. They treat it as something superfluous, costly, but not very useful, apart from the records for tax settlement purposes. It would be necessary to educate entrepreneurs and the people running their books on the use of accounting in risk management. Organizations like PARP (the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development) can do this. With the EU funding, they should organize free of charge risk management training opportunities for SME entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The increase in the complexity of the socio-political situation of Eastern European countries forces questions about the activity of ethnopolitics entities - national minority organizations. Difficult access to data makes it impossible to obtain precise answers to questions about the role of national minority organizations and the impact of their activities on the security of the region. Research interest in these organizations is timely, especially after the Crimean annexation in 2014. Research aims. The aim is to define the role of national minority organizations in Eastern European countries in shaping the security of the subregion. The research area is: Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine. The author puts forward the following research questions: 1) What are the main factors determining the political and social activity of national minority organizations in the region? 2) Is it possible to distinguish the strategies of the studied organizations? 3) What is the essence of political activity of national minority organizations? Methodology. An interdisciplinary research approach was applied, integrating methods from political science, international relations and management. The conclusions from author's own research carried out during foreign study trips in 2014-2017 were used. The literature has an interdisciplinary dimension. Key findings. The role of national minority organizations in shaping the security of Eastern European states is diverse. Their activity will depend on the policy of the country of residence. Uncontrolled, they may lead to deepening of the security crisis in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In the last years micro-enterprises from the SME sector have been the subject of interest and discussion due to their significant share in the total number of enterprises and a significant contribution to the production of national income. This is a phenomenon that occurs both in Poland and in the European Union. There is, however, no research in both the micro enterprise sector and phenomena occurring in individual enterprises over the issues of the possibility of raising competitiveness. regarding the possibility of their development and achieving competitive advantages. Few theoretical studies also touch the issues of knowledge management methods in micro-enterprises, the conditions for the implementation of knowledge and the expected economic effects. Due to the increased complexity and dynamism of the organization's environment, better use of human capital and improvement of knowledge management methods is becoming more and more important. The development of human capital can be implemented through specific activities, which include extending the tasks of the employee, enriching work and introducing modern technologies, training and broadly understood education. In order for these activities to be effective, the enterprise should define specific conditions related to the implementation of basic development goals, including the role of human capital. Logistic processes of the enterprise and their improvement in terms of human resources can become such an imperative. Research aims. The aims of the article are (1) to present research on knowledge management and the role of human capital in a micro-enterprise based on the methodological concept of process management knowledge and (2) to present a case study and the results of non-participant observation using online management tools as research tools in the presented area. Methodology. In the process of constructing the methodological concept, that is the studied group of enterprises, extensive literature of the subject in the field of management sciences was used. Non participant observation was carried out with the participation of 40 master degree students in management, whose task was to prepare a given individual research project. In this way, we obtained data verifying the suitability of the presented research method. Key findings. The presented research method allows to some extent to identify problems occurring in micro-enterprises in the field of studying the share of human capital in the logistic knowledge management model and is a step towards further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Eastern European authors in general, and Polish authors in particular hardly ever publish their work in the top management journals. For instance, out of the 3710 Administrative Science Quarterly papers available in the Web of Science, only 6 (0.16%) were authored or co-authored by scholars residing in the Eastern Europe, including none residing in Poland. The situation is not much better when we take a look at European management journals: Organization Studies features only 24 papers (0.87% of all OS papers available in WoS) authored by scholars residing in Eastern Europe, while Journal of Management Studies so far published one such paper (0.03% of all). Research aims. The study aims at answering the question by analyzing institutionalized publishing practices manifested in the submission guidelines of Polish and global management journals. Methodology. Content analysis of submission guidelines in two samples of journals: global and Polish. Key findings. The study identified significant differences between Polish and global institutionalized publishing practices, regarding the requirements toward the contribution, the role of reviewers, and the technical features of papers. The obtained results shed light on difficulties associated with publishing papers by Polish scholars in the global top management journals. Findings also suggest that adopting different institutionalized practices necessary for successful submissions to global journals may be associated with identity work and depends on author's willingness and ability to engage in such work. Finally, the results of this study contribute to research on the Americanization of management education and on the persistence of institutionalized practices despite prolonged exposure to global literature on management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Development of the tourism sector depends on the infrastructure and an efficient transportation system. A better transport infrastructure results in lower transportation costs and thus lower variable costs of trading, and shortens the distance between origin and destination countries, which can stimulate international tourism flows. Significant improvements in the accessibility of general transport infrastructure (road and air) in Poland within other factors have potentially their effect on foreign inbound tourism. Research aims. The aim of this article is to determine the importance of transport infrastructure among other classical factors of a gravity model influencing foreign inbound tourism to Poland (such as geographic and economic distance from tourism origin countries, or perceived risk factors in the origin countries, like terrorism and economic crises). Methodology. The study is based on panel data of bilateral tourism flows in the period 2008-2016 from 33 countries trading with Poland. We applied a gravity model for international tourism flows considering four different sub-panels (disaggregated by countries and time) in order to control the role of infrastructure in various data sets. Key findings. The results show that the level of transport infrastructure development - measured both directly and indirectly - has a significant impact on foreign inbound tourism to Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. New circumstances in which organizations operate give a new meaning to harmonization imperative which is still present in management theory as one of the most important issues. Today's harmonization is a base for consistency concept, the concept which requires searching for consistency platforms in organizations. One of harmonization aspects is matching cooperation mechanisms to corporate culture specific in various world regions. Because of borders opening and considerate potential of new regions more and more interest is placed in Siberian organizations which often have much to offer for their international partners. When Siberian organizations are defined to have Critical Success Factors they may be invited to take part in modern virtual structures and then they are responsible for operations taking place in one of the process nests. In such a case the Integrator of virtual organization as well as inside deliverers and inside clients need to focus on consistency mechanism during cooperation process. Knowing corporate culture of Siberian partners is necessary to be able to harmonize cooperation for better effectiveness of the venture. Research aims. Considering above the main research aim is to provide typical characteristics of Siberian organizations' corporate culture. In the research such aspects as corporate culture artefacts are identified: language, behavior and material. Moreover, typical norms and values are pointed out and finally cultural traits which form the basis for the previously mentioned corporate culture aspects. The support research aim of the paper is to identify the directions which are expected by Siberian workers as for their corporate culture to be changed. This way the research also provides practical knowledge which may be of use for managers wanting to work out harmonization mechanism when cooperating with Siberian partners. Methodology. To achieve above research aims the research was conducted in 2018, within the period of three weeks in 40 Siberian organizations of different sizes and branches. All of them were business organizations. In the research such research methods were used as: questionnaires (156 questionnaires filled), interviews (30 interviews made) and direct observation (16 observations). Moreover, for identifying research background and for results discussion international literature studies have been made. Key findings. The research results have shown that Siberian corporate culture is a specific mixture of Asian and European influences. It can be clearly seen in official and strict regulatory aspects of these organizations functioning on the one hand and in the importance of personal relations and informal aspects on the other hand. This specific dualism may be noticed in all of the culture levels which were researched. Moreover, Siberian corporate culture is specific because there are still strong communistic regime influences which mix with aggressive capitalism of the new era. That is why we can see community mechanism and friendly relations along with individualism and short time orientation for profits and career. As for findings considering expected directions of change, Siberian workers prefer friendly relations and the feel of community over strict orders and financial aspects of their work. These findings should be a starting point for scholars and managers to work out harmonization mechanisms between Siberian organizations and their native companies. As theoretical research have shown, there have not been any previous studies in management theory on Siberian corporate culture so far, so the research results presented in this paper are pioneer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. One of the areas of business activity that has become not only a matter of voluntary choice in recent times, but more and more often a necessity is CSR. This area is very little recognised and explored in the context of luxury goods. It is obvious that the prosperity of this market gives its participants great opportunities for actions in the area of CSR. However, it is important to consider and examine whether this behaviour is desirable from the perspective of both consumers and other stakeholders of the brand. Research aims. The purpose of this paper is (1) to identify the areas in which socially responsible actions can have a positive impact on the perception of brand value, as well as those that do not apply, and indeed are contrary to these values, and (2) to assess whether and to what extent CSR activities are desirable in the luxury market, both from the consumers and other stakeholders' perspective. Methodology. For the full explanation and understanding of this issue, the identification of luxury brand values has been conducted. On this basis, the author of the paper has identified the areas in which the socially responsible actions can have a positive impact on the perception of brand value, as well as those that do not apply, and are contrary to these values. The paper reviews the literature, analyses the scope of research conducted in this area and presents examples of socially responsible luxury brands. Key findings. The results of the analysis conducted in the paper, indicate that although there are more important values of luxury brand than its social responsibility, there are areas of CSR that are compatible with values of luxury brand and there are stakeholder groups that demand socially responsible behaviour from luxury brands. CSR is considered as both the opportunity and the responsibility of luxury sector. Some trends in ethical/social responsible consumption that already exist in the mass market can and should be transposed into the luxury dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Technological innovations are boosting in the field of finance, and this tendency is similar at fundraising as well. By introducing new ways of payment and digital currencies, all organisations have to follow the trends to be able to accept payments for their goods and services. The third sector must also follow the newest trends that could make donations easier for philanthropic people, but they should be aware of the necessary devices and the costs of the different methods of payment. Research aims. This article is comparing the different possibilities to achieve money, and with the results of a survey, it reveals the rentable possibilities by identifying the most popular communication platforms. Methodology. Comparative and descriptive statistical methods are used to analyse data gained from an online survey to reveal the viability of new technologies at the field of philanthropy. Key findings. The characteristics of donors are analysed, and the most preferred forms of giving are also highlighted to help the actors of the civil sector to establish a competitive fundraising strategy by the help of new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Universities worldwide have been called to (re)consider their role in society; to evaluate their mission and their interrelations with various stakeholders. At the same time they are going through transformation aiming to make them more autonomous, economically efficient and competitive. Both this reasons lead to the pressure on universities to prove their efficient resource management that may be realized via intellectual capital disclosure. Research aims. The objectives of this paper is to present the 'third mission' approach adoption of universities imposing on them the need for greater accountability, transparency and more effective communication that may be realized via IC reporting, the second is to review and discuss the qualitative and quantitative empirical research in IC reporting of universities worldwide. Methodology. The research method consisted in a critical literature and inductive reasoning. The resources theory, stakeholders' theory, legitimacy theory, and signaling theory as well as the New Public Management (NPM) and post-NPM concepts gave the foundation of this research. Key findings. The conclusions of the research confirm that the implementation of IC reporting in universities is still a challenge for practice. IC disclosure lags behind the needs of stakeholders and should be improved. Greater awareness and effective implementation of IC reporting in universities could improve their future potential, quality and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Convention and Visitors Bureaus (CVB) and Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) play a crucial role in marketing and promoting a city, region, or country through creating an image of the destination as an attractive target and meeting area. The effectiveness of the overall process is influenced, among others, by the efficiency of the CVBs' communication with its key stakeholders. Research aims. The aim of the paper is to discuss the differences in CVBs' communication styles, particularly regarding the extent to which the communication is diversified and personalised depending on different regions of the world. Methodology. The comparative analysis is based on a survey conducted among 89 CVB representing Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and South America. While in most of the studied organisations communication with their members should be effective, the importance of this effectiveness among organisational goals varies. It is among strategic goals for European, Asian and Australian DMOs. Asian organisations personalise their communication styles regarding specific members, so the content of the communication is tailored. Interestingly, for the Asian units it is usually irrelevant for the communication efficiency how many members they have. In contrast, for European and North American organisations the number of members should be lower. Key findings. The picture presented on a basis of our study results is interesting and complex. While in most of the studied organisations communication with their members should be effective, the importance of this effectiveness among organisational goals vary. It is among strategic goals for European, Asian, and Australian DMOs. Asian organisations personalise their communication styles regarding specific members, so the content of the communication is tailored. Interestingly, for the Asian units it is usually irrelevant for the communication efficiency how many members they have. In contrary, for European and North American organisations the number of members should be lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The literature on entrepreneurship indicates the lack of a strong theoretical basis to fully describe and explain this extremely dynamic and future- oriented area. The classic approaches to the organization and management are not always sufficient to solve some wicked problems in the area, which require the interdisciplinary synthesis of various sciences combined with the experience of practice, and often quite new conceptual frameworks. Research aims. The purpose of this paper is to describe and present the result of the analysis of the relatively new approach to entrepreneurship, which derives from design sciences. Methodology. The discussion undertaken in the paper is theoretical and methodological, and primarily based on the method of deduction, which referred to the critical literature study has allowed to achieve the research goals. Key findings. The paper presents the relatively new approach to entrepreneurship, which derives from design sciences and designers' practice. However, it is being successfully adopted within organization and management sciences to solve open, complex and unambiguous management problems, especially where entrepreneurship and innovation are required. As the result of the reasoning process, the basic rules of design-led approach to entrepreneurship have been identified. They constitute the basis for a conceptual framework of the presented approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The implementation of the marketing concept to company activities lead to adopting a marketing orientation which enables achieving a long-term competitive advantage. Taking into consideration the position of tour operators in the tourism market structure, that is between partial tourism service providers and sales agents and final consumers, and simultaneously this highly competitive market in the global conditions, it is deemed that tour operators are characterised by a high level of marketing orientation. Research aims. The objective of this study is to present the concept of the marketing orientation of tour operators as well as indicate elements determining the level of market orientation which stem from relationships of a tour operator with other participants of this market. In addition, the results of research on the level of marketing orientation of tour operators operating in Poland and in selected European Union countries were presented, bearing in mind the level of economic freedom in the analysed countries. Methodology. Such research methods were applied as a critical analysis of literature on the subject, logical operations, and statistical methods. Key findings. The conducted research shows that marketing orientation and factors determining it can be subject to assessment by means of measurable quantitative criteria. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the level of marketing orientation and establish it according to a scale. Regardless of the marketing orientation of tour operators addressed to final consumers of services (tourists), it should be noted that there is a necessity to build a proper level of marketing orientation of tour operators with regard to partial service providers and travel agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The article addresses the problem of the influence of dominant discourses in the public sphere on school educational leaders and school reality. The authors focus on two factors of the school environment - political and marketing, which can have a significant impact on creating their development strategies. Research aims. The main purpose of the article is to show the mechanisms of discourses which are significantly important in functioning of schools as public organizations, depending on policies. Methodology. The authors use the analysis of selected theories, including M. Foucault, S. Deetz, E. Noelle-Neumann and review the most important reforms of education after 1989, emphasizing the importance of politics for decisions on the shape of contemporary education. Key findings. Analysing the current situation of Polish education, which is currently mostly influenced by the right-wing and conservative circles, the Authors point out that there is the possibility of using the national Catholic ideology by schools for marketing purposes, dictated solely by the market interests of schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Personnel controlling is focused on the efficiency of managing resources (human resources), it has motivating functions and creates transparent rules and procedures for planning, monitoring, control, and refers to the possibilities of using existing problems in the organisation or protection against their adverse effects. Research aims. The objective of this article is to present the results of personnel controlling research through the valuation of human capital in an energy company listed on the stock exchange (The Warsaw Stock Exchange). Methodology. The applied research procedure combines the analysis of the literature with empirical research and is based upon searching for the answer to the questions how important controlling information is for human resource management in the selected listed company belonging to WIG 20 index. Key findings. The research has shown that despite the lack of existence of regulated and formalised methods of human capital valuation, the company intuitively makes indirect valuations, however only using the qualitative approach and only when making strategic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hospitality jobs are characterised by long, unsocial working hours, irregular and inflexible work schedules, limited time off, shift work, etc. All these aspects, including changes in customers' needs, create a stressful workplace, where increased demands require more time and energy from employees that "must be" devoted to work related activities instead of family life. Thus, unsurprisingly, hotel employees who try to deliver excellent service and meet high quality standards may be particularly prone to experience work-family conflict, which in turn may lead to very adverse effect for customer service and, as a result, many negative outcomes. Research aims. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between work-family conflict and its critical consequences for customer service. The research problem is to find an answer to the questions: 1. is there a relationship between work-family conflict and employees' depersonalisation, which is displayed by treating others (hotel guests) as objects rather that people, through cynical and uncaring attitudes, and 2. may employees' depersonalisation significantly decrease employees' customer orientation and the extra-role customer service. Methodology. The survey instrument was used to collect information from eight hotels in the Pomerania Province (Northern Poland). A total of 130 hotel employees agreed to participate in the study. Key findings. The study results showed that employees who experience high work-family conflict are also more likely to be detached and emotionally callous towards hotel guests, as a result demonstrating lower customer orientation and decreased extra-role service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Knowledge transfer between the HQ and subsidiary has recently been targets of increasing research interest. However, the role of expatriate managers and local staff perspective on this process has not been examined enough. Research aims. This paper has two main objectives: first to develop a conceptual framework (model) of knowledge transfer between the headquarters and local subsidiary, and second to empirically evaluate this process in five foreign subsidiaries based in Poland from a knowledge-based perspective. Methodology. Our study relied on qualitative case study methods. The authors report the empirical findings from five multinational subsidiaries (two German, two American and one Indian) located in Poland. 68 semi-structured interviews were conducted among HR specialists and managers. Key findings. The transfer of knowledge has always been in one direction, that is from the headquarters to its foreign subsidiary in Poland. Both the headquarters (as a sender) and the subsidiary (as a receiver) have been prepared in terms of tools and institutions to accumulate the knowledge. A key link in the knowledge transfer has included expatriates - their skills and abilities such as openness, willingness to learn and motivation for learning, ability to transfer their knowledge and experience to others, and ability to build positive interpersonal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Coaching is a popular training method known especially for a specific, non-directive communication style. The non-directive character of communication techniques has a clear target - it unblocks, brings out and maximises a coachee's potential without giving ready solutions. Coaching constitutes a frequent subject of research, both theoretical and empirical. It proves its effectiveness in various branches and areas. The coaching process is analysed less frequently, and the analysis of implemented non-directive communication techniques is quite a novelty. Research aims. The main research aim is to analyse the frequency of the non-directive communication techniques used by coaches in the coaching process. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the survey method with the use of the questionnaire technique on a group of 100 respondents who took part in the coaching process with at least three sessions and when the coaching process had already been finished. Key findings. The most frequently used non-directive communication technique in the coaching process is coaching tasks, and the shadow procedure is the least frequent one. The choice of a coach (external coach, internal coach or direct supervisor as a coach) has an influence on the frequency of using particular non-directive communication techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In local communities in Poland, introduction of innovative social work solutions which are directed towards solving particular problem cases and move beyond the current standard of social work in welfare centres, is a complex process fraught with many obstacles. It is only rarely a part of social issues management in local communities. This paper is concerned with qualitative research focused on the factors contributing to the effectiveness of initiatives utilizing the OLC (Organizing Local Community, Organizowanie Społeczności Lokalnej) method, which commenced in 2010-2014, under point 5.4 of the systemic project Human Capital Operational Program (Program Operacyjny Kapitał Ludzki) named "Creating and developing the standards of social help and integration - Standards in help" (Tworzenie i rozwijanie standardów pomocy i integracji społecznej - Standardy w pomocy). Research aims. The aim of this paper is to identify and determine factors that influence, whether positively or negatively, the spread and establishment of innovative methods of working with communities experiencing social problems in social welfare centres. It focuses on factors associated both with internal social welfare centre management, with social issues management, and with the bodies created to solve them within a given local community. Methodology. The research was conducted using the case study method in three localities and was supposed to appraise the subsequent fates of three social welfare centres in which new activities have been initiated under the systemic project, as well as the fates of social workers employed in them for organising local communities. Key findings. Thanks to the research conducted and data gathered, we managed to highlight a number of contexts and circumstances which exert heavy influence over the functioning of social welfare centres as well as over the effectiveness of methods of working with communities experiencing social issues. Such contexts have both internal (e.g. the attitude of a centre's employees towards a given issue and their work) and external (e.g. the attitude of local government or other institutions towards a given social problem) character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cooperation with suppliers has an important bearing on the organisation's ability to achieve its objectives. The supplier selection processes include various criteria which increasingly have also other than purely economic interest. Supplier code of conduct is one of tools for shaping relations between organisations and their suppliers which, applied mostly on international markets, expand dimensions of requirements suppliers should meet. The article analyses degree and scope of presence of supplier code of conduct in reviewed scientific publications. Research aims. Aim of the research is to identify presence of the issue of supplier code of conduct in reviewed scientific journals. The following research questions have been raised: 1. is there a research gap in the field of supplier code of conduct?; 2. which scientific journals publish articles on supplier code of conduct?; 3. which research areas undertake the subject of supplier code of conduct? Methodology. Systematic literature review was the fundamental research method. Papers subject to analysis were selected based on EBSCO and ProQuest. Key findings. Bibliometric and contextual analysis have led to the formulation of the following conclusions: 1. the issue of supplier code of conduct is present in reviewed scientific publications only to a very limited degree, 2. scientific journals publishing articles of supplier code of conduct have diversified profiles, 3. supplier code of conduct is a research subject in numerous research areas. Consequently to the systematic literature review proposals for future research directions have been drawn up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Non-ethical business behaviour and the causes of the hidden economy are examined extensively through multiple research methods. The aim of the research is to expand the classical economics' statements to the fullest extent of the phenomenon, according to which tax avoidance depends on the number of checks, degree of punishment, income level of the individuals, and the extent of the tax rates - which are within the fields of sociology and behavioural science. Research aims. The purpose of the study is to summarise the results of earlier research related to the possible behavioural patterns and forms of behaviours behind the hidden economy. Methodology. The main direction of the study is to evaluate the change in the classical economics model - maximising the expected usefulness - along with the field of behavioural economics. The present study examines the possibility of application of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale - which is widespread and utilised for the measurement of self-esteem in the international pieces of research - concerning whether the extent of the self-esteem of the individual may affect the engagement with the hidden economy. After the evaluation of the questionnaire surveys, naturally we expect the suggested research assumptions to be confirmed. Key findings. Also, both the cultural environment and the demographic factors may have an impact on tax morals, and national pride, also the higher levels of trust among citizens in the government, tax authorities and other legal institutions may also have a beneficial effect. In addition, friendly and respectful treatment of taxpayers, handling them as partners can also improve the willingness to pay taxes, the direct political participation of citizens, and involvement in political decisions, and democracy can have a significant impact on tax morals as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Managing organisations in turbulent environments requires high quality competencies. In the knowledge economy, of all managerial skills, the role of human resources risk management skills is clearly growing. The reason is that each stage of human resource management pursued by managers may serve as a potential source of risk related to the need to take personnel-related decisions. Human resources risk is an inherent part of company operations, whereas the social sub-system is an indispensable, key factor for the smooth running of business entities. Therefore, HR risk should be managed, as any other risk type. Research aims. The objective of this research was to carry out a diagnosis of manager competencies in the area of human resources risk management. Methodology. The article was based on the analysis of literature and a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire survey. Key findings. On the basis of the research conducted with the application of a diagnostic survey, it was concluded that although managers had a significant potential for the management of this specific risk type, it was not used to a full extent in all of the analysed organisations. Furthermore, the analysis showed that a barrier limiting effective human resources risk management oriented at generating an added value was created by negative attitudes, such as perceiving human resources risk mainly as a threat and striving to avoid it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Information and communication technologies significantly influence tourists' behaviour. They create the independence of consumers through facilitation of dynamic access to information and saving it, as well as sharing it via social media and other on-line channels. More and more new ICT tools including mobile technologies are being used by tourists. The problem has not been empirically investigated in Poland yet, and this was a reason to conduct research to fill this gap. Research aims. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role of selected mobile technologies in tourism in Poland. Methodology. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the summer of 2016 among Polish tourists in the city of Krakow. The selection of the sample was of a purposive-quota character. The adopted control variables were respondents' gender and age (the general population was defined as the number of tourists reported during the previous year). The size of the sample was N = 1,175 of correctly completed questionnaires. Key findings. The results of research confirm that IT solutions are growing in popularity and slowly becoming considered as standard tools. Three main aspects were considered: the use of QR code, virtual trips and geotagging by tourists. The most popular were virtual trips to venues and/or places (78% of respondents in Krakow), then using QR code readers in smartphones (45%) and the least popular - geotagging during the journey (36%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The legal environment, understood as a set of factors, affects enterprises in a given country and plays a large role in the business environment. Research aims. The main objective of the conducted research is to verify the hypothesis about the significance of legal environment in relation to the freedom of business conducted and the GDP achieved in a given country. Methodology. The research objective achievement was based on the analysis of the Rule of Law Index, Economic Freedom Index and Business Freedom (being the EFI subfactor) as well as GDP values for 97 countries that were included in the Rule of Law and Economic Freedom classification in 2016. The comparative method and factor analysis were conducted. Key findings. The higher level of the rule of law is related to higher economic development and provides wider freedom in business for entrepreneurs. In the studied cases, the leading countries' group which includes Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, and Norway, achieved the highest levels of both indexes' values - Rule of Law and Business Freedom in comparison to other countries in analysed population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Managing a public institution is a complex task with significant effects inside and outside the organisation. Research in the area of managing a public institution shows that it provides new challenges especially in the human resource management (HRM) and the use of IT technology, in particular that today's public institutions are more akin to corporations searching for a higher level of efficiency. Research aims. The purpose of this article is to identify how IT solutions influence HRM efficiency through effective e-HRM applications, and to explore their role in changing HRM in a public institution. The effects are considered through the theoretical lens of new public management ideas and the efficiency aspects. Methodology. A review of literature in the field of public management and the use of IT in the HRM was conducted in order to determine what has to be used and how in order to raise its efficiency. The results of literature search were enriched with a case study of an effective government unit and interpreted with reference to literature guidelines. An explorative case study in a public institution was conducted. Key findings. Using IT in HRM provides more transparency and dynamic relations in HRM, supports improvements by transferring best practices from software vendors, and allows to delegate routine HR activities to line managers and employees. Technology has led to changes in talent management processes. The findings illustrate how staff responsible for HRM reinterpret their roles moving from personnel administration to strategic HRM and business partnership. The study allowed preparing a working model to better understand how to enhance efficiency of e-HRM and performance of the public organisation using IT solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The data suggests that the general population's health is deteriorating. This generates ever higher cost of healthcare. Fewer well employees generate higher healthcare costs and loss of efficiency. Out of this problem arises the need to prevent diseases more effectively in order to lower the healthcare costs. One of the places where prevention and a health-oriented attitude might work particularly well is the workplace. Research aims. This research has three main objectives. Those include presenting factors influencing wellness at work (during the course of the literature review), conducting empirical research among employees about their attitudes towards current wellness provisions, and giving tailored recommendations for future development. Methodology. This research adopts the method of a case study with e-interviews. In total, nine e-interviews were filled out by the employees of the Human Resources Department at Coca-Cola Poland in April 2017. Key findings. Key findings of this research suggest that the notions of work-life balance and job satisfaction are highly individualised and stress plays a major role in their perception. Moreover, the researched employees paid much attention to the physical environment of the workplace (air condition, lighting, etc.). Also, out of the ones in place in Coca-Cola Poland, the employee benefit of private healthcare was graded as the most important one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Female-led firms constitute the minority of firms and often perform worse than male-headed firms which leads to losses of female potential and in consequence losses of social welfare. Research on business performance in gender dimension is of importance for policy. Research aims. The goal of this paper is to investigate the relationship between gender of the chief executive officer (CEO) and the performance of firms, based on a survey for Polish innovative firms. We verify the hypothesis of similar performance of innovative firms led by female and male managers. Methodology. The study is based on data for 265 firms that invested in innovation with a public innovation grant in one industrial region in Poland. Two years after the end of investment, a detailed survey on the firms' performance was conducted in 70 firms representative for the whole sample of 265 firms. Key findings. The findings indicate that gender of chief executive officers (CEOs) does not differentiate the economic performance of firms. Firms led by male and female CEOs reported a similar increase of employment and returns two years after the investment in innovation. The paper concludes that male and female managers are equally efficient when they do business in similar business conditions with equal access to resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Projects pervade public organisations and influence the way they solve complex and complicated social and organisational problems. The consequnce of the poliferation of projecs is called projectification: more and more activities are being transformed into projects. Projectification also seems to change significantly the situation of public servants, and not only the organisations. They are expected to assume the dual role of a public servant and of the project/portfolio/programme manager/project team member. Research aims. The aim of this paper is to address the research problem concerning the influence of projectification processes on public servants in Poland. Methodology. The paper is of a conceptual character (based on literature review), although it is also illustrated by an empirical example. Key findings. The employees of public organisations perceive themselves as public servants in the first place, not as project managers or project workers. Although project work has an impact on the ethos of their work, it seems that it does not harm or influence their professional identity: they remain public sector servants in their opinion. However, considering the relatively low salaries in the Polish public sector, the temporariness of their employment and stress related to project work, public servants may be in danger of becoming in the future the projectariat - the precariat class of project workers in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Polish trade fairs organizers are looking for new methods to optimize achieved results and more effective methods of development. Coopetition as a management strategy is used in many areas of the economy. Enterprises applying this strategy achieve better financial performance, and are able to more flexibly respond to market changes. Therefore, the question whether it is possible to apply the coopetition strategy on the Polish exhibition market becomes appropriate today. Research aims. The aim of this paper is to assess the legitimacy of applying the coopetition strategy on the trade fairs market in Poland and to identify potential areas of cooperation between the trade fairs organizers as part of this strategy. Methodology. The research took the form of a case study of selected trade fairs organizers, during which analyses the content posted about them on the Internet and other secondary information about their activities. Key findings. In the research process the group of the trade fairs organizers performing a vital role on the Polish exhibition market was extracted. It was found that there are potential areas of coopetition on the trade fairs market and it is reasonable for organizers of trade fairs to look for opportunities to cooperate with one another. Coopetition should help pay attention to trends that appear on the trade fairs market and allow early adaptation to them. This will give the organizers the chance to increase the competitive advantage of companies outside the agreement. Analysis results of cooperation between organizers of trade fairs should help identify activities that will be satisfactory for all partners of the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Studies suggest, that organisations tend to a selective disclosure of non-financial information, which may depend on the organisations characteristics, general and internal contextual factors. Furthermore it is believed that CSR disclosure is country-variant. Research aims. Therefore the main goal of this paper is to verify, whether selected variables: the size of the company, the issue of operating on foreign markets and financial performance influence the detail of disclosed non-financial information. Methodology. For this purpose CATI research with 102 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange has been conducted. The obtained results have been analysed using V Cramer contingency measure. Key findings. The conducted research and analysis have shown that in most cases a statistically significant correlation between the analysed variables could not been determined. A statistically important correlation has been determined between i.e. the size of the company and the disclosure of social and employee related information towards internal stakeholders, between operating on foreign markets and the disclosure of social and employee related information towards external stakeholders and between financial performance and disclosure towards external stakeholders in regards to three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial failure and exit are critical components of the venturing process of social entrepreneurs. Failing and abandoning the pursuit of opportunities that seek to create social good affect also multiple stakeholders, whose well-being depends on the (public/social) value that the social enterprise provides. Given the nature of social entrepreneurship, this type of entrepreneur may present essential dissimilarities with their traditional counterpart in the way they cope with potential failure and exit. Because of the fact that researching failure in the context of SE is rather new, this paper uses a qualitative approach and bases on semi-structured interviews as a research method. With a lack of academic and case-based research on social enterprises that have failed, the goal of this research paper is to investigate and report on the underlying reasons why social entrepreneurs fail and to provide some insights into why talking about failure is beneficial to both current and future social entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For listed companies, employer branding is nowadays not only a choice within the framework of personnel strategies, but a business necessity addressed to the current employees of enterprises, and the future ones. The employer brand is a tool which is effective for the purpose of building a competitive advantage. It makes it possible to treat employees as internal clients, but also confirms the image of the organization as a desired place to attract the most talented candidates. A large percentage of enterprises follow a standard approach to corporate social responsibility tools, while differences result from diverse industries and organization sizes, but the overall strategy is similar. The objective of this article is to present the results of research corporate social responsibility tools which significantly support employer branding in companies listed on GPW (The Warsaw Stock Exchange). The applied research procedure combines the analysis of the literature with empirical research and is based upon searching for the answer to the questions about the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employer branding in the selected listed companies belonging to WIG 20. The studied enterprises have a corporate social responsibility strategy and they have apply employer branding but separately. There is no common strategy in both management areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern organizations, the importance of employee training and development is increasingly emphasized because as it allows them to improve their qualifications and develop new competencies and attitudes useful for the organization. On the other hand, the flexible forms of employment, which are less permanent than indefinite period employment contracts, are increasingly used in organizations. The aim of the paper is to present the relationship between the form of employment and employee training and developing opportunities in organizations. The paper presents the results of research conducted by means of a diagnostic survey, with the use of a questionnaire among 569 employees of the Province of Silesia. A research process was conducted on the basis of grounded theory, and statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS for Windows, assuming the level of significance at 0.05. In order to compare people with different forms of employment, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The research results indicated that there are certain relationships between the form of employment and employee training and development opportunities in the organization. Statistically significant differences were shown between the form of employment and the assessment of employee development opportunities, the form of employment and the assessment of employee promotion opportunities in the organization and the form of employment and the assessment of employee professional development opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Thriving, composed of learning and vitality produces many positive outcomes for organizations. Yet, there is a lack of studies on thriving which is embedded in social interactions that juxtapose the two types of organizational contexts, i.e. mono- with multicultural ones. Research aims. The aim of the paper is to compare the level of thriving (i.e. learning and vitality) in mono- and multicultural work contexts. The author posits that the multicultural work environment has unique demands conducive to thriving to a larger extent than the monocultural one. Methodology. The cross-sectional study was conducted in domestic companies and multinational corporations (MNCs) that represent mono- and multicultural workplaces, respectively. The samples comprised 259 employees having only monocultural interactions and 238 individuals involved in intercultural interactions. Key findings. The research reveals that the subjects employed in the multicultural organizations experienced a higher level of thriving than those working in the monocultural ones. The results support the notion that social contacts, including intercultural interactions, are needed to trigger thriving in organizations. As the paper is concerned with individuals' positive growth, it contributes to the Positive Organizational Scholarship studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The increasing need for highly contextualized studies in the field of management results in the growing interest of researchers in qualitative methods, and case study methodology in particular. Case study analysis seems to be one of the most suitable research approaches to explore research problems in a given context. Due to the growing popularity of using case study analysis, there is a need to explore the body of knowledge and identify research fronts within. Research aims. The aim of the paper is to profile and map the contexts of research related to case study methodology in Business, Management and Accounting. The analysis is oriented to answering the following study questions: (1) How is the research output in the field distributed among countries, institutions, source titles (journals etc.) and authors? (2) What are the core references referring to or using case study methodology? (3) What are the key topics in publications using case study methodology? (4) What are the key geographical and business area contexts, which the case study research is embedded in? Methodology. The method of research profiling is applied to categorize the research output referring to and using case study analysis. Research profiling is categorized among bibliometric descriptive studies. The focus is given to general publication profiling (including profiling for countries, institutions, source titles and authors) and some components of topic profiling (i.e. identifying key research topics and research contexts with the technique of keywords analysis). Scopus is used as a source of data for bibliometric analysis. Key findings. Among studied references two streams can be distinguished: methodology- oriented and empirical papers. The former analyzes the aspects of case study methodology in various contexts, the latter uses case study analysis as a research method to conduct inquiries in their respective topical areas. The key research topics where case study methodology is applied encompass: (1) innovation and information/knowledge management; (2) sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR); (3) strategic management. In regard to the geographical context, case studies most often are focused on such countries as: China, Australia, the United States, India, the United Kingdom and Malaysia. In regard to the business area, case study methodology is most often used in various industrial sectors, but there are also some other highly represented areas such as: commerce, education, tourism and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms increasingly embed organizational politics in their change management but struggle to effectively manage it. To better understand how they do so, I have built and tested a conceptual model using data from 158 small and medium-sized Polish enterprises. The results show relationships between organizational politics, change management, and organizational effectiveness. The findings extend and specify the understanding of organizational politics as a driver of organizational change success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the features of management sciences is their strong sub-disciplinary nature which results in distinguishing specific research specializations. This process is a consequence of the eclectic character of management and is associated with the dynamic emergence of new research areas and practical applications. Taking this into account, the aim of the paper is to identify and assess the scope, characteristics and development prospects of selected classifications of sub-disciplines in management sciences in Polish and worldwide research practice. The aim is realized on the basis of the research encompassing 13 selected classifications and opinions of 31 experts representing the scientific community from Poland and China. The results indicate a wide variety of the analyzed classifications which are characterized by different application goals, scope, characteristics and classification logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]