Search

Water is a very critical nutrient in the diet of lactating animals as it performs several functions, viz., transfer of nutrients and excretions of waste products produced during metabolism, digestion, and body temperature regulation of all living organisms. Besides growth, other parameters like milk production, reproduction, adaptive potential, and feed consumption are also influenced by water status in feed and body reserves. Water intake in dairy cows is influenced directly or indirectly by several factors; direct factors include animal-related factors such as breed, body size, physiological stage, age, health, stress, and ecological adaptations and environmental factors, viz., season of the year, environmental temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. These factors significantly influence the drinking water intake of dairy cows. Nonetheless, different managemental practices such as rearing type, feeding practices, housing, water availability, and its quality can also affect water intake indirectly. However, overall understanding of these factors affecting water intake in dairy cows could help to improve the dairy husbandry practices and subsequently health, production, and welfare of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects on mortality, production performance, water intake (WI), and organ weight of Satureja khuzistanica essential oil (SkEO) using 720 1-day-old Arian broiler chicks in a 42-day trial. Experimental treatments were addition of 0 (control), 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L SkEO or 500 mg/L polysorbate 80 (control) into drinking water. The birds were kept under natural ambient temperatures 4 to 6 °C above standard recommendation from days 22 to 42 of age. Addition of SkEO into drinking water at 200 and 500 mg/L decreased weight gain ( P < 0.05) of the birds from days 29 to 35 of age with no differences in feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to control groups ( P > 0.05). Supplementation of drinking water with 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L SkEO resulted in a 0.47, 4.40, 8.60, and 12.93 % decrease in WI, respectively, from days 1 to 42 of age. The calculated European broiler index was greater for the birds received 400 mg/L of SkEO in their drinking water compared with that of the other birds ( P < 0.05). Pancreas percentage was increased for the birds received 200 to 500 mg/L SkEO at days 21 and 42 of age compared with that of the control birds ( P < 0.05). The gall bladder weight was 17.56, 40.50, 12.16, and 38.73 % greater for the birds received 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L SkEO compared with that of the control birds, respectively. The results showed that an addition of 400 mg/L SkEO into drinking water for heat-stressed broiler chickens improves economic efficiency possibly by promoting digestion process, creating miniscule improvement in FCR and lowered mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]