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Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) being major public health problems in India, including West Bengal needs to be continuously monitored through recommended methods and indicators. Present study is aiming to assess the total goiter rate, urinary iodine excretion, iodine content of salts at households’ level among primary school children and to find association with the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population. Method: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2019 to August 2019 among 540 schoolchildren of class three and four. Goiter was assessed by standard palpation technique, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was analyzed by wet digestion method and salt samples were tested by spot iodine testing kits. The total goiter rate (TGR) was 10.56 %. About 97.22 % of the salt samples tested were adequately iodized. Though consumption of iodized salt was adequate irrespective of socio demographic characteristics; goiter prevalence was significantly different with respect to mother’s education level. Median urinary iodine excretion was found to be with in normal range. Lastly, a comparison is made between indicators of IDD over years which showed significant fall of TGR % of North 24 Pgs and a significant increase of adequately iodized salt consumption from 2004 to 2019. Conclucion: 2019 resurvey of North 24 parganas indicates that the district achieved close to the goal of NIDDCP i.e. prevalence of IDD should be below 10%. It also proved that universal salt iodinization program has increased the household’s iodine consumption above national goal of 91.2%. Goiter prevalence is found to be less in children whose mother attend the education upto 12th standard and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence of a novel strain of Coronavirus, now named SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan city, China, in late 2019, resulted in a global pandemic that spread to every region of the world. Various measures like social distancing, wearing masks including closure of schools became the new normal. The decision to close schools is to bring stability between the risk associated with transmission in the school environment and the educational and welfare impact upon children of shutting down education establishments. While countries in the region are at various phases of evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, facing a combination of common and unique challenges, each has begun to prepare and effectuate the safe reopening of schools. Objective: To assess community accordance to the essential actions at school level and support for school reopening in covid era and factors responsible for it. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults who were parents/ care takers/guardians of school children aged 5-15years residing in urban area. The proforma comprised of sociodemographic profile and the 21 Actions at School level as per WHO recommendation. Data was collected using Google Forms. Responses were presented as frequencies, percentages and Chi-square test. Results: A total of 615 adults were enrolled for the study. 44.44% of study participants accepted the 21 actions at school level and were in favour of school reopening. 60% were 32-45 years, 63.25% were literates and maximum were females. Significant associations were observed with study participants with younger age (p<0.0001), residing in nuclear families and children enrolled in private schools (p<0.00001), were more in favour of accepting the 21 actions at school level and willing to send the children back to school. Conclusion: There is a need to revaluate purpose, content and modes of delivery of education and to make adjustments that in the future strengthen multiple flexible learning pathway introduce innovative pedagogical models, and incorporate crisis-sensitive planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ear, Nose and Throat diseases are common in school going children who often miss school due to these illnesses. ENT diseases have not been given due importance by majority of the school authorities. The importance of ENT diseases screening is to identify the children at-risk, which may hamper their scholastic performance, and to refer them for detailed investigation and intervention. Objectives: 1. To find out the pattern of common Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders among School children. 2. To find out the association if any regarding ENT morbidities and socio-demographic variables of the parents. Materials and Methods: The study was a descriptive observational type of cross-sectional design. The school was chosen by random sampling method. Data were collected by interviewing the school children with a pre-designed and pretested schedule. Clinical examinations were done with the help of a check list containing the standard answer and definition of ENT morbidities. Collected data were analysed and proportions and Chi-square test were done. Results: Among study population 52.6% were female and most of the children (63.5%) were < 14 years of age group. 61.6% having some form of ENT morbidities. Literacy status of parents and economic condition of the family were significantly associated with ENT morbidities. Conclusion: Urgent need for health education and regular Ear, Nose and Throat check-up among the school children to increase their level of awareness and knowledge regarding ENT diseases and also decrease morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: World-wide obesity trends are causing serious public health concern and in many countries threatening the viability of basic health care delivery. Waist circumference as a screening measure of central obesity in children where obesity is a global phenomenon affecting all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. Aims and Objectives: Waist circumference Reference values are in percentiles for children with 5-15 years of age in Karimnagar city. To screen over weight and obese children using waist circumference and in comparison with that of BMI (reference values) Material and Methods: The study was prospective case control observational study included for 5-15 years of 1000 school going children in Karimnagar city from January 2021 to October 2022 For each group children - Height, weight, waist circumference and BP were recorded and BMI was calculated according to their (formula) wt/(ht)2. Results: There was good correlation with waist circumference and BMI in each age group. 1. The reference values for each age group were constructed for WC, BMI, SBP and DBP. 2. The study population was observed over weight (OW) and obesity with their reference values i.e. OW between 85th and 95th percentile and obese over 95th percentile for both WC and BMI. There was good correlation between BMI and waist circumference for age groups and both the sexes and screening results of OW and obese raising WC and BMI were almost similar. This indirect WC alone can be used to screen over weight and obesity. Conclusion: Reference values for both waist circumference and BMI, age wise and gender wise were constructed. Reference values for BMI and Waist Circumference with cutoff points of 75th, 85th and 95th percentiles were constructed. The reference values were developed both in percentiles and mean with standard deviation. Using these reference values, children were screened for overweight, obesity using both BMI and WC. Children at risk ("action point" >75th percentile of WC) for metabolic syndrome were identified. There is good correlation between BMI and Waist Circumference. WC measurement alone on regular basis during school health checkup can help to screen, intervene and monitor Overweight and obese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental involvement in school has been demonstrated to be a key factor for children's academic outcomes. However, there is a lack of research in Chile, as well as in Latin American countries in general, leaving a gap in the literature about the generalization of findings outside developed and industrialized countries, where most of the research has been done. The present study aims to analyse the associations between parental involvement in school and children's academic achievement. Cluster analysis results from a sample of 498 parents or guardians whose children attended second and third grades in 16 public elementary schools suggested the existence of three different profiles of parental involvement (high, medium, and low) considering different forms of parental involvement (at home, at school and through the invitations made by the children, the teachers, and the school). Results show that there are differences in children's academic achievement between the parental involvement profiles, indicating children whose parents have a low involvement have lower academic achievement. Findings are in line with international research evidence, suggesting the need to focus on this variable too in Latin American contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic rhinitis is a common disease affecting children and adults all over the world. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has significantly increased among children in developing countries. It has a significant effect on the quality of life and performance of children. There are only a few studies in India on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis. This was a hospital based cross sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and associated co-morbidities among school going children. Methods: This was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care medical college hospital of Kerala for a period of one year. A questionnaire was distributed to 200 parents of children aged 3 to 15 years attending the out-patient department. The questionnaire was prepared based on the one developed by ISSAC Steering committee (International Study of Asthma and allergies in childhood) with some additional questions. Questions regarding the symptoms, risk factors and co morbidities were asked and the responses were analyzed. Conclusion: In our study we found a high prevalence of allergic rhinitis among children. Moderate - severe persistent was the most commontype. It was associated with various co- morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescents are highly vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and patterns of behavioural and emotional problems in adolescents. It was also aimed to explore associations between socioenvironmental stressors and maladaptive outcomes. Method: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and July 2008. A stratified random sampling was done. 1150 adolescents in 5-16 years age group in grades 7 to 12 in 10 co-educational schools (government run and private) were the subjects of the study. Behavioural and emotional problems were assessed using Youth Self-Report (2001) questionnaire. Family stressors were assessed using a pre-tested 23 item questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also done. Results: Prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems in adolescents was found to be 30%, with girls exceeding boys in all age groups. Internalizing syndrome was the most common (28.6%) psychiatric problem. On stepwise regression analysis, a perceived lack of emotional proximity to mother had the highest odds (3.489) followed by addiction in father (2.642) and marital discord in parents (1.402). Type of school, type of family, socioeconomic status, relationship with father, mother&s employment and educational status were not found to be significantly associated. Conclusion: An alarming number of our adolescents suffer from emotional and behavioural problems which have their roots in the family environment. These data suggest urgency in establishing a school based mental health service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight and obesity are risk factors for diet-related non-communicable diseases. These diseases are the fifth leading risks for global deaths. Virtually, all age groups are affected bythe consequences of overweight and obesity. Aims and Objectives: This study was undertakento evaluate risk factors of overweight and obesity among higher secondary school adolescents. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 492 school adolescents of the government sector six higher secondary schools in Muzaffarpur. This study measured height, weight and plotted Body mass Index on CDC (Child Development Centre) charts. Factors affecting obesity like physical and sedentary activities (using Bharathy et al. questionnaire) and school-based risk factors were also studied. Results: Based of measurements taken risk factors for overweight and obesity in 492 higher secondary school students, the estimated provincial prevalence of overweight was found to be 9.7%, obesity 3%, and malnutrition 18% respectively. Students involved in household chores for 4 hours or more a week were associated with a decreased risk of overweight (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.41-11.03) and those with less activity were at increased risk for obesity (OR 6.59, 95% CI 1.83-21.19). Conclusion: The problems of overweight and obesity are taking place while students are still at the risk of underweight. Several factors were correlated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, interventions targeting gender, frequency of eating food out of home, vigorous activities, and frequency of doing the vigorous physical activity are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refractive Error is a common health issues among young school-aged children in Bangladesh. Present study focused on determinants of refractive error among school-going children (class II-V) and the associated factors. Method: Data were collected from 200 school-going children and their parents in a cross-sectional study using purposive sampling from Cambrian School, Dhaka city. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic, behavioral and clinical information related to prevalence of refractive error at this age of children. Results: Study revealed that, among 200 participants, 54.5% children had refractive error and the younger a child is, the more there was possibility of having this issue. A positive association was found between meal intake, duration of using computer games or watching television and genetic factor (parents’ wearing spectacles) with the occurrence of having this error in children (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study revealed, unhealthy life-styles and physical inactivity at this age may lead to refractive error among school aged children and early detection with medical advice as well as lifestyle modification might play a significant role not only in improving children’s learning ability but also in reducing the incidence of refractive error in this age group in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Though E-learning has been slowly finding its way into various academic programs, the Covid-19 pandemic has suddenly forced it upon us, with no option left. For a few months now it has been the only possible method of teaching and learning. Many of the schools, as well as faculty were using it to some extent, but were not completely prepared. This posed a challenge to them. In this context, it is necessary to understand the hardships faced by the teachers, their perception about e—learning and the anxiety caused to them. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 4 weeks. A sample of 100 school teachers was randomly selected by convenience sampling. A structured, pre-tested questionnaire through Google forms was used to collect the data. The questionnaire assessed the benefits and disadvantages of e-learning as perceived by the teachers. Anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Data was entered in Excel sheet and observations were tabulated and presented as proportions, using pie charts. Results: 32% of the teachers felt that visual orientation is a positive aspect of e-learning, 67% felt that e-learning offers better opportunities for students to improve their skill set. 34% expressed that they were able to complete only 61-80% of the assigned subject matter for the day. Lack of face to face communication, poor network connectivity, and inattentiveness of students were listed as the disadvantages of e-learning. Despite training having been provided to conduct e-learning, 90% of the teachers experienced mild anxiety. Conclusion: 58% of the teachers believed that E-learning could definitely be used on a regular basis, whereas 42% felt certain modifications and measures need to be in place before the actual process of complete E-learning could be thought of as a modality to teach school children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective study was conducted among 30 children who had clinically suspected megaloblastic anaemia in a tertiary care hospital. With a purpose to study the role of serum Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level as an early marker and prognostic indicator for megaloblastic anaemia in children. After Children’s were identified by taking detailed clinical history and examination were subjected for the various investigation, then LDH level were co-related with the duration of illness, severity of anaemia, and clinical response to treatment. Statistical data was analysed using graph-pad. The commonest age group was between 5-10yrs (n=17, 56.6%), showing male: female ratio (M:F, 1.5:1), 84%were from low socio-economic background. Those children who had longer duration of illness had higher serum LDH level. Serum LDH levels falls in responsive to the therapy. The study concludes that megaloblastic anaemia is still a common and preventable cause of anaemia in school going children and adolescents. Early recognition of megaloblastic anaemia with simple investigation like serum LDH level estimation and subsequent effective therapy will have a good outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. A valid instrument to measure the bullying in primary schools is needed to determine the actual conditions. Aim. This study aimed to adapt the BYS-S questionnaire and psychometric evaluation with a cultural approach. Method. This psychometric testing applies the cross cultural adaptation method which consists of five translation stages. Item validity was analyzed by Rank-Spearman (r) and Cronbach’s alpha (α) correlation test and followed by tests to obtain discriminatory power and difficulty level for each item. Result. The results showed that the items had a high level of validity and reliability with some discriminatory items and the difficulty level of each item was very good. Discriminated and difficulty items in the form and impact on bullying victims were higher than the bullies and bystanders. Conclusion. BYS-S questionnaire Bahasa Indonesia’s version can be considered valid and reliable and has excellent discriminatory and difficulty power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents may happen anyplace at any time. First aid knowledge is the ways and techniques that are used to perform practices associated with prevention and immediate response to health emergencies. The main objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding First Aid Management among school children for experimental group and control group, to assess the effectiveness of training programs regarding first aid management among school children for the experimental group and control group, to associate the pre-test knowledge score with demographic variables for the experimental group. The research approach selected for the study was the quantitative (quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group pre-test -post-test only design) approach. A sample of 140 school children (70 experimental group and70 control group) was selected by purposive sampling from selected school of Bareilly. The major findings of the study showed that the mean post-test knowledge scores (37.67) of school children regarding first aid management was higher than their mean pre –test knowledge scores (21.67) with a mean difference of 15.88 the mean post-test attitude level (22.07) of school children regarding first aid management was higher than their mean pre –test attitude level (21.02) with a mean difference of 1.05 the mean post-test practice scores (6.17) of school children regarding first aid management was higher than their mean pre –test practice scores (0.41) with a mean difference of 5.76.The Training programe was effective in enhancing the knowledge, attitude and practice of school children on first aid management. No significant association between post-test knowledge scores and demographic variables. The findings indicate that the training Programme on first aid management developed by the researcher was effective in enhancing the knowledge, attitude and practice of school children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease”. Energy is required for all physiological processes which are made available through breakdown of complex food materials consumed on daily basis. The nutrition available through food consumption is closely related to the overall health and well being of a person. In the state of West Bengal, poor nutritional status of children, especially in rural areas is becoming a major cause of concern. Not only does it contribute to overall underperformance in schools (including increasing school drop outs), it also predisposes these children towards increasing chances of getting Non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes. Thus this study analysed published reports on nutritional status of children in various districts of the state West Bengal. For this purpose, the study explored the district-wise malnutrition scenario among primary/upper primary students in West Bengal. It was indicated that only less than one-fourth students had appropriate or ideal nutritional status and rest were in various stages of food deprivation which is a matter of great concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood obesity has become more prevalent all over the globe. In Thailand, the highest prevalence rate of childhood obesity has been found among primary school students in Northeastern (9.9%), which still exceeds 7% recommended by the WHO. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Food Fit for Fun program with social media used on health literacy and obesity prevention behaviors among senior-primary school students in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Methods: A quasi-experimental was conducted. An experimental and a control group each with 34 participants. A 12-week program was implemented with Health Literacy on dietary and physical activities and social media were used for communication and support. Analysis of the data was performed using t-test while a mean difference and 95%CI were used for determining statistical significance. Results: The senior-primary school children in the experimental group improved their mean difference on health literacy in preventing obesity (10.18; 95% CI: 7.11 to 13.24, p-value <0.001) and dietary and physical activity behaviors (13.44; 95% CI: 6.11 to 20.77, p-value <0.001), compared to the control group. After interventions, the experimental group had a statistically significantly lower mean score on nutritional status (weight for height) (0.26; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.59, p-value <0.05) and fat percentage (1.71; 95% CI: 0.19 to 3.22, p-value <0.05) than the comparison group. Conclusions: This study provided sustainable evidence on effectiveness of Food Fit for Fun program with the use of social media. This outcome showed that it could improve health literacy in preventing obesity and behavioral modification as well as reduce weight and fat percentage in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Flat foot is one of the most common conditions observed in adult. The development of foot arch is rapid between 2 and 6 years of age and becomes structurally matured around 12 or 13 years of age. Flat arches in children usually become proper arches and high arches as the child progresses through adolescence and into adulthood. There are many physiotherapy techniques available for the treatment and rehabilitation of pronated foot which includes taping as one of the important interventions for this condition. It is proposed that the application of tape is a means, aims to alleviate pain, improve muscle function, and restore functional movements. The treatment of flat foot aims at to improve the strength, power, agility and balance. Physiotherapy treatments like electrical stimulation, stretching and strengthening exercises. The purpose of the present study is was to find the effects of rigid taping plus conventional therapy and sham taping plus conventional therapy alone in balance, agility and vertical jump height in children with flat foot. Methods:44 participants were taken in study, treatment was given daily for 4-week, through lottery random sampling and randomly assigned either of two groups by Opaque envelope method, i.e. Group A rigid taping plus conventional therapy and Group B sham taping plus conventional therapy. In conventional therapy alone i.e. faradic foot bath, stretching and strengthening exercises, Outcome measures were SEBT, VJH and IAT. The measurements were taken very first day prior to the taping and at the end of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week of the taping application. Collected data were analyzed using independent t test to compare between groups and repeated measures ANOVA to compare the effects between pre and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week. Results: There was no significant difference between both groups (p>0.05). Significant difference was observed in SEBT in all directions and VJH when compared for within weeks in both groups. Conclusion: There is no difference in effects of rigid taping with conventional therapy and sham taping with conventional therapy in improving SEBT, IAT and VJH for flat foot children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical inactivity in children and adolescents is a major issue in public health. Physical activity (PA) is a best predictor of cardiovascular, skeletal, and mental health in children and adolescents, yet contemporary youth, and especially girls, are often insufficiently active. However, PA levels in children of Surat city, Gujarat has been less explored. So present study was undertaken. Methodology: A Crosssectional survey was conducted on 82 children from 3 different schools of Surat city using self -reported PAQ-C (Physical Activity Questionnaire -Children) in last seven days to measure PA after obtaining permission from school authorities. Anthropometric measures and self-reported socio-demographic data were also recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to depict the characteristics of the study population and PA levels. Results: Mean PA level amongst children was 2.55 (SD=0.60). PA level in girls (2.24, SD=0.73) was significantly lower than in males (2.67, SD=0.67), (p<0.05). 82% (n=66) of students fell in low PA group (PA score <3). PA declined with increasing age (r= -0.17, p<0.05).Conclusion: Inadequate PA was reported among children. The present study even suggested that children should be engaged in more amount of PA which will help in reducing the health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification is an important process that enables detection of children with learning difficulties. The ultimate goal of early identification is to provide appropriate treatment and support needed for successful functioning of the students in and out of school. But identification is rarely performed before the end of kindergarten, or before the first grade. The signs of learning difficulties are generally confirmed during the course of elementary school. Many times pupils are not properly identified as pupils with learning difficulties over an extended period of time which is common for children with high intelligence. Late identification among students may create significant learning difficulties. This may cause a fall in motivation and self-esteem development, and difficulties in learning can continue in adulthood. Because of this, early identification which aims to detect children with developmental problems at an early age is of essential importance. Thus the need for referral of the child for targeted testing and / or detailed assessment becomes an important factor. Researchers are working on different methods to find out the best method for early detection and intervention. Despite the differences that exist, researchers still do not agree which is better and more efficient intervention method. Because of this situation, there is need for additional scientificprofessional research in this area, which would have significant educational and practical implications and would contribute to a more successful identification of students with specific learning difficulties and opportunities for more effective identification, prevention and treatment of these students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal schooling in many other nations begins between ages 4 and 5, some research states that it starts earlier than this. The function of elementary schools throughout the world is to provide opportunities for children to acquire at least basic competencies in reading, writing, and computation. During middle childhood years, children are thought to be functioning developmentally at what Piaget termed the concrete and formal operational stages. Basic literacy as well as computational and conceptual skills is acquired at this phase. But some children may not be able to learn one or more of these skills as per their age. Their intellectual capacity and normal visual and physical abilities are unable to acquire one or more age appropriate language and /or arithmetic skills. They find it difficult to acquire the skill even when adequate learning opportunities are provided. These children have learning disabilities/ difficulties. Studies have revealed that nearly 10% of the childhood population has developmental language disorders of one type or the other and 8-10% of the school population has learning disability of one form or the other. Early intervention presupposes early identification. At present, there is no universally standardized screening procedure to guide referrals from schools. Interventions to rectify the issue should focus on developing and strengthening language and basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic. In addition we should ensure that children should be allowed to “think” for them, to develop higher cognitive functioning is vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Musculoskeletal discomfort is high in school going children in Kolhapur. The primary trigger for the discomfort is heavy school bags as identified through previous studies. Despite the Government of Maharashtra’s resolution to limit the school bag weight, a significant load reduction is lacking. Here we assessed the awareness and corrective measures regarding the weight of the school bag in parents and school authorities in primary school children. Materials and Methods: In this Cross sectional, prospective study, five schools, namely—A, B, C, D, E were selected based on feasibility. Two hundred and one consenting parents of students belonging to class 1 (6-7 year) from each school filled out a pre-tested questionnaire to assess their awareness. Statistical analysis of the response was calculated through chi-square test (P<0.05). Results: Predominant weight carried by school children exceeded 10% of their body weight (mean total weight: 3.891 1.96 kg; gross weight: 3.014 1.63 kg; n=154). Prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort was 52.7%. Style of carrying the school bag significantly influenced development of discomfort (P=0.002). School authorities (n=5) and parents were aware of the Governmen t resolution (n=183). But parents neither considered the weight of the bag at the time of purchase (n=148) nor helped their children pack their school bags (n=137). Conclusion: While there is increased awareness in parents and school authorities, there is lack of action. Corrective measures in terms of behavioural attitudes in parents and school authorities is necessary to bring about the expected changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutrition is one of the most essential things of life. It plays a crucial role in body growth, development and maintenance of health. The objective of this study is the study of the impact of the mid-day meal scheme on the nutritional status of school children (6-12 years) in Varanasi District. Methodology: This study was conducted for 320 students of class 1-8 at five government primary schools in two educational blocks in Varanasi district. Simple random sampling was used for selection of children. The variables of the study were the height and weight of selected students. Results: The results of the study indicated that the nutritional status of MDM children. The study undertaken on a representative and adequate sample of Varanasi revealed that as per Waterlow classification, around 45 per cent of children were found to be normal as per their weight for age and 72.8 per cent of children were found to be normal as per their height for age. The prevalence of wasting and stunting in these children was high (55 % wasted and 27 % of stunted), with boys and girl suffering almost equally. The observations of the present study suggest that the distribution of height of boys were found shorter than boys of WHO standards by -1.8 cm to -6.4 across all ages. The maximum difference was found in age group of 13 years. The weight of boys increased with in age from 6 to 14 years. The weight in the age group 6 to 14 years ranged from 19.5 kg to 50.4 kg in boys. Conclusion: The overall findings of the study revealed that the mean weight of boys and girls was found shorter than boys and girls of WHO standards. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of stunting and wasting for both boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal hygiene which should be started from childhood and having proper knowledge and practice during this time period will help to attenuate the infectious disease, thus increase the productivity of an individual in his or her life cycle. Investigating the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding personal hygiene among primary school going children was the aim of this study. A school based cross sectional study involving 408 children by probability proportionate was carried out in eight government and private primary schools at Sadar Upazilla, Noakhali District. The mean age of the respondents were 9.77±1.62 years with equal numbers of boys and girls. Overall 78.4% (N=320) respondents had good knowledge regarding hygiene and the percentage was higher among girls (79.4%) compared to boys and there have been also significant correlation among knowledge, attitude and practice about personal hygiene (P= 0.000). The study also revealed that respondents having adequate knowledge of proper hygiene were more likely to have clean clothes and clean teeth (AOR 2.37, CI 1.2-4.6 and AOR 2.51, CI 1.4-4.5 respectively). Thus continuous health education and behavioral change program are essential and should be conducted frequently to improve overall hygiene situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Particulate matter (PM) is the most common air pollutant found in West Jakarta, with the main source being the increase of the motor vehicle used. Methods: This study investigated the PM concentrations and the related health risk from PM exposure on primary school students in West Jakarta. The PM2.5 concentration was measured using instrument HAZDUST, Model: SKC EPAM-5000, PA 15330. Results: The highest mean concentration of PM2.5 measured from three primary schools in West Jakarta was 129 μg/m3. Discussion: The health risk analysis of the students showed that the PM2.5 intake was lower than the reference dose or safety limit. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that primary school students were not under the risk of exposure to PM2.5 in the school environment. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Black stains are extrinsic discoloration in primary dentition that can also occur along with dental caries. It clinically presents as pigmented, dark lines or as an incomplete coalescence of dark dots rarely extending beyond the cervical third of the crown. This has often been a concern of dental aesthetics and its frequent recurrence, makes it necessary to find the causative factor and the treatment needed. Materials and Method: In this cross sectional study, 93 children aged between 6-12years were examined clinically for the presence of black stains using mouth mirror and dental probe by one examiner. The DMFS / deft index were recorded in children with and without black stains. Results: In the limited sample size recorded, it was observed that 11 children had black stains. Black stains were also found along with dental caries in 3 children. The p value was 0.85373, found to be insignificant Conclusion: The prevalence rate of black stains is estimated to be 10% from the sample size, as per data collected, Black stains can occur along with caries but the incidence is less. In conclusion, the results of our study, indicates the prevalence of caries along with the black stains in children within the age group 6-12 years, highlight the need to do further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:-Skin disorders are a common cause of morbidity, especially among school children, worldwide. Present study was conducted among secondary school going children in urban and rural field area of district Meerut to find the prevalence of skin diseases and suggest preventive measures based on the study findings. Material and Methods:-A Cross-Sectional study was conducted among 400 secondary school going children (aged between 13-15 years from class VIII to Xth) of district Meerut . Multistage simple Random Sampling Technique was applied and a self-design, semi structured schedule was used. Result:-In study 212 (53%) were male and 188 (47%) were female children. Overall prevalence of skin diseases was 195(48.75%). Prevalence of skin diseases was more in rural 134(60.6%) than urban 61(34.1%). Skin diseases were more in males 119 (56.13%) than females 76 (40.43%).Skin diseases were more common in Muslims 39(82.98%) than any other religion. Most common skin diseases in study population were pyoderma (28.20%) followed by scabies (22.56%), Tinea-corporis(10.25%),Nutritional disorders (5.13%), Pediculosis-capitis (5.12%),warts (4.62%), Folliculitis (4.10%), Miliaaria (4.10%), Molluscum-contagiosam (3.08%). Pityriasis-versicolor (2.56%), Acne (2.56%), Tinea-capitis (2.06), Insect bite (2.06), disorder of nails (2.06), Urticaria (1.03%), Tinea-pedis (00.51%). Conclusion:-Skin diseases were common among students. Pyoderma, scabies and tinea were most common and these can be prevented by maintaining good hygiene.Periodic orientation programmes for students and parents should be done to make them aware of common skin diseases and prevention. Teachers should be trained to inspect hygiene among students and suggest correction measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highest prevalence of worm infection in Central Kalimantan was in Gunung Mas Regency (76.67%). Elementary school students especially grade I, II, and III were vulnerable to worm infection because they still actively play in the dirt and paid less attention to personal hygiene, thus facilitate the contamination of worm eggs. Prolonged worm infestation causes stunted child growth, leading to stunting. Pematang Limau Elementary School in Pematang Limau Village, Sepang District, Gunung Mas Regency was located in a riverside region, which is a high risk region of worm infection. This research aim to determine the correlation between worm infection and personal hygiene knowledge and stunting incidence in Pematang Limau Elementary School, Sepang, Gunung Mas. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Pematang Limau Elementary School, in Pematang Limau Village, Sepang, Gunung Mas. The samples were Grade I-III students obtained by total sampling. Weight and height measurement, fecal microscopic, and assessment of personal hygiene knowledge were conducted on the students. Out of 47 participants, 3 students had worm infection (6.4%) and 2 students experienced stunting with low personal hygiene knowledge. There was insignificant correlation between worm infection and stunting. There was, however, a correlation between personal hygiene knowledge and stunting incidence in Grade I-III students in Pematang Limau Elementary School. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of the study was to find out the effect of stretching and strengthening exercises (Janda’s Approach) in School going children with lower crossed syndrome. Method: Students between the ages 11 to 15 years were screened for lower crossed syndrome and 41 students were having lower crossed syndrome and are selected for the study. The treatment program was conducted for 2 weeks, scheduled 5 sessions per week. The outcome measures were manual muscle testing of the abdominal muscles and gluteal muscles and Thomas test which were recorded before and after treatment sessions. Results: There was increase in strengths of abdominal muscles and gluteal muscles after 4 weeks treatment (p value < 0.0001) which was statistically significant and there was reduction in tightness of hip flexor muscles (p value < 0.0001) which was statistically significant. Conclusion: On the basis of results of our study we concluded that stretching and strengthening exercises (Janda’s Approach) are effective in treating lower crossed syndrome in school going children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Obesity is a leading factor resulting in many health problem of which childhood obesity due to unhealthy diet and lifestyle is not uncommon. Obesity and foot deformities are closely linked to each other as the foot is the main support of body weight and the body weight need to be evenly distributed around the body. Increase in the body weight may increase the loading forces on the foot this in turn may alter the foot posture. This repetitive loading forces on the foot may give rise to the foot deformities. This study was conducted to find out functional foot deformities in obese school going children. Method: A total of 75 subjects in between age group of 12-15 years were allocated in obese group according to their BMI to assess the presence of functional foot deformities respectively. Each subject was assessed using foot posture index and scored according to the components. The outcome measure included six components and each was assessed and scored according to appropriate values. The score was taken for both right and left foot. Result: The results showed that all the components of foot posture index that is Talar head palpation, curves above and below the malleolus, inversion/eversion of calcaneus, prominence in the region of TNJ,congruence of medial longitudinal arch and abduction/adduction of forefoot on rearfoot are significant in obese children. Conclusion: It was concluded that there is presence of functional foot deformities in obese school going children both in right and left foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refractive errors are the most common visual disorders and one of the causes of blindness affecting the school going children worldwide. It is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early. Hypermetropia or long sightedness is an uncommon refractive error of the eye which is often neglected in the screening tests. If left undetected or treated, it may lead to strabismus. The present study is aimed to detect the prevalence of hypermetropia in school going children of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Method: A total number of 1632 students from 6th-10th class were screened for hypermetropia. After taking necessary permission from the school authorities, two government and four private schools were enrolled in the study. Results: The refractive errors were observed in 291 pupils (17.83%). The prevalence of hypermetropia was 4.35% and was seen in 71 students. Girls were being more affected than boys. Maximum prevalence of 20.51 % was reported in 12 year age group and minimum prevalence of 9.37 % in 9 & 15 years age group. Conclusion: Though hypermetropia is not a common cause among refractive errors, screening tests should be included in the routine visual checkups at schools to diagnose and treat at an early stage to prevent the child from future visual morbidity. The study group was explained about the deleterious effects of the refractive errors, measures to prevent and advised to take an Ophthalmic consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black stain is a discolouration which mainly occurs along the cervical third of buccal or lingual surfaces of the teeth. It most commonly affects the primary dentition, but permanent dentition may also be affected. Studies state that children with black stain are generally caries free. Aim: To estimate levels of Streptococcus mutans in children with black stain. Objective: To evaluate levels of Streptococcus mutans in children with black stain, in children with dental caries and non carious children. Materials and Method: The study was conducted in school going children of the age group between 3-12 years of age, 5ml unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 15 children comprising of three groups (5 children each) with black stains, with and without dental caries and evaluated for Streptococcus mutans colony forming units. Results: This study showed that children with black stains had lower levels Streptococcus mutans (189.6+/- 64.16) colony count which was significantly lower when compared to children without any stains or caries (388+/-106.47) and children with dental caries (680.80+/-280.07) which was found to be statistically significant (P value of 0.003*). Conclusion: Children with black stain have low levels of Streptococcus mutans when compared to children with and without Dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gifted students specifically, are in dire need of opportunities to develop their thinking, skills and knowledge acquisition through thinking programs that can suit their abilities, their possession of a wealth of linguistic and a wide range of information and ideas, their love for deep investigation and exploration of new things, as well as activities which are at par with their mental abilities. There were newly formulated ideation approaches, techniques and programs coming forth with cognitive affirming studies, which required directed and intuitive approaches. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the SCAMPER Program in learning vocabulary for pupils. The participants included a total of 65 fifth grades -year pupils. According to the study results, the primary students can generate, determine, match vocabulary and put it in the appropriate position. Following the application of the SCAMPER program, the pupils generate determine, match vocabulary, that they will recycle all karikh primary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The societal perception of the hearing impairment has changed in the past few decades. People show more concern on hearing impairment and have reached a consensus that the case needs to be dealt with care and positivity. Thus, the recent trends towards the integration of children with hearing disabilities in ordinary schools have begun. The integrated physical education program offers opportunities for normal people to learn about the talents and their special skills. The teacher must take care of the child’s locomotor and object control skills by paying attention to the development of basic motor skills through which the child can fulfill the necessary needs in life such as walking, running, throwing, etc. In this article, a systematic literature review (SLR) is presented to discuss the possibility of embedding an exergame to improve fundamental motor skills among elementary school children with hearing impairment in an inclusive physical education classroom in Saudi Arabia. The study uses a qualitative method and conducted a content analysis along with the systematic literature review to understand the research done in this field and to set the agenda of future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are defined as musculoskeletal symptoms or pain that reflect a number of conditions, which affect the muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, bones and joints. The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned a report describing the impact of impaired musculoskeletal health among the younger population. Anthropometric measures, school bag weight, faulty postures, student- furniture mismatch are some of the common risk factors associated with MSDs among school going children. Objectives: To find the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among high school children in Mangaluru and to find the influence of risk factors for the musculoskeletal disorders. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Method: 326 high school children aged 12-16 years from different parts of Mangaluru district participated in the study. A questionnaire was designed to collect the general information. Assessment of the musculoskeletal disorders was done using the Standardized Nordic questionnaire (SNQ). Results: Out of the 326 students assessed, prevalence of MSDs was found to be 40.2 %. While 40.4 % participants reported of discomfort with the dimensions of the desk and bench, 73.3% of the students cited that they carried heavy bags for at least 5-15 min on a daily basis and 74.8 % of the students stated that they travelled for at least 5 – 15 min of duration on a daily basis. Conclusion: The prevalence of MSDs among school children was notable. It was also noted that, factors like, school bag weight, anthropometric measures, duration of school bag carriage, duration of travel, mode of transportation to and fro from school, furniture mismatch etc were evident among the population who suffered from MSD. Therefore, preventive and educational activities regarding the MSDs could be included among the population of school children to curb the future complications of these MSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arches of foot play an important role in our daily gross motor activities such as walking, running, jumping and standing and also act as shock absorber. Flat foot creates motor difficulties in activities require balance and stability as flatfoot alters the body’s weight distribution and transmission mechanism. The children with flatfoot may have difficulty in lower limb gross motor function, any study has not been conducted on this topic previously, so indeed this made us to study the prevalence of gross motor dysfunction in school going children with flatfoot. Objectives: To determine flatfoot in school going children (seven-twelve years).To determine prevalence of gross motor dysfunction in school going children with flat foot. Method: Total 80 students were taken from different schools in this study having flat foot in age group of 7-12 years of age and both male and female students were taken. They were asses by using plantar arch index for flatfoot and were given lower extremity function scale questionnaire to fill. Later evaluation of gross motor dysfunction were done by analysis. Result: The overall prevalence of moderately difficulty in physical activities was 8.37%, quite difficulty was 1.18%, little bit of difficulty was 16% and no difficulty was 73.5%. No significant difference were found in age wise and sex wise distribution with physical activities. Conclusion: On the bases of the result it conclude that the difficulty is seen particularly in activities which requires dynamic stability than static stability activities in children with flat foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition that occurs in oral cavity soft tissue named gingiva. Inflammation of the oral cavity can affect the general condition of the body, both in adults and children. Children’s general condition can also be influenced by nutritional status. In Surabaya, Indonesia, underweight is a serious nutritional problem with a high prevalence in elementary school children. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between nutritional status and gingivitis in children aged 11-12 years in the city of Surabaya. Method: This observational analytic study was conducted on elementary school age children in 5 regions in Surabaya. The gingiva is examined by probing the gingival sulcus. Nutritional status checks were carried out by measuring Body Mass Index which was then converted to z scores. The data was then processed through descriptive statistical method and cross tabulation between gingivitis and nutritional status in children. Results: The prevalence of gingivitis in Surabaya in elementary school children is 46.30%. Most children in Surabaya have normal nutritional status. However, the problem of underweight nutrition in Surabaya is classified as a high prevalence of 11.11%. These conditions indicate a serious nutritional problem. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded there is no significant relationship between gingivitis and the nutritional status of children. However, descriptively, children who have less nutritional status are more likely to experience gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]