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Exposure to cadmium (Cd) results in bioaccumulation and irreversible damage; this encourages an investigation of alternatives to address Cd toxicity, using natural compounds. Lysiphyllum strychnifolium , a well-known Thai medicinal plant, was investigated for its phytochemical compounds and corresponding bioactivities, including antioxidant and anti-cytogenotoxic effects against Cd toxicity in HEK293 renal and HDF dermal cell models. The crude extract of L. strychnifolium (LsCrude) was partitioned into four fractions, using sequential polarity solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water, denoted as LsH, LsD, LsE, and LsW, respectively). The extraction yields were 1.79 %, 5.08 %, 8.53 %, and 70.25 % (w/w), respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids in LsCrude and its fractions, except for LsH. LsE exhibited the highest concentrations of phenolics (286.83 ± 6.83 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (86.36 ± 1.29 mg QE/g extract). Subsequent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) reducing powder assays demonstrated the high antioxidant capacity of LsCrude and its fractions. The lowest IC 50 value (9.11 ± 0.43 μg/mL) in the DPPH assay corresponded to LsW, whereas the highest total FRAP value (6.06 ± 0.70 mg QE Eq./g dry mass) corresponded to LsE. MTT and alkaline comet assays revealed the lack of toxicity of the extracts, which were considered safe. Upon exposure to Cd at the CC 50 level, HEK293 cells treated with LsE suppressed Cd-induced damage. HDF cells treated with LsCrude, LsD, or LsE attenuated Cd-induced damage. In the pre-treatment, LsD protected the HDF cells against Cd-mediated cytogenotoxicity. These anti-cytogenotoxic potentials are likely due to the antioxidant properties of the phytochemicals. Our findings highlight the cyto-geno-protective properties of L. strychnifolium stem extracts against Cd toxicity in HEK293 and HDF cells, and provide a novel approach for combating oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by environmental pollutants., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) and Prince of Songkla University (Grant No PHA6601315S). The authors also would like to thank the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Phytomedicine and the Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center (PPBEC) for providing laboratory facilities. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Medicinal plants have long been a source of lead compounds for drug discovery. Among these, the Annonaceae family has gained recognition for its potential to yield novel compounds, particularly those that can be used in the development of drugs targeting chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus (DM). We employed various chromatographic methods to isolate bioactive compounds from the roots, leaves, and twigs of Uvaria dulcis Dunal. We used spectroscopic methods to determine the chemical structures of these compounds. We successfully identified twelve known compounds from various parts of U. dulcis : patchoulenon, polygochalcone, 2'3'-dihydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxydihydrochalcone, 2',3'-dihydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone, chrysin, techochrysin, 8-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone, pinocembrin, 3-farnesylindole, onysilin, cinchonain la, and cinchonain lb. Interestingly, cinchonain la and cinchonain lb exhibited more potent anti-α-glucosidase activity than acarbose (standard drug), with IC 50 values of 11.88 ± 1.41 μg/mL and 15.18 ± 1.19 μg/mL, respectively. Cinchonain la inhibited the DPP-IV enzyme, with IC 50 value lower than the standard compound (diprotin A) at 81.78 ± 1.42 μg/mL. While 2',3'-dihydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone show more potent inhibitory effect than standard drug with IC 50 value of 8.62 ± 1.19 μg/mL. Additionally, at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, cinchonain lb and 2',3'-dihydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone promoted glucose uptake in L6 myotubes cells to the same extent as 100 nM insulin. These findings suggest that cinchonain la, cinchonain lb, and 2',3'-dihydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone are the U. dulcis -derived bioactive compounds that hold promise as potential structures to use in the development of anti-diabetic drugs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The phytochemical investigation of the twig and root extracts of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. (Fabaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of a new pterocarpan, erythrinocarpan ( 1 ), along with 27 known compounds ( 2 - 28 ). All isolated compounds were evaluated for their antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Compounds 3 , 8 , 9 , and 22 had α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 13.4 ± 0.05, 24.5 ± 0.13, 29.0 ± 0.05, and 12.8 ± 0.14 μM, respectively, while compound 2 inhibited α-amylase activity with an IC 50 value of 67.6 ± 1.12 μM. Compounds 22 and 24 inhibited glycation activity with the IC 50 values of 36.9 ± 0.62 and 40.5 ± 0.37 μM, respectively. From cell-based assays, compound 27 showed the highest ability to induce glucose consumption (IC 50 29.1 ± 0.86 μM) and glucose uptake (2.8-fold), and to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production (IC 50 52.5 ± 0.56 μM) without cell toxicity. Furthermore, compound 9 showed antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi with MIC values ranging from 2-4 μg/mL., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Four new compounds, (+)-(2 S )-desmosdumosone ( 1 ), (+)-(2 R )-7,8-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavanone ( 7 ), (+)-(2 R )-7-methoxychamanetin ( 9 ), and (+)-(1' R ,2' R )-phebalosin ( 18 ), and 25 known compounds were isolated from the twig and leaf extracts of Desmos dumosus . Compounds (±)- 7 and (±)- 9 were isolated as racemates and their enantiomers were separated by chiral HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as well as comparisons made from the literature. The absolute configuration of (+)-(1' R ,2' R )- 18 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu K α radiation and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectoscopy. In contrast, the absolute configuration of compounds (+)-(2 S )- 1 , (+)-(2 R )- 7 , and (+)-(2 R )- 9 were identified by comparing their ECD spectra and specific rotations with those of reported known compounds. Compounds 9 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 22 , 25 , and 28 showed α -glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC 50 values ranging from 5.3-52.7 μM, much better than that of standard control (acarbose, IC 50 value 83.5 μM). Compound 13 was the most active with an IC 50 value of 5.3 μM., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Phytochemical investigations from the flower and leaf extracts of D. cochinchinensis resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of five new polyoxygenated seco -cyclohexene derivatives, desmoscochinchinenes A-E ( 1 - 5 ), together with 11 known compounds ( 6 - 16 ). The structures on the new compounds were elucidated from their spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, NMR, and HRESITOFMS. Some of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their α -glucosidase inhibitory activities. Chrysin ( 9 ), pinocembrin 7- O -benzoate ( 12 ), and (-)-(5 R )-desmoscochinoxepinone B ( 16 ) inhibited α -glucosidase better than the standard control (acarbose, IC 50 = 83.5 μM) with IC 50 values of 5.7, 33.8, 53.3 μM, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Author(s).)

Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy (Clusiaceae) is a Thai local edible plant, which has been used for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study is to discover and identify bioactive compounds related to antidiabetic properties from the leaf extract of G. cowa . α -Glucosidase inhibitory bioassay-guided isolation of the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of G.cowa resulted in the isolation and identification of 11 compounds. Of these, a decahydro-1 H -xanthene derivative, garciniacowone K ( 1 ), was identified as a novel compound. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic data and by comparison of their NMR spectroscopic data with those previously reported. All compounds were evaluated for their α -glucosidase inhibitory and glucose consumption activities. Compound 2 showed the highest efficacy in inhibiting α -glucosidase enzyme and promoting glucose consumption activity by 3T3-L1 cells, with IC 50 values of 0.5 μM and 13.1 μM, respectively, without causing toxicity to cells., (© 2020 The Authors.)