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Pure electric vehicle(PEV) technology is experiencing a rapid growth in vehicle markets of China. It could bring significant changes for society in terms of moving our economies away from petroleum and lessoning the environmental footprint of transportation. This paper reports a study into the use of China's patents to analyse transdisciplinary integration characteristic of PEV technology. The aim of this paper is to grasp the law of the development and evolution of PEV technology by revealing the feature of PEV technology, Our study is potentially useful to individuals seeking to improve the quality of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rotterdam Opslag en Afvang Demonstratieproject (Rotterdam Storage and Capture Demonstration project), or ROAD, aims to build and operate a 250 MWe equivalent CCS chain using post-combustion capture technology and off-shore storage in a depleted gas field under the North Sea. The capture plant would be retrofitted to a new 1 070 MWe coal-fired unit (Maasvakte Power Plant 3) in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It was originally intended to reach a final investment decision at the end of 2010, but the project has faced a series delay associated with permitting, complex commercial negotiations and, most seriously, funding. At the moment (September 2014), the European Commission and the Government of the Netherlands are engaged in a renewed push to solve the funding problems and allow construction to finally start. The project has financial support from the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) and the Government of the Netherlands and is now the only one of the six projects originally supported that still has any realistic prospect of being realized in the short term. This paper presents an update of the overall project development as at the time of GHGT-12 and the accomplished milestones and issues met in the permitting process. In addition, it will focus on the technical and economic aspects of integrating the capture plant with the power plant. Furthermore, it will provide an outlook on future CCS/CCU developments in Rotterdam, describing the steps under development to create a full CO 2 hub in the port including options for ship transport and bio-CCS. The paper concludes with the management of the project delays and the implications for the project economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Canada's oil industry is a growing energy source, with proven reserves exceeding 174 billion barrels. The majority of the production is attributable to oil sands. Thermal bitumen extraction is the predominant production method, and is poised to grow at an annual rate of 23% to 2025. This has important long-term GHG emissions implications. To date, CO2 emissions mitigation efforts have overwhelmingly focused on implementing CCS in bitumen upgrading operations, rather than in thermal bitumen extraction processes. The paper covers the application of CO2 capture to the main thermal bitumen extraction process: SAGD (Steam-assisted gravity drainage). The paper presents four SAGD-oxy-fuel integration configurations and compares their techno-economics to a SAGD process featuring natural gas-fired co-generation without CO2 capture (reference case). Configuration one is a natural-gas fired co-generation boiler retrofitted for oxy-fuel operation. Configuration two is an oxy-fuel fluidized boiler using bitumen as fuel. The third configuration features a natural gas oxy-fuel boiler integrated with a cryogenic Air Separation Unit (ASU). The pressurized “waste” N2 is expanded in a turbine with additional heat integration. The fourth configuration features natural gas oxy-combustion with O2 from an Oxygen Transport Membrane (OTM) unit. Other integration concepts, including Chemical Looping combustion (CLC) are introduced. Because these concepts are in an earlier stage of development, the discussion covers their qualitative aspects and potential benefits over the previously mentioned cases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Adding CO2 capture to fossil-fuelled power generation results in significant plant efficiency penalties, impacting the performance and economics of the plant. However, many of the public domain studies do not consider technology advancements and optimal heat and power integration. This paper evaluates the efficiency impact of improvements in technology selection, energy recovery and heat integration on the overall thermal efficiency of IGCC schemes with pre-combustion CO2 capture. A previous study[1] has shown that the application of emerging or newer technologies and improved process/heat integration to coal-based integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) with carbon capture could achieve a cumulative efficiency improvement of more than six percentage points when compared with a current design. This paper looks in more detail at how some of these savings can be achieved and identifies improvements which could be achieved in the near term. In particular, the application of a modified shift system, Thiopaq O&G sulphur removal technology and a novel CO2 wash system have been included in the scope. (For oil and gas applications, the Thiopaq O&G process is licensed by Paqell BV, a joint-venture company of Shell Global Solutions International B.V. and Paques BV). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Solar PV systems have evolved from small stand-alone applications through residential and commercial systems to MW-scale installations and groups of systems that feed significant energy into the utility grid. High PV penetration levels create a number of challenges for the management of the operation of the utility grid. This paper will cover the current and historic status of the integration of renewable energies into utility grids over a variety of global regions. This includes grid control and network planning. The technology for the integration of PV is described including the codes and standards governing the utility interactivity requirements. This will include short term dynamic responses as well as power ramp rates. Geographic, technological, and meteorological factors will be discussed. The coordination of meteorology and energy production is a key factor that is examined in detail including real world data. The paper includes a discussion of future utility grid features to support increasing levels of PV and other renewable generation sources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Data source resulted from preprocessing affects directly the quality of data mining. The methods are not the same according to particular application fields and industries. This paper describes the data preprocessing of credit card in customer segmentation, association analysis and risk detection in detail. Firstly, some tables are selected from credit card database which concerned with analysis topic. Then the paper handles with problems in selected initial data such as noisy data, missing values through data preprocessing which mainly include data cleaning, integration, transformation and reduction, and obtains training sample data needed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between the number and energy consumption of devices in the course video construction system, the relations between the functions and power consumption of the devices, the mode of pioneering traditional construction, and the energy consumption of recording and broadcasting systems. It also presents a scheme for constructing course video resource systems by defining the functional requirements on the basis of the purpose that the systems are intended to serve. Moreover, this paper proposes identifying energy-saving measures in the functional setting of constructed systems. An integrated energy-saving course video resource construction system has been developed (a Chinese patent, No. ZL 2011 2 0015694.8, has been obtained), and data are used to illustrate the energy-saving results of the integrated energy-saving video resource construction system in comparison with existing systems. On this basis, further energy-saving measures are recommended to the integrated system. Such measures include the energy-saving techniques of activating the monitor from the standby mode upon touching the handle, monitoring traffic in the hard disk recorder, and using an energy-saving management chip to improve the working efficiency of the switch power supply. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper proposed a novel ammonia-based CO 2 capture process hybrid ammonia absorption refrigeration to recovery escaped ammonia in the desorption process. The evaporated ammonia was separated with CO 2 via gas-liquid phase, and throttled to produce cooling load. The phase envelope of the CO 2 and NH 3 mixture was investigated to guide the design of the parameters. A preliminary thermodynamic performance was presented to evaluated the performance. The results showed that the regenerator can regenerate CO 2 with a ratio of 90% and this process can produce a cooling load of 113.3 MW. The parameter study indicated that it is competitive with the chilled ammonia process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional electricity grids lack flexibility in power generation and load operation in contrast to smart-micro grids that form semi-autonomous entities with energy management capabilities. Load forecasting is invaluable to smart micro-grids towards assisting the implementation of energy management schedules for cost-efficient and secure operation. In the present paper is examined the 24h forecasting of excess production in an existing micro-grid. Alternative input parameters are considered for achieving an accurate prediction. The prediction can be used for scheduling the charging process of a thermal storage during weekends based on excess power production levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many industrial companies a significant proportion of their total energy use is for process heat resulting in the need for improving thermal energy efficiency. A common technique to improve efficiency is through process heat recovery. Pinch analysis is a key method for optimizing industrial heat recovery resulting in greater energy efficiency and profitability. The method also shows how energy conversion units such as heat pumps, combined heat and power systems or organic Rankine cycles (ORC) can be optimally integrated into a process. An ORC converts low temperature waste heat (e.g. 100-200°C) into electricity. However, the integration of an ORC requires a sound conceptual design to ensure proper integration. In this paper the importance and application of pinch analysis for integrating an ORC is presented. Pinch analysis plays a significant role in the development of a sound conceptual design as it identifies and quantifies the amount of waste heat as well as allows the determination of the streams most suitable for the ORC. The so called grand composite curve is used for the integration of an ORC to ensure the proper placement when considering the entire process. A properly integrated ORC that uses waste heat as a heat source must operate below the pinch point, i.e. the ORC takes heat from below the pinch point and converts a part of it to electricity and rejects the remaining heat to the environment. This methodology stresses improving the overall process energetic efficiency first through heat recovery before using (real) waste heat in an ORC. A novel industrial case study is presented to illustrate proper ORC integration showing the benefit energetically but limited financially under the given process and economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings. This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP). A basic CO2 booster commercial refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings. This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP). A basic CO 2 booster commercial refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present trends on solar thermal systems for building integration define the need of integrated solar technologies for façades. The integration of solar systems in façades allows for the direct connection of solar systems to heated spaces, and automated air solar collectors based on the trombe-mitchell provide a suitable technology for its adoption in multi-rise buildings with decentralized-individual HVAC systems in Central-European and Mediterranean heating dominated climates. This paper reviews the main principles of such building envelope components, and the construction and design considerations of two air-based solar thermal collectors. Full scale preliminary prototypes of these systems were tested at the KUBIK by Tecnalia test facility in an Oceanic Climate (Koppen Geiger Cfb zone). The observed thermal performance is analyzed, and the process of a full scale installation in a real building envelope retrofitting process of a building in Spain is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present trends on solar thermal systems for building integration define the need of integrated solar technologies for façades. Although other possibilities exist for solar thermal systems in new buildings, solutions for a suitable integration of solar thermal systems into building retrofitting actuations are needed. This paper presents a solar thermal collector system which hybridizes already existing ventilated façade cladding systems into a low temperature solar thermal collector. Numerical and experimental data is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the current consumption and proven reserves of fossil-fuels, it is beyond doubt that they will continue to play an important role in the World energy scenario, making crucial the implementation of solutions for carbon emissions reduction. One promising option for decarbonising existing or new-build power plants is post-combustion capture by chemical absorption. Besides its environmental benefits, this process causes a decrease of power plant capacity, due to heat and electricity requirement of CO2 capture and compression systems. A possible way to overcome this drawback is the use of auxiliary systems based on renewable technologies. In this paper two options for integrating renewable energies into a coal-fired power plant with CO2 post-combustion capture are investigated. The first one envisages the use of an auxiliary biomass boiler, providing an additional power capacity, besides satisfying the CO2 capture heat requirement. In the second option, a concentrating solar power (CSP) system is used to meet part of regeneration heat duty, in place of steam extraction from the main power plant or steam production by a biomass boiler. The study will assess the effect of renewable source availability and energy conversion efficiency on the design of the auxiliary power unit, as well as on the energy performances of coal-fired power plant retrofitted with CO2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed Generation can give a relevant contribution to the reduction of the primary energy needs and consequently of the green-house gases emissions. Moreover, it can stimulate the diffusion of renewable energy exploitation technologies through integration. This is widely relevant for the household sector, where energy is required in several forms: electric, heating, cooling. In this paper an energy system optimization model is proposed. The model optimizes the components size and their operating conditions during the day. The energy system is composed of a combined cooling, heating and power system, based on an internal combustion engine and an absorption heat pump integrated with solar thermal and photovoltaic systems. The model minimizes the costs and/or the CO 2 emissions and the results reveal that the engine variable operating conditions are more effective than the steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the current consumption and proven reserves of fossil-fuels, it is beyond doubt that they will continue to play an important role in the World energy scenario, making crucial the implementation of solutions for carbon emissions reduction. One promising option for decarbonising existing or new-build power plants is post-combustion capture by chemical absorption. Besides its environmental benefits, this process causes a decrease of power plant capacity, due to heat and electricity requirement of CO 2 capture and compression systems. A possible way to overcome this drawback is the use of auxiliary systems based on renewable technologies. In this paper two options for integrating renewable energies into a coal-fired power plant with CO 2 post-combustion capture are investigated. The first one envisages the use of an auxiliary biomass boiler, providing an additional power capacity, besides satisfying the CO 2 capture heat requirement. In the second option, a concentrating solar power (CSP) system is used to meet part of regeneration heat duty, in place of steam extraction from the main power plant or steam production by a biomass boiler. The study will assess the effect of renewable source availability and energy conversion efficiency on the design of the auxiliary power unit, as well as on the energy performances of coal-fired power plant retrofitted with CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of projects where hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) systems are used in buildings. PV/T systems convert solar radiation to electricity and heat simultaneously, in one module. The output of both electricity and heat suggests that the technology can be suited for use in buildings, especially when the available area for installation is limited. The market and research activities related to PV/T technology has increased in recent years. This article adds to existing reviews on PV/T technology by focusing on the building perspective. Different strategies for the use of PV/T in buildings are discussed, and examples of building projects are presented. An attempt is also made to assess to suitability of different PV/T technologies for use in buildings. Finally, the regional variations in market and applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to master the design, integration and operation technology of parabolic trough solar thermal power (PTSTP) plant and lay a solid foundation for the future development of large-scale PTSTP station, China sets up a research project “National High Technology Research and Development of China 863 Program (2012AA050603)”during the National “12th Five-Year Plan”, which aims to establish a 1MW Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power pilot plant in Badaling Yanqing. In this paper, it introduces the collector field arrangement, the composition and the function of 1MW pilot plant in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses challenges for integration of CCS into competitive electricity markets by using the European electricity supply system as an example. The work is based on techno-economic modelling of the European electricity generation sector up to Year 2050, assuming a tightening cap on CO 2 emissions down to almost no emissions by 2050. It is concluded that natural gas fired conventional power plants is likely to be a serious competitor to coal CCS in the short to medium term providing large emission reduction by fuel shifting from existing coal power plants to new high efficiency gas fired plants. This can be a barrier for early deployment of CCS without additional support. It is also concluded that for regions with large amount of intermittent electricity generation, short term balance in generation will impose challenges to handle CCS plants in relation to load following requirements. Yet, there are regions with good availability of coal combined with unfavorable conditions for wind power, for which CCS can operate in typical base load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work proposes the integration into a NGCC of a novel H2 production process based on a double chemical Ca-Cu loop. This H2 production process is based on the Sorption Enhanced Reforming process including a CaO-based solid as a high temperature CO2 sorbent. The addition of a second CuO/Cu loop provides the energy required to carry out sorbent regeneration. The coupling between this process and a combined cycle is discussed in this paper, and an efficiency assessment of the whole plant is accomplished. 9.5 percentage points of efficiency penalty has resulted from the integration proposed in this work, which is in the range of those penalties reported for the ATR, POX or SEWGS integrated with a combined cycle. Ca-Cu looping performance is prone to be improved if less exigent conditions were chosen, which added to the inherent advantages of cheaper reactor design, feasible solid materials and less process units make the Ca-Cu looping process emerge as a potential pre-combustion CO2 capture technology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The recent years have seen growing attention towards the study of dynamic behavior in post-combustion CO2 capture plants using amines, albeit, apparently contesting yet without comparison or critique. This paper reviews what has been reported in literature concerning issues pertinent to transient behavior of CO2 capture including interaction with power plants. Details of models used, their validation and modeling tools as well as an attempt to piece-out convergent points from the various conclusions are given. Knowledge gaps and areas that still need more attention are emphasized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper has researches on the achievement of unified authentication. It uses Windows Active Directory as the authentication authority. It uses Kerberos, SPNEGO, JAAS and JGSS to achieve unified authentication service with single sign-on.Through unified management, unified authentication and the integration of application servers to avoid the emergence of non-uniform isolated information resources and to solve the key requirements of the unity of interface integration and safety certification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to reduce CO2 emissions on a global scale large pilot and demonstration projects that trial new technologies, designs, or construction techniques applicable to full scale plants need to be undertaken. Process Group has designed and built several pilot scale capture plants including one located at the Hazelwood Power Station, which is the largest capture plant on a coal fired power station in Australia. This paper discusses some of the lessons from these pilot plants and presents a new retrofit post-combustion study that investigates carbon capture from a 500 MW power station (nominally 3.7 million tpa CO2) using three solvents with and without heat integration into the steam cycle. Data pertaining to processing 25% of the flue gas from a 500 MW power station (nominally 0.9 million tpa CO2) is also presented. The study found <5% difference between existing solvent processes in terms of overall plant CAPEX and <15% difference in OPEX and that for the end user the most advantageous way to design a capture plant is to ensure that it functions with a wide range of solvents and can be easily adapted for future technology advances. The cost of capture for a 500 MW brown coal power station with non-optimised heat integration was determined to be in the range AUD$53-63/t CO2 avoided, which incorporated an improvement of approximately $8-13/t due to the non-optimised heat integration. The heat integration resulted in modest (5%) energy and cooling duty savings however, with further optimisation performed specific to the given power station and capture plant it is expected that the cost of capture could be further reduced to at or below AUD$50/t CO2 avoided. In situations where cooling water is used exclusively for a full scale capture facility the cooling water usage increased by 85–95%. However, when enhanced heat integration is incorporated this increase is expected to be limited to 75–80% for all technologies analysed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: While CCS is demonstrated globally utilities will face a period with fast learning curves for capture technologies. Technology and cost uncertainty is a topic of particular concern for first-movers. For post-combustion capture plants, costs are expected to decrease in the future and improved solvents are likely to become commercially available after the first CCS plants have started operating. Given that power generation assets are usually paid back over extensive periods of time it is important that, in this context, the first generation of plants and any capture-ready plants can be future-proofed to incorporate future technological improvements. This paper presents selected results from a forthcoming report commissioned by the IEAGHG. A methodology based on a sensitivity analysis of solvent properties is used to identify pieces of equipment, which contribute to locking-in performance with capture. Finally, some principles for analysing power plant economics with improved solvents and assessing the potential financial benefits in competitive electricity market of mitigating these technology risks are examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: If CO2 emissions are to be reduced to control global warming, many large scale projects will need to be executed on a short term that capture and sequester the CO2. Most studies to date have focused on CO2 capture from power plant flue gas and concluded that the cost of CO2 scrubbing is in itself expensive and that more mature and efficient technologies are needed. CO2 emission control is also complicated by the need to provide SO2 and NOx emission control as well. Burner modifications can be used to control NOx, but other scrubbing technologies are needed to control SO2 emissions. For high sulfur coals, limestone scrubbing is generally applied, adding to the cost of power through purchases of limestone reagent and disposal of by-product gypsum. Cansolv has evolved amine based regenerable technologies that capture SO2 and CO2 and that release them in a water wet, nearly pure condition. SO2 can be converted to sulfuric acid and CO2 can be dried, compressed and sequestered without further treatment. Most importantly, energy used to capture SO2 can be recycled to help capture CO2, reducing the net energy demand of the CO2 process. The use of these two technologies together allows power companies to use higher sulfur, lower cost fuels and reduce energy consumption rates for CO2 capture. By-product sulfuric acid from the SO2 scrubbing system also provides a ready source of revenue to offset scrubbing costs. Cansolv has proven its SO2 scrubbing technologies in commercial applications since 2002. It has operated CO2 pilot plants at several different locations, logging over 6,000 hours of operation. The two technologies will come together in an integrated system, in a plant designed to generate 50 tons per day of CO2, which will start up in 2009. This paper presents important design and performance advantages of these systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]