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Abstract This work demonstrates a novel-type paper-based solid electrolyte (PBSE) and its application in Al-air battery, which is targeted for miniwatt applications. Benefited from the solid-form electrolyte, a liquid-free operation of the Al-air battery is realized, eliminating the potential leakage hazard and therefore improving the battery practicability. The PBSE is prepared by impregnating gel electrolyte into porous cellulose paper, followed by a solution casting process to solidify the gel. The as-prepared PBSE can either be used in mechanical rechargeable Al-air batteries, or be integrated into single-use flexible Al-air batteries. Currently the PBSE can achieve a moderate battery performance with a peak power density of 3.8 mW cm-2 and an Al specific capacity of 900.8 mA h g-1. Properties of the PBSE can be further improved by a comprehensive parametric study on its fabrication parameters, such as gel concentration, casting temperature, casting time, porosity and pore size of paper substrate, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production. In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill. Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is a large value in making Pulp and Paper mills more energy efficient. ABB has developed an energy assessment service where opportunities to save energy in the paper machine are identified. The energy assessment is done by quantifying energy flows, benchmarking energy users, data mining and steam sensitivity analysis and by experiments and additional measurements at the paper machine. Energy quantification helped in identifying main energy consumer, benchmarking was useful to assess the gap between operating performance and best performance whereas data mining and steam sensitivity analysis helped in studying the impact of key operating variables on performance of paper machines. After the assessment an action plan was presented to the mill for energy efficiency improvement together with a return on investment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Papermaking enterprises are major polluters that cause water pollution and air pollution. This paper aims to provide analysis of the energy saving and emission reduction in papermaking enterprises.It is the inevitable choice of establishment industrial ecology park as the leading of the papermaking industry by the implementation of cleaner production and circulation economy. Shandong Haiyun efficient ecological park is taken for example.Researches of the developing strategies and policy support of energy saving and emission reduction is discussed. The paper is divided into five parts, the first part is the preface, the second part introduces the general of Haiyun efficient industrial park, the third part puts forward the scheme of clean production of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fourth part puts forward ecological industry pattern of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fifth part puts forward policy guarantee measures, and the sixth part makes the summary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aims to examine the economic and environmental benefits of recovered paper and potential contribution of the recovered paper to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 is an inclusive development policy, recently launched, with the objectives to build the best future for the country. The Vision 2030 is based on three ambitious goals: making the country a vibrant society, a thriving economy and an ambitious nation. It is estimated that by 2030, 5.05 million ton of waste paper would be recovered in the country. About 11.3 billion SAR (US $3.01 billion) would be added to the country’s GDP and would create about 16,536 new jobs if the recovered paper industry is built in the country. Moreover, a net environmental benefit of 9.6 million crude barrel oil savings and 4.5 million ton of CO 2 savings from GHG emissions could be achieved by 2030 only from the paper waste recovery in the country. The potential benefits of paper waste recycling in KSA highlight the needs of effective measures to optimize the economic and environmental opportunities inherited in the waste paper industry. These measures should focus on capitalizing the local waste paper processing industry, restrict the export of raw waste paper materials, and enhance the waste paper collection process and quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the indicators needed to analyze the competitiveness of major countries' energy technologies and to conduct empirical analysis accordingly. In this paper, nine measurement variables were derived as an index centered on patents and papers for energy technology competitiveness analysis. For each of the nine set measurement variables, the index for each of the major energy technologies (photovoltaics, fuel cells, and secondary batteries) was calculated, compared, and analyzed for each of the eight major countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the production and expansion potential of Pulp and Paper Industry is an important indicator of social and economic development. The Pulp and Paper Industry is one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emitters in world manufacturing. The industry emits GHG emissions around 10% or approximately 20.5 Mt of CO 2 by Thai manufacturers. Investigations of GHG abatement using CO 2 Abatement Cost Curves (ACC) can be used as a tool for investigating GHG reduction measures and technologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry. The results of this study assesses the cost-effectiveness and the total technical potential for carbon dioxide emission reduction in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Energy efficiency is becoming more important because of the resulting cost reduction and image of green society which helps to enhance competitiveness in a globalized green market. Pulp and paper manufacturing is a large-scale industry which is generally regarded as important for national development. The Pulp and Paper industry consumes approximately 2.5% of total industrial energy consumption in Thailand by 44 factories distributed throughout the country. Therefore, energy efficiency improvement can play a significant role in the industry. Investigations of the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and technologies using bottom-up Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) in the pulp and paper mill process are required. This study examines the concept, methodology, and the usefulness of the energy conservation supply curve, and the potential to create the appropriate energy policies to the Thai Pulp and Paper Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential health and environmental impacts associated with the improper management of chemically treated wood waste demands the adoption of recycling, and disposal practices. Chemically treated wood waste has several physical and chemical properties which makes it usable for the manufacture of another product to multiple use, among which the production of paper and fuel. This paper presents the initial life cycle assessment (LCA) study on wood waste used for paper production. The study boundary is limited with raw materials (raw wood or waste wood) processing and paper production itself, thus corresponds to “gate-to-gate” life cycle with a special focus on life cycle inventory data on waste wood treatment via hydrolysis process. The results of the analysis demonstrate competitiveness of the waste wood use for paper production vs. raw wood in such environmental categories as human health and ecosystem quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an essential contributor to the mitigation of climate change. CCS will require vast CO 2 storage capacity. At present only geological storage is being considered. This paper revisits an alternative CO 2 storage possibility in enclosed basins on the deep and very deep ocean floor. For example, the Indonesian Sunda trench, the Japanese Ryukyu trench and the Puerto Rico trench are more than 6 km deep. If liquid CO 2 were to be placed in such a trench, it would be 7% more dense than seawater and could remain permanently as a lake of liquid CO 2 on the ocean floor, possibly becoming a solid hydrate over time which could inhibit mixing between the stored CO 2 and ocean currents. At depths greater than about 4 to 5 km metres, seawater is under-saturated in calcium carbonate, so ocean ecosystems are significantly different. Any impact on deep marine fauna would need to be investigated. The London Dumping Convention has provisions for disposal of material into the ocean provided the absence of adverse effects can be proven. Deep ocean CO 2 entrapment is more certain than geological CO 2 storage in deep aquifers. A CO 2 delivery concept by ship and vertical pipe is suggested for exploratory trials, with subsea pipelines for permanent installations, which might be much cheaper than geological CO 2 storage. There is vast capacity for storage of CO 2 in the world's very deep ocean trenches. The Sunda trench below 6 km has the capacity to accommodate 19,000 gigatonnes of liquid CO 2 , which is greater than the CO 2 yield from all currently known global fossil fuel reserves. The Puerto Rico trench has capacity for 24,000 Gt of liquid CO 2 deeper than 7 km. Enclosed basins of limited area could easily accommodate captured CO 2 . China has the largest potential demand for CO 2 storage from power generation and industrial sources, which could be 3 Gt per year by 2050. The Ryukyu trench, which is 700 km from the Chinese coast and is in Japanese water, has two sections deeper than 7 km. Those sections of the Ryukyu trench would have the capacity to accommodate all the CO 2 captured in China at 3 Gt per year for over 200 years. In the event that very deep ocean storage of CO 2 is found to be practicable and acceptable, the minimum practical depth would need to be determined as a criterions for acceptable additional storage locations. For consideration, there is an enclosed basin on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea 60 km off Southern Greece, with capacity for 84 Gt of CO 2 deeper than 4.5 km. Also, there is an enclosed basin in the Arabian Sea, 320 km south west of Karachi, with capacity for 86 Gt of CO 2 deeper than 3.5 km. The potential storage of CO 2 in such locations would be temperature dependent. The global CCS community has previously considered ocean storage of CO 2 on the basis of ultimate dissolution and dispersion of CO 2 in ocean water. Those studies have dismissed ocean storage as environmentally unacceptable due to ocean acidification. This paper postulates that very deep ocean trenches (>6 km) and deep ocean floor depressions (>4 km) are environments for CO 2 storage, where permanent storage without dissolution, acidification or adverse effects on fauna may be possible. The purpose of this paper is to pose the question “Why not?” to the CCS community and to suggest that active research is timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review into the literature surrounding industrial carbon capture has been performed, with a particular focus on costs per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The authors have reviewed 250 research articles in order to extract data regarding industrial CCS, focusing on four main carbon-emitting industries; the iron and steel industry, the refining industry, the pulp and paper industry and the cement industry. Only 25 costs were returned as part of the search, and across the four industries they suggested that the cost of carbon capture on industries after conversion to 2013 US Dollars is $20-140 per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The highest costs were found using amine scrubbing, the most mature technology, with other less mature technologies reporting lower costs, for example, calcium looping applied to the cement industry was reported to have costs of in the range of $20-75 per tonne avoided, with the only lower costs reported being in the pulp and paper industry reported between $16 and $35. However, the paucity of costing data increases the uncertainty surrounding industrial CCS, meaning that more economic data are required before any conclusive decisions can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the building operation phase, it is recognized that the performance of building envelope elements and energy supply systems drops with time. This performance degradation usually leads to lower energy efficiency and higher life cycle costs than predicted in the early design phase. This paper quantitatively reviews the impacts of this deterioration on the whole building performance. From the findings of the reviewed literature, it can be concluded that the whole building performance is very sensitive to several deterioration factors, particularly the performance degradation of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The impact on the whole building performance mostly ranges from 20% to 30% over 20 years, according to the reviewed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chopped carbon fibers and jute fibers were used to fabricate hybrid paperboard. The paper making process was used. Combined with unsaturated polyester resin, paperboard fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), carbon hybrid FRP and jute hybrid FRP were fabricated and the mechanical property included tensile test, bending test and Izod impact test were carried out to compared the mechanical property of these three kinds of materials. The drilled holes tensile test was also carried out to examine the drilled holes property. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the fracture characteristic on failure specimens. It was found due to the manufacture process of paperboard, the materials expressed obvious anisotropic property. The paperboard composite has an excellent static property but lower impact property compared with carbon hybrid FRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chopped carbon fibers and jute fibers were used to fabricate hybrid paperboard. The paper making process was used. Combined with unsaturated polyester resin, paperboard fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), carbon hybrid FRP and jute hybrid FRP were fabricated and the mechanical property included tensile test, bending test and Izod impact test were carried out to compared the mechanical property of these three kinds of materials. The drilled holes tensile test was also carried out to examine the drilled holes property. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the fracture characteristic on failure specimens. It was found due to the manufacture process of paperboard, the materials expressed obvious anisotropic property. The paperboard composite has an excellent static property but lower impact property compared with carbon hybrid FRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper production is a highly energy intensive process and improvement of energy efficiency in this process is considered as promising measures for reducing industrial greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). This study focuses the Pakistan's pulp and paper industry which consumes around 7% of the country's industrial energy and contributes to over 317,269 tonnes of CO 2 emissions. With rising demands for fuels and consequently as harp increase in CO 2 emissions due to the growth of the paper sector in Pakistan, this article aims to analyse the energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reductions potential through the incorporation of cogeneration technologies. The cogeneration technologies studied are agas turbine, steam turbine and combined cycle and are evaluated from the energetic and economic point of view to propose a best suitable technology for each paper mill. The proposed cogeneration technologies are selected on the basis of high energy utilisation factor, as implepayback period of five years or less with least Annualised life cycle cost. The result shows that a theoretical energy saving potential equivalent to 16.9% of the actual thermal energy requirement of mills can be achieved through cogeneration which will lead to 14.3% reduction of the present carbon emissions levels in Pakistan's paper sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper production is a highly energy intensive process and improvement of energy efficiency in this process is considered as promising measures for reducing industrial greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). This study focuses the Pakistan's pulp and paper industry which consumes around 7% of the country's industrial energy and contributes to over 317,269 tonnes of CO2 emissions. With rising demands for fuels and consequently as harp increase in CO2 emissions due to the growth of the paper sector in Pakistan, this article aims to analyse the energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reductions potential through the incorporation of cogeneration technologies. The cogeneration technologies studied are agas turbine, steam turbine and combined cycle and are evaluated from the energetic and economic point of view to propose a best suitable technology for each paper mill. The proposed cogeneration technologies are selected on the basis of high energy utilisation factor, as implepayback period of five years or less with least Annualised life cycle cost. The result shows that a theoretical energy saving potential equivalent to 16.9% of the actual thermal energy requirement of mills can be achieved through cogeneration which will lead to 14.3% reduction of the present carbon emissions levels in Pakistan's paper sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of climate change, life cycle analysis (LCA) has been acknowledged as a useful method for examining carbon footprints of products or services., Once captured and stored by trees and other plants, biogenic CO 2 would re-enter the atmosphere sooner or later after the use phase of the product. And many LCA studies did not calculate the temporary carbon storage in biogenic carbon. Thus, this paper proposed a hybrid LCA approach to provide a structured methodology for evaluating carbon footprint of copying paper in consideration of temporary carbon storage. The developed method was then applied to a paper mill of China. It is indicated that the hybrid LCA method could provide a comprehensive methodology for accounting carbon footprints as well as assessing effects of delaying GHG emissions. The results shows that the carbon footprint of 1000 kg copying paper was 647.89 kg CO 2 under scenario 1 and -5094 kg CO 2 under scenario 2. Concurrently, the effect of delaying the emission of the temporarily stored carbon in copying paper was 7.67%, 15.52%, or 23.58% for a certain period of time (i.e., 10, 25, or 30 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is developing fast in the lines of some of the greatest cities of the world. Graph from the last 20-25 years show that India has majorly borne a paradigm shift in development icons as such Its cities have surpassed even double to its initial infrastructure during this period. Most of these infrastructural icons have a lot to do with the IT industry boom in the country as such most of these cities (e.g. Delhi, Bombay, Bangalore, Hyderabad etc.) are further burdened with employable youth, who require transit accommodation in the same city as well. There are some other cities too who used to enjoy the tourist or the pilgrims’ inflow by virtue of some kind of religious, natural or heritage resource attached to it. But, as evident in History, India and the Indians are known to be cultural driven, Pilgrimage friendly people. As such, these Blessings to such cities are continuously turning out to be the sufferings in the light of the number of pilgrims/tourists (floating population) these cities bear on daily basis. Most of these cities lack the sustainable infrastructure to uphold these burdens and to meet the energy demands for the well-being of people and city. These infrastructural additions must contemplate the Energy demands of the built form, people and their activities. One of such vulnerable town due to Paradigm shift in its development priorities is KATRA town, which is continuously getting burdened with more and more buildings, people & loss of Rural Greens as such contemplation of energy requirements is the need of the hour. Katra town is world famous for the rich religious history attached to it as it forms the base town (Camp) of Trikuta Hills upon which (12 kms away from base town) the Holy Shrine of Goddess Maa Vaishno Devi is located. Every year millions of Pilgrims from around the globe visit the shrine & the Katra Town. The Katra town is the major contributor of J&K (Jammu & Kashmir State) economy & India at Large. Pertinently, its being projected as one of the smart cities of India in next few years in the lines of leading smart cities of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a preliminary assessment towards the potential estimation of solar process heating in paper industry in India. To begin with, data for (i) classification of paper mills on the basis of size and feedstock used (ii) extent of cogeneration in paper mills (iii) annual paper production (feed stock wise) (iv) specific thermal energy requirement for process heating etc. have been collected. Annual process heating requirement for paper production (based on feed stock used) in paper mills in India has been estimated. Availability of adequate solar resource in different states of the country was assessed for potential estimation. Some commercially available solar collectors that can supply heat at required temperature of paper industry (50-250 0 C) have been selected and an assessment of their performance has been made. Majority of paper mills in India those are using agro residues and recycled fibers as raw feedstock are located in the states with adequate DNI availability (1900kWh/m 2 ). Annual process heating potential for the paper industry in India has been estimated at 43 PJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the performance assessment study is done on a paper mill using an in-house analytics tool capable of data mining. The tool proposes a generic methodology for performance analysis and then shows its application on an industrial multi-grade paper making process. The tool framework facilitates data preprocessing and data mining, configuration and calculation of key performance indices (KPIs), benchmarking and gap analysis for benefit estimation. It also helps in better performance visualization and identification of the root cause of variations in performance in paper mills. To illustrate the concept, key results from performance analysis study done on a paper machine are presented and suggested measures to improve performance are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]