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Abstract This work demonstrates a novel-type paper-based solid electrolyte (PBSE) and its application in Al-air battery, which is targeted for miniwatt applications. Benefited from the solid-form electrolyte, a liquid-free operation of the Al-air battery is realized, eliminating the potential leakage hazard and therefore improving the battery practicability. The PBSE is prepared by impregnating gel electrolyte into porous cellulose paper, followed by a solution casting process to solidify the gel. The as-prepared PBSE can either be used in mechanical rechargeable Al-air batteries, or be integrated into single-use flexible Al-air batteries. Currently the PBSE can achieve a moderate battery performance with a peak power density of 3.8 mW cm-2 and an Al specific capacity of 900.8 mA h g-1. Properties of the PBSE can be further improved by a comprehensive parametric study on its fabrication parameters, such as gel concentration, casting temperature, casting time, porosity and pore size of paper substrate, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production. In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill. Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is a large value in making Pulp and Paper mills more energy efficient. ABB has developed an energy assessment service where opportunities to save energy in the paper machine are identified. The energy assessment is done by quantifying energy flows, benchmarking energy users, data mining and steam sensitivity analysis and by experiments and additional measurements at the paper machine. Energy quantification helped in identifying main energy consumer, benchmarking was useful to assess the gap between operating performance and best performance whereas data mining and steam sensitivity analysis helped in studying the impact of key operating variables on performance of paper machines. After the assessment an action plan was presented to the mill for energy efficiency improvement together with a return on investment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Papermaking enterprises are major polluters that cause water pollution and air pollution. This paper aims to provide analysis of the energy saving and emission reduction in papermaking enterprises.It is the inevitable choice of establishment industrial ecology park as the leading of the papermaking industry by the implementation of cleaner production and circulation economy. Shandong Haiyun efficient ecological park is taken for example.Researches of the developing strategies and policy support of energy saving and emission reduction is discussed. The paper is divided into five parts, the first part is the preface, the second part introduces the general of Haiyun efficient industrial park, the third part puts forward the scheme of clean production of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fourth part puts forward ecological industry pattern of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fifth part puts forward policy guarantee measures, and the sixth part makes the summary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aims to examine the economic and environmental benefits of recovered paper and potential contribution of the recovered paper to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 is an inclusive development policy, recently launched, with the objectives to build the best future for the country. The Vision 2030 is based on three ambitious goals: making the country a vibrant society, a thriving economy and an ambitious nation. It is estimated that by 2030, 5.05 million ton of waste paper would be recovered in the country. About 11.3 billion SAR (US $3.01 billion) would be added to the country’s GDP and would create about 16,536 new jobs if the recovered paper industry is built in the country. Moreover, a net environmental benefit of 9.6 million crude barrel oil savings and 4.5 million ton of CO 2 savings from GHG emissions could be achieved by 2030 only from the paper waste recovery in the country. The potential benefits of paper waste recycling in KSA highlight the needs of effective measures to optimize the economic and environmental opportunities inherited in the waste paper industry. These measures should focus on capitalizing the local waste paper processing industry, restrict the export of raw waste paper materials, and enhance the waste paper collection process and quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the indicators needed to analyze the competitiveness of major countries' energy technologies and to conduct empirical analysis accordingly. In this paper, nine measurement variables were derived as an index centered on patents and papers for energy technology competitiveness analysis. For each of the nine set measurement variables, the index for each of the major energy technologies (photovoltaics, fuel cells, and secondary batteries) was calculated, compared, and analyzed for each of the eight major countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the production and expansion potential of Pulp and Paper Industry is an important indicator of social and economic development. The Pulp and Paper Industry is one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emitters in world manufacturing. The industry emits GHG emissions around 10% or approximately 20.5 Mt of CO 2 by Thai manufacturers. Investigations of GHG abatement using CO 2 Abatement Cost Curves (ACC) can be used as a tool for investigating GHG reduction measures and technologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry. The results of this study assesses the cost-effectiveness and the total technical potential for carbon dioxide emission reduction in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Energy efficiency is becoming more important because of the resulting cost reduction and image of green society which helps to enhance competitiveness in a globalized green market. Pulp and paper manufacturing is a large-scale industry which is generally regarded as important for national development. The Pulp and Paper industry consumes approximately 2.5% of total industrial energy consumption in Thailand by 44 factories distributed throughout the country. Therefore, energy efficiency improvement can play a significant role in the industry. Investigations of the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and technologies using bottom-up Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) in the pulp and paper mill process are required. This study examines the concept, methodology, and the usefulness of the energy conservation supply curve, and the potential to create the appropriate energy policies to the Thai Pulp and Paper Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential health and environmental impacts associated with the improper management of chemically treated wood waste demands the adoption of recycling, and disposal practices. Chemically treated wood waste has several physical and chemical properties which makes it usable for the manufacture of another product to multiple use, among which the production of paper and fuel. This paper presents the initial life cycle assessment (LCA) study on wood waste used for paper production. The study boundary is limited with raw materials (raw wood or waste wood) processing and paper production itself, thus corresponds to “gate-to-gate” life cycle with a special focus on life cycle inventory data on waste wood treatment via hydrolysis process. The results of the analysis demonstrate competitiveness of the waste wood use for paper production vs. raw wood in such environmental categories as human health and ecosystem quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an essential contributor to the mitigation of climate change. CCS will require vast CO 2 storage capacity. At present only geological storage is being considered. This paper revisits an alternative CO 2 storage possibility in enclosed basins on the deep and very deep ocean floor. For example, the Indonesian Sunda trench, the Japanese Ryukyu trench and the Puerto Rico trench are more than 6 km deep. If liquid CO 2 were to be placed in such a trench, it would be 7% more dense than seawater and could remain permanently as a lake of liquid CO 2 on the ocean floor, possibly becoming a solid hydrate over time which could inhibit mixing between the stored CO 2 and ocean currents. At depths greater than about 4 to 5 km metres, seawater is under-saturated in calcium carbonate, so ocean ecosystems are significantly different. Any impact on deep marine fauna would need to be investigated. The London Dumping Convention has provisions for disposal of material into the ocean provided the absence of adverse effects can be proven. Deep ocean CO 2 entrapment is more certain than geological CO 2 storage in deep aquifers. A CO 2 delivery concept by ship and vertical pipe is suggested for exploratory trials, with subsea pipelines for permanent installations, which might be much cheaper than geological CO 2 storage. There is vast capacity for storage of CO 2 in the world's very deep ocean trenches. The Sunda trench below 6 km has the capacity to accommodate 19,000 gigatonnes of liquid CO 2 , which is greater than the CO 2 yield from all currently known global fossil fuel reserves. The Puerto Rico trench has capacity for 24,000 Gt of liquid CO 2 deeper than 7 km. Enclosed basins of limited area could easily accommodate captured CO 2 . China has the largest potential demand for CO 2 storage from power generation and industrial sources, which could be 3 Gt per year by 2050. The Ryukyu trench, which is 700 km from the Chinese coast and is in Japanese water, has two sections deeper than 7 km. Those sections of the Ryukyu trench would have the capacity to accommodate all the CO 2 captured in China at 3 Gt per year for over 200 years. In the event that very deep ocean storage of CO 2 is found to be practicable and acceptable, the minimum practical depth would need to be determined as a criterions for acceptable additional storage locations. For consideration, there is an enclosed basin on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea 60 km off Southern Greece, with capacity for 84 Gt of CO 2 deeper than 4.5 km. Also, there is an enclosed basin in the Arabian Sea, 320 km south west of Karachi, with capacity for 86 Gt of CO 2 deeper than 3.5 km. The potential storage of CO 2 in such locations would be temperature dependent. The global CCS community has previously considered ocean storage of CO 2 on the basis of ultimate dissolution and dispersion of CO 2 in ocean water. Those studies have dismissed ocean storage as environmentally unacceptable due to ocean acidification. This paper postulates that very deep ocean trenches (>6 km) and deep ocean floor depressions (>4 km) are environments for CO 2 storage, where permanent storage without dissolution, acidification or adverse effects on fauna may be possible. The purpose of this paper is to pose the question “Why not?” to the CCS community and to suggest that active research is timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]