Search

Abstract: The Cooperation Action Carbon Capture and Storage China-EU project (COACH) is a three-year EC Framework 6 co-funded collaborative project with Chinese and EU partners investigating geological storage options in the Bohai Basin, China. This paper discusses interim assessments of storage potential for the Dagang oilfield complex (Tianjin Municipality), deep saline aquifers in the Jiyang depression (Shandong province) and the Kailuan coalfield (Hebei Province). Source-sink matching options are also discussed using large ‘point source’ data collected for the Shandong Province. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCS) is regarded as an effective option to reduce CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels. CCS is particularly important to China due to its large and rapidly rising emissions and high dependence on fossil fuel, and large remaining coal reserves. This paper presents the key results of the authors’ study to evaluate o pportunities for the deployment of CCS technologies within China. It focuses on the data, methodology, and results of basin-scale CO2 sto rage capacity and CO2 point emission estimation in China. There is a total estimated theoretical CO2 geological storage capacity of 3088 gigat ons in China’s onshore and offshore basins, including a storage capacity of 3066 gigatons for deep saline formations accounting for 99% of total geological storage resource. China also has an annual emission about 3.9 billion tons of CO2 from large point sources in 2007. In view of initial site-source matching analysis, He huai Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Subei Basin and Sichuan Basin have the best potential for CCS deployment. There is significant potential for CCS technologies to deliver deep, sustained and cost-effective emissions reductions for China over the course of this century [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China’s economy has been on a solid fast growth track since 1978. The economy expanded by an average annual rate of about 10% during the last thirty years. That is more than triple the average growth rate of the world economy during the same period. The rapid economic development has been associated with growing energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Although the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol exempts China from reducing its own CO2 output, China, as the first or second largest CO2 emission country, is facing growing international political pressure. As a responsible big country, China will almost certainly have to respond to climate change in the future. China is entering unexpected fast development period of the industrialization, urbanization and motorization, in which large-scale new infrastructures will be built. This provides great opportunity to plan for longer-term CO2 mitigation—the infrastructures built today have a long life time and are not easy to upgrade the technologies involved, and decisions made now will have a major impact on energy utilization mode and CO2 mitigation technology option in coming years. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), as an option in the portfolio of mitigation actions to combat climate change, is expected to have far-reaching implications for China. This paper (1) explores the strategic significance of CCS for China by making an extreme scenario analysis of Chinese power sector in 2030; (2) provides an overview of the recent CCS activities in China; and (3) identifies the major challenges with respect to CCS development in China and put forwards immediate strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is central to China’s continued economic growth and CCS is one of the most promising technological solutions to curb the CO2 emitted from the continued use of coal. This paper introduces some areas of recent R&D on CCS in China and focuses, in particular, on the Near Zero Emission Coal (NZEC) project, a China-UK CCS initiative. NZEC is being undertaken in three phases, with the current project comprising the first phase. The ultimate aim of NZEC, following Phase 3, is to have constructed and operated a coal-fired power plant with integral CCS in China. In this paper, some of the early progress made in NZEC Phase 1 is described. Launched in November 2007, the objectives of Phase 1 are to build confidence in CCS and to explore technology options for demonstrating coal-fired power generation with CCS in China. The Phase 1 partnership of nine leading UK organisations and 20 from China demonstrates the strong collaborative working relationship that exists between China and the UK, at all levels, to develop CCS as a key climate change mitigation technology. Apart from NZEC, China is involved in several national and international CCS initiatives and some of these will be touched upon in this paper. The success of the 18-month first phase will, to a large extent, be measured against its contribution to increasing CCS capacity in China and against strengthened links between Chinese and British experts. Activities designed to raise capacity are described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is China’s primary fuel for power generation and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. China had an installed power generation capacity of a little over 700GWe in 2007, which is projected to nearly double within the next 20 years. NZEC (Near Zero Emission Coal) is a major Sino-British initiative on carbon capture and storage. One of its key aims is to complete the work required to construct a coal-fired power generation plant in China with CCS. The first phase of NZEC is a feasibility study, due to complete in late 2009, in which options for CCS in China are being explored. As part of the feasibility study, an energy systems analysis using the China MARKAL model is being undertaken to provide a perspective on the energy technologies that may be deployed in China to meet its energy needs. The energy situation in China is being analysed, with a detailed investigation undertaken of the various technologies and fuels employed at present. Based on growth forecasts and national plans for China, predictions will be made of the technologies and fuels that may be deployed to meet its future needs. The role of coal and the various technology options for utilising that coal will be identified. An estimate of the CO2 emissions arising from the utilisation of coal and the potential impact of their release to the atmosphere will be made. The potential for CCS to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and the cost and impact of deploying CCS will be examined. In this paper, the authors will provide a progress review of this analysis and present provisional results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has built at least 70 GW of new coal- fired power installed capacity annually since 2005 and the growth is expected to continue (CEC, 2008). Chinese government, industry and academic stakeholders perceive that China will not mandate new plants to be built with carbon dioxide capture and storage systems in the short term and there is little incentive even to contemplate the first steps needed to fit plants with capture equipment [Reiner, D., Liang, X., Sun, X., Zhu, Y., Li, D., 2007. Stakeholder attitudes towards carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies in China, International Climate Change Conference, Hong Kong, May 29–31 2007]. We investigate the value of making new plants CO2 Capture Ready (CCR), which would enable them to retrofit to capture CO2 without unnecessary additional costs when the appropriate policy and /or economic drivers are in place (IEA, 2007). In order to understand the value and investment characteristics of CCR in China, a typical 600 MW pulverized-coal -fired ultra-supercritical power plant, locating at Guangdong province, was examined. Combined with a detailed engineering assessment, we obtained the costs for different CCR scenarios. To analyze CCR investment opportunities, we apply a cash flow model for valuing Capture Options, as developed in [Liang, X., Reiner, D., Gibbins J., Li J., 2007. Fianncing CCR coal-fired power plants in China by issuing capture options, EPRG Working Paper Series, EPRG0728, Cambridge, December. Available at: www.electricitypolicy.org.uk/pubs/wp/eprg0728.pdf]. Results are obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation, based on engineering surveys and the IEA (2007) CCR study, as well as plant performance information and expert projections on carbon prices, coal prices and electricity prices. CCR investments are justified by factors such as higher retrofitting probabilities, lower early-closure probabilities and fair economic return. However, the economic case for CCR largely depends on the type of investments made, for example, CCR-essential investments tend to be more economic than additional non-essential CCR features such as CCR Essential with clutched low-pressure turbines. Carbon price, coal price and discount rate also were found to have significant impacts on the economics of CCR. Overall, it appears that the value of capture options are significant, and therefore clear retrofitting strategies would be valuable for any CCR investment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An energy network with polygeneration system and CCS suitable for China was proposed in our previous work in consideration of low-cost CCS and energy providing safety. In this paper, based on life-cycle analysis, the role of the Energy Network has been investigated at the national level. Results show that with the import dependency of oil controlled in the range of 40%–60% during 2020 to 2030, up to 22% of the total capacity of coal fired supercritical power plants may be replaced by hundreds of new polygeneration plants for electricity and alternative fuels. When the oil import dependency will be kept from 40% to 60%, the Energy Network can save 20%–30% of energy and cut down 30%–40% of total costs every year compared to the present method with coal fired supercritical power plants and traditional alternative fuel plants with CO2 capture. And the Energy Network can capture more than 0.1 billion tons of CO2 with high concentration over 98% each year. Moreover, from the aspect of CCS, this Energy Network can realize as low as 15$/t of total CCS cost due to the quite low energy penalties of CO2 capture in the polygeneration systems and the combination of CO2 sources and storage sites. The new Energy Network has realized the proper combination of energy utilization and CO2 capture and storage according to the unique state of China. It is suitable for China and may play an important role in CCS in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The United States and China are the two largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world and their projected continued growth and reliance on fossil fuels–especially coal–make them strong candidates for the large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) systems in a greenhouse gas constrained world. Previous work has revealed that both nations have over 1600 large electric utility and other industrial point CO2 sources as well as very large CO2 storage resources on the order of 2000 billion metric tons (Gt) of onshore storage capacity. In each case, the vast majority of this capacity is found in deep saline formations. In both the USA and China, candidate storage reservoirs are likely to be widely accessible with over 80% of these large industrial CO2 sources having a CO2 storage option within just 80 km. This suggests a strong potential for CCS to help bring about meaningful, sustained CO2 emissions reductions for these large, vibrant economies. However, while the USA and China possess many similarities with regards to the potential value that CCS might provide, including the range of costs at which CCS may be available to most large CO2 sources in each nation, there are a number of more subtle differences that may help us to understand the ways in which CCS deployment may differ as the the two nations work together–and in step with the rest of the world–to most efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper details the first ever analysis of CCS deployment costs in these two countries based on methodologically comparable CO2 source and sink inventories, economic analysis, geospatial source-sink matching and cost curve modeling. This type of analysis provides valuable insight into the degree to which early and sustained opportunities for climate change mitigation via commercial-scale CCS are available to the two countries, and could facilitate greater collaboration in areas where those opportunities overlap. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Making new coal-fired power plants carbon capture ready (Carbon Capture Ready) in China has been recognised as a crucial by a number of stakeholders academics, energy companies and regional government, based on a study in EU-UK-China NZEC project. A number of publications have investigated the definition, engineering requirements, economic and finance of CCR for China. However there remain a number of questions regarding the extent to which a plant’s physical location might constrain the feasibility of CCS retrofit. To address this issue, a Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used as a tool for mapping current and planned large carbon dioxide sources in Guangdong, also illustrating potential storage sites and calculating possible carbon dioxide transportation route. This paper investigates the location factors that should be considered when locating new build CCR power plants and demonstrates the methodology of using GIS software with spatial analysis in planning new build power plant in Guangdong. A preliminary study has identified over 30 large power plants within the region, with plant locations and historical emission data collected and presented in ArcGIS. Factors such as distance to potential storage site, route of CO2 pipeline, extra space on site and potential development plan etc. were investigated in the modelling and calculated the potential source and sink solution. The study then moves on to suggest possible new build plant locations which can be easily fitted in to the current network, based on economic optimisation. The scope for future coal plant development combined with a possible nuclear plant siting plan is discussed towards the end of the paper. Guangdong province, which owns the third largest coal-fired power installed capacity out of 31 provinces, generated over 8% of China’s total electricity every year for the past 15 years. CO2 storage opportunities could be found in the surrounding South China Sea, where Guangdong has a total of 4,300 km of coastline and some small scale oil fields on shore within the region. It is also among the first places to start the national open and reform policy in China. The province is one of the richest in China, with the highest GDP among all other provinces since 1989, and the foreign trade accounts for more than a quarter of China’s total amount. It also contributes around 12 of the total national economic output. Currently, the provincial government is proposing a low carbon roadmap, which is the first of its kind in China. The work has created a totally new thinking on capture ready power plant planning. This differs from existing studies (e.g., which aim to investigate the existing carbon dioxide emission sources at specified location and provide source and sink matching analysis. Instead the study focuses on policy implementation for new build capture ready power plants. Three clusters within Guangdong province are identified as potential temporary CO2 storage hubs before transporting the gas to a long term storage site. When officials are planning new power plant locations from a capture ready perspective, the plants should not necessarily be close to storage sites in straight line, but rather should be within a reasonable distance of a cluster. Transport of the captured CO2 will not be limited to pipelines, but could be extended to road and rail tankers. Power plant parameters and storage site data were collected for this research. Public transportation, utilities, landscapes, river, land used and population data were referenced from various sources; therefore, some of the data could be out of date. Nevertheless, it should still provide enough information when deciding the location of the transport cluster. Any future work could build on the existing model with updated data. Moreover, it could fit in with the national natural gas transportation network and utility planning network to provide long term integrated energy system analysis. The paper could provide policy makers, investors and urban planning officials with a view on how conventional thermal power plant investment and planning could be optimised, using Carbon Capture Ready designs, to keep the CCS retrofitting option open. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CO2 capture and storage (CCS) will have a significant impact on the cost of electricity production and costs in other potential applications. Hence, there is a need to identify and structure transportation alternatives in order to fill the gaps in knowledge of the cost of integrated capture, transport, and storage processes. As part of the EU China Cooperation project (COACH), a case of transporting 4,000 tonnes of CO2 per day from GreenGen IGCC Project in Tianjin to Shengli Oilfield at a distance of 300 km in China has been outlined and subjected to parametric studies. The paper reveals the details of these cost analyses and results pertaining to three alternatives: a) pipeline transport, 43.13 RMB/tonne CO2 (4.3 € /tonne CO2), b) shipment, 45.79 RMB/tonne CO2 (4.6 € /tonne CO2), and c) railway tank wagon transport, 77.35 RMB/tonne CO2 (7.7 € /tonne CO2). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Shaanxi Province/Wyoming CCS Partnership (supported by DOE NETL) aims to store commercial quantities of CO2 safely and permanently in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the northern Ordos Basin, Shaanxi Province, China. This objective is imperative because at present, six coal-to-liquid facilities in Shaanxi Province are capturing and venting significant quantities of CO2. The Wyoming State Geological Survey and the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Energy Resource and Chemical Engineering conducted a feasibility study to determine the potential for geological CO2 sequestration in the northern Ordos Basin near Yulin. The Shaanbei Slope of the Ordos Basin is a huge monoclinal structure with a high-priority sequestration reservoir (Majiagou Formation) that lies beneath a 2,000+ meter-thick sequence of Mesozoic rocks containing a multitude of low-permeability lithologies. The targeted Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the location of interest is more than 700 meters thick. The carbonate reservoir is located at depths where pressures and temperatures are well above the supercritical point of CO2. The targeted reservoir contains high-salinity brines (20,000–50,000 ppm) that have little or no economic value. The targeted reservoir is continuous as inferred from well logs, and cores show that porosity ranges from 1 to 15% with average measured porosity of 8%, and that permeability ranges from 1–35 md. This paper focuses on calculations that will help evaluate the capacity estimates through the use of high-resolution multiphase numerical simulation models, as well as a more simple volumetric approach. The preliminary simulation results show that the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin has excellent potential for geological CO2 sequestration and could store the CO2 currently emitted by coal-to-liquid facilities in Shaanxi Province for hundreds of years (i.e., 9 Mt/year CO2; 450 Mt over a 50-year period at one injection site). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The storage potential of selected sites within the Bahaiwan Basin was evaluated, the storage capacity estimated and the selection criteria considered for the COACH project. This paper examines the two methods used during the project for calculation of the storage capacity in the Shengli oilfield complex within the Bahaiwan Basin. Both methodologies were used to quantify the potential CO2 storage capacity of the depleted oil hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Shengli oilfield complex. They can both be considered as “simple” equation models which try to capture an “approximation” of a possible storage capacity. Nevertheless, between these models several differences exist. The CSLF methodology works with replacement of oil, gas or formation water, but does not incorporate dissolution of CO2 in formation water. The EOR methodology of CUPB developed from methodology of Tanaka et al. on the other hand includes dissolution of CO2 into the formation water, but does not consider the time period needed for the dissolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is China’s primary fuel for power generation and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. At present China’s installed capacity of power generation plant totals about 900 GW with over 70% of that based on coal. Although major Chinese programmes are in place to improve energy efficiency, increase deployment of renewable energy technologies and increase the installed capacity of nuclear plant, coal-fired power plants will continue to be built in large numbers for many years to come. This paper presents the results of an energy systems analysis exercise using the China MARKAL model under the support of NZEC (China-UK Near Zero Emissions Coal) Initiative, to provide a perspective on the energy technologies that may be deployed in China to 2050 to meet its energy needs. The model also examines the cost and impact of deploying CCS in China by simulating several carbon emission constraint scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely accepted as one of main solutions to mitigate global warming in the world. However, the still-high cost of CCS is one of the major concerns, in particular in developing China. In the other hand, emission control of H2S and SO2 has already become the urgent need, and the reduction target has been set in the 11th Five-Year Plan of China. Therefore, co-storage of CO2+SO2 or CO2+H2S may be an effective way to reduce CCS cost, e.g. due to saving the de-sulphur device, and enable CCS to has an earlier deployment opportunity. In this paper, we try to, at first, reveal some key problems, i.e., trapping mechanism, injectivity and leakage risk, for co-injection and co-storage of CO2 and the strong acid SO2 into subsurface spaces in a certain gas field in China. The output of this gas field includes about 6.8% H2S and 4.6% CO2. Then, we want to insight into the possibilities and potentials of co-storage of CO2+SO2 by numerical studies. After widely referring all opened and published scientifical and technical literature, we develop a model to study a porous media system associated with the thermo-hydro-chemical coupling interactions. The hydrogeology and mineralogy of the injected formation are extracted from the historical materials of the gas field. We have performed several numerical simulations with consideration of a sandstone-clay sequence under acid-gas injection conditions. The clay formation is supposed as a sealed cap rock for the co-storage disposal system. The study examines the impact of SO2 co-injection on the pH of formation brine. Co-injection of CO2 with SO2 results in a larger and more strongly acidified zone, and alteration differs substantially from that caused by the injection of CO2 alone. The mineral alteration induced by injection of CO2 with SO2 leads to corresponding changes in porosity. Significant increases in porosity occur in the acidified zones where mineral dissolution dominates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The COACH project (Cooperation Action Within CCS China-EU 1 [1] EC/FP6 Contract #038966, co-ordinated by F. Kalaydjian, IFP Energies nouvelles, France. ) was launched on November 1st 2006 for a period of 3 years, as part of the 6th framework programme of the European Commission 2 [2] The French Agency for Development (AFD) is gratefully acknowledged for its financial support to the dissemination, knowledge sharing and capacity building activities developed in COACH. . Gathering 20 partners comprising 8 Chinese partners and 12 European partners, the COACH project was conceived as contributing to the first phase of the Near Zero Emission Coal fired power plants (NZEC) programme, a 3-phase programme developed between the European Union and China, aiming at combating climate change by enabling the deployment in China of thermal power plants equipped with capture and storage (CCS) facilities. The objective of the COACH project was to establish the basis for the large-scale use of coal for polygeneration in China with pre-combustion capture, transport and geological storage of CO2. Main efforts were place on a future CCS demonstration operated on an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) thermal power plant fully equipped for converting and splitting the produced syngas into a hydrogen-rich fuel gas and CO2, and with a subsequent storage of CO2 in either mature hydrocarbon reservoirs (Dagang or Shengli oil provinces), deep saline formations or unmineable coal seams. Focus was made on the emission sources and storage sites located in the part of the Bohai Basin in the Shandong Province. The paper will present the main outcomes of the project as follows : [•] Structuring the China-EU COACH venture: In order to enabling the sharing of knowledge between European and Chinese COACH partners and building capacity a survey of CCS activities was performed, workshops were organised in EU and China, a cooperative website was created and two one-week long CCS schools were organised in China gathering more than 100 students 2/3 thereof coming from China and the remaining from Europe; [•] Technical actions and challenges relating to CCS, gasification and polygeneration: A generic IGCC concept implemented with CO2 capture was defined and compared against a plain IGCC based on the GreenGen Phase I system without CO2 capture. A detailed analysis of technologies needed for implementing an option for CO2 capture in an IGCC process with provision for production of electricity and methanol was carried out as well as a cost analysis of both CO2 capture and transport; [•] Geological assessment and storage sites mapping: A quantitative assessment of the potential storage sites (the Dagang and Shengli oil provinces, the deep saline aquifers nearby and the Kailuan coal mining area) was performed along with a mapping of the possible transport infrastructure (by pipelines or ships) that could be developed to connect CO2 sources to CO2 sites; with regards to storage capacity, the main capacity was found to reside in the deep saline aquifers (several giga tonnes) but would require further geological investigation for delivering definite values. The storage potential in oil fields was found to be much smaller (less than one giga tonne) but could provide opportunities for enhanced oil recovery. Finally, the coals of Kailuan mining area exhibit a high ability to adsorb CO2 and provide enhanced coalbed methane recovery, but their injectivity remains to be verified. [•] Case studies and recommendations for CCS demonstration in China: By integrating results obtained in the previous tasks dealing with CO2 capture and CO2 storage, two scenarios (one small scale–from 0.1 to 1 million tonnes of CO2 per year, one large scale–2 to 3 million tonnes of CO2 per year) were designed to screen options for a possible CCS demonstration project. These alternative CO2 streams are both considered captured from the GreenGen IGCC power plant in Tianjin and transported to one or more geological formations in the Bohai Bay geological basin for permanent disposal. Storage for the smaller scale scenario could be accommodated in the Dagang or Shengli oilfields. Storage for the larger scale scenario (2–3 million tonnes a year) could be accommodated in the Shengli oilfield province (in a number of fields) or potentially in the saline formations that can be found in the Huimin sub-basin area. For each of these options, a preliminary risk assessment was performed. A thorough cost analysis was performed. Policy and regulation issues pertaining to a shift towards CCS in China. The 3-year targeted cooperative actions under the COACH project have mobilised capacities in China and Europe and paved the ground for subsequent CCS demonstrations in China. The next phase of the China-EU NZEC programme should start in 2010 and deliver FEED studies which should allow starting operating a CCS demonstration in China by 2015. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CCS technology is particularly important to China due to its large and rapidly rising emissions and high dependence on fossil fuel. There is a huge basin scale theoretical CO2 storage capacity in China; however the CCS deployments will consider firstly those matched source-sink pairs with early opportunities at present. This paper presents the key results of evaluation of early opportunities for the deployment of CCS technologies within China. The proximity analysis suggests that there also are many early opportunities for CCS deployment, such as the promising EOR/EGR opportunities from using high concentration CO2 sources. The combined benefits of short distance between sources and sinks, the potential hydrocarbon revenues and low CO2 capture cost make these pairs as promising near-term CCS candidates. These near-term CCS candidates can be deployed at very low cost or even with some revenue. In this paper, several sources-sink pairs in China are analyzed in details, such as, the pairs of high purity CO2 emission sources and aquifer, co-storage of waste gas stream and depleted gas fields, IGCC and aquifer. These early opportunities will provide China the chance to develop and spread CCS technologies steadily from early stage to commercial stage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of some recent CO2 storage capacity assessments in the Songliao and Subei Basins in China, and a discussion of some of the specific challenges that must be addressed to further assess the feasibility of CO2 storage in China. Geological CO2 storage associated with CO2-EOR is of significant interest in these basins as it offers potential to increase oil production and provide additional fuel to meet China’s increasing energy consumption. Although some CO2 is stored during such flooding projects, the greatest storage potential is only realised at the end of a field’s productive life, when a depleted field can be used as a dedicated CO2 storage reservoir. The Songliao Basin, in North-eastern China has been the largest oil and gas producing province in China. The oilfields of the Daqing and Jilin oil provinces are estimated to have effective CO2 storage capacities of 593 Mt and 71.2 Mt respectively. Extrapolation of data from around the oilfields to the whole basin suggests that the most promising saline aquifer in the basin has a theoretical storage capacity of 692 Mt CO2: Its effective storage capacity (which cannot be estimated due to lack of data) is likely to be considerably smaller however. Limited data availability means the estimate of storage capacity in this saline aquifer is based on gross simplifications and extrapolation across large areas (e.g. basin-scale) but could provide a basis for comparison with the potential for CO2 storage in other regions in China, or to help prioritise more detailed analysis. Although smaller, the onshore oilfields of the Subei-Yellow Sea Basin were also assessed, as the presence of mature oil and gas fields and natural CO2 accumulations, suggest suitable targets for storage may be found. The total effective storage capacity of the 108 hydrocarbon fields in this basin are estimated to be only 21 Mt CO2. While small, these fields may offer niche storage options for smaller industrial CO2 sources, but if CCS is to contribute to reducing China’s growing CO2 emissions, then further evaluation and development of storage in saline aquifers is likely to be needed at the same time as storage in oil or gas fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the current status of the main CCS initiatives in the major emerging economies: China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. This study first covers all six countries as a group and describes their natural resources. The second part of this study embraces each country individually and includes current initiatives and current legal and technological status of CCS. At the end, this study summarizes the main findings in the emerging economies and the potential of including CCS as part of the CDM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses the current status of CCS in China, providing an update of current projects and past activities in research and development, and a brief overview of prospects for CCS deployment in China. CCS related research in China has been building from a focus on research and development and exploration of the technical considerations o f CCS potential in China in coordination with international partners. While large scale demonstration of integrated CCS projects is still at an early stage, there is significant knowledge and technical expertise that can be derived from ongoing pilot projects. These projects employ various mature technologies that may be integrated and scaled to facilitate demonstration and deployment of CCS in the future. In addition, China is increasingly exploring opportunities in CO2 utilization to drive and support deployment of CCS–this is also known as CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). This paper provides information on some of these key activities, including details of specific projects and a background of the regulatory and policy frameworks and international cooperation on CCS and CCUS in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the rapid development of economy in China, the issue is increas ingly serious involving the degradation of environment, the shortage of resource and the absence of environmental protection. To keep sustainable development of economy, this paper illustrates stimulating function of tax policy involving in environmental prot ection, energysaving and emission-reducing from aspect of encouraging technology innovation. Furthermore, it put s forward policy orientation including further improving tax to support energy -saving and emission-reducing and independent innovation with the analysis of existing tax policy on environmental protection, energy-saving and emission-reducing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the survey data of 538 farmers from 15 counties (or cities) in Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces, this paper empirically analyzes the factors affecting farmers’ production willingness of safe agricultural products by Logit regression model. And the results indicate that relative price of safe agricultural products, production scale, government subsidy, guidance from agricultural technicians and joining agricultural industrialization organizations have significant positive influence while farmers’ age and family income have significant negative influence. To further identify influencial power of these significant variables, the calculation of their standard coefficients reveals that the influencial power of production scale, relative price of safe agricultural products and joining agricultural industrialization organizations is comparatively powerful. On the basis of empirical analysis, some countermeasures are brought up. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The frequency, sum of money and scope of transnational mergers made by Chinese firms are growing. This paper, based on the ESP paradigm in FDI, analyzes the impact of non-economic factors such as politics, law, national awareness, public opinion and the union''s forces upon transnational mergers. In the meanwhile, the paper makes effort to propose some countermeasures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China''s CO2 emission increase has attracted world''s attention. This paper analyzed dominant factors that affect changes in China''s CO2 emission from 1980 to 2007, which indicates that economic scale and energy saving are two major factors attributable to increase and decrease of CO2 emission, while energy conversion and population scale are less dominant factors. In the future, energy efficiency factor will still take the dominant position while energy conversion will play an increasingly important role, and economic growth rate and industrial structure transformation will become important restrictive factors while population reduction effect size will remain the least changeable factor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Combining with the realities of hill area in the middle of Sichuan province, this paper evaluated the intensive use extent of urban land in 38 counties located in seven cities of hill area in the middle of Sichuan province and provided approaches for intensive utilization of land in the above mentioned area, by analyzing selected indexes and established evaluation index system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper decomposes Jiangsu energy consumption intensity change from 1998-2008. And the energy consumption intensity is decomposed into FDI scale effect, FDI structure effect and FDI technology effect, using LMDI model. Decomposition and analysis results show that FDI scale effect reduces the energy consumption intensity. FDI structure and technology effect fluctuates and do not promote the reduction of energy consumption intensity, on the whole. Therefore, to reduce the energy consumption intensity of Jiangsu Province, we suggest that while expanding FDI scale, we should adopt unified energy-saving and emission-reducing requirements to FDI enterprises and domestic ones. Meanwhile, we should increase the foreign investment proportion in the technology-intensive industries and encourage FDI enterprises to use and exchange advanced energy-saving technologies. Moreover, we should adjust the distribution industry structure of FDI to optimize the industrial structure adjustment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Reclamation is the important utilization manner of ocean for mankind. Yet because reclamation changes natural bank shape in short term and small scale, so it can strongly disturb the whole natural system and bring a new misbalance, which affect the stability, diversity and sustainability of the seashore. In order to avoid and lighten the influence of reclamation, we should analyze and diagnose the possible effects, which can do some theory preparations for settling this problem. As a case study in Jiaozhou Bay, this paper selects 9 indicators to base the indicator system. The frame principle of the indicator system includes scientific, synthetical, viable, representative, hierarchical, systematic and data available. Basing the influencing aspects, this article uses the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), qualitative and quantitive method to calculate the indicators. By using the judging matrix, hierarchy sorting and indicators, the paper calculates the effect degree of reclamation to environment and ecosystem is comparatively high, and its growth is an increasing process in Jiaozhou Bay. From this point, with the reclamation scale is increasing, the effect degree of reclamation to environment and ecosystem is more and more serious. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy and the development of economic society constitute the nested structure. Energy planning is based on its prediction. Time series analysis, based on its relatively simple requirements on the original data, scientifically understanding, describing the data generation mechanism and predicting the future value, is a common prediction method. The total energy demand of China in 2020 is predicted about 449074.91 ten thousand standardized coal in this paper using time series analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper measured the Ecological Footprint (EF) from 1988 to 2008 for Hangzhou by EF calculation method. The results showed that: The EF per person of Hangzhou grew from 1.1561hm2 in 1988 to maximum 2.22333hm2 in 2007 in recent twenty years. The Ecological Deficit (ED) appeared in Hangzhou since 1995, and increased gradually from 0.00707hm2/cap in to 0.95481hm2/cap. The appearance of ED had indicated that the EF of Hangzhou is bigger than the Ecological capacity, and we should try to reduce the Carbon Footprint, to realizing the green development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: At present there is the different level in China''s circular economy development. To better measure the level of regional circular economy development, this paper builds the evaluation system of regional circular economy development, reflected the characteristic of resources recycling specially, and put forward the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method to analysis circular economy development level in single region and Comparison Evaluation Method to analysis circular economy development level in different regions, so that enhance the evaluate ability in evaluation model and evaluation method of circular economy developing level. On this basis, this paper makes the empirical study on regional differences evaluation in circular economy development level through three typical provinces, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Qinghai Province. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tourism Environmental Carrying Capacity (TECC) is an important index to judge sustainability of scenic zone, which is calculated by Tourism Ecological Footprint (TEF) and Tourism Ecological Capacity (TEC). Based on theories and models of TEF, this paper calculated TEF, TEC, and TECC in Yellow Crane Tower scenic spot. In 2008, TEF per capita was 0.0570hm2, footprint of transportation and waste were large, occupied 55.89% and 33.20% respectively. TEC of Yellow Crane Tower was 108.45hm2 in 2008 and it will be 176.80hm2 in 2012. Therefore, TECC was 3 804 tourists per day and it will be 6 204 tourists per day in 2012. Actually, TECC reached 3 354 tourists per day in 2008, which showed that tourists were under Carrying Capacity, but it is in vigilant situation of sustainable development. Finally, this paper put forward some suggestions on tourism sustainable development in Yellow Crane Tower. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Basing on the questionnaire for experts, this paper builds an evaluation index system of the mining industry competitiveness in Xinjiang, and evaluates the mining industry competitiveness by using the principal component method. The conclusions are that the mining industry competitiveness of Xinjiang is ranked the first in western China .and there are some problems existing in Xinjiang, such as unperfected frustration, poor management of mining. Finally, this paper gives suggestions on enhancing the mining industry competitiveness of Xinjiang from three angles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on 1992-2005 input-output tables at comparable price and using structural decomposition method (SDA), the paper decomposes carbon emissions growth from energy consumption in China into 4 categories of factors: carbon emissions intensity, technology, domestic final demand and trade. Carbon emissions have a trend of accelerated growth and the decisive factor is domestic final demand, not trade. Intensity of carbon emissions plays a significant restrain effect, entirely benefit from energy efficiency, rather than energy substitution. The effect of technical change leads to the growth of carbon emissions, reflecting the technology structure developed towards high energyconsumption and emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article evaluated the energy effeciency in Hebei Province using some indicators such as comprehensive energy consumption, efficiency of energy transformation. Then it makes a comparative analysis about the HeBei Province''s status in the country''s energy conservation. The final part of the paper predicts energy consumption indicators in HeBei province from 2009 to 2013. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Contextual analysis method is used to predict new energy development of Hohhot from 2010 to 2020. Through the structure of different scenarios, we could predict that the new energy in the total energy consumption will reach the proportion of 13.8%, 6.5% and 3% under three different development scenarios by 2020. Then the contextual assessment is carried out and the corresponding policies and measures for the different scenarios are put forward. According to China''s Energy Technology Development Roadmap and the actual situation in Hohhot, this paper recommends the optimal situation of the program and the corresponding policies and measures. Practice shows that the contextual analysis for the prediction and policy formulation will have a practical significance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: By using LOG-ACD model, this paper studies the price duration features of Chinese fuel oil futures market, and put especial emphasis on several microstructure variables which may have significant impact on the price duration, such as the state of price changes, trading volume and open interest volume. The research results indicate that the sampling frequency of 4minutes is optimum for the fuel oil futures high frequency data; the price duration has obvious intraday effect and shows “M” mode; the Weibull distribution can be considered as a relatively suitable assumption for LOG-ACD model; price duration has remarkable persistence and clustering characteristics, and furthermore, the probability of the occurrence of long duration increases steadily; the rise or fall in price has different impact on price duration; the trading volume and open interest volume can be regarded as crucial factors when the price duration fluctuation is analyzed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Firstly, this paper defined urban residents low carbonization energy consumption behavior as two aspects: the purchasing and choosing behavior and daily using behavior, and then based on the literature researches, this paper developed the conceptual model of social norms affecting urban residents low carbon energy consumption behavior. Taking Xuzhou as an example, through 280 valid sample, using LISREL 8.7, this paper verified and corrected the conceptual model, The results showed that the stronger the social norms of low carbon energy-saving orientation, the stronger the residents low carbon behavior intention; The stronger the residents low carbon behavior intention, the more positive the low carbonization energy consumption behavior; Social norms cannot directly play a role in residents’ energy consumption behavior, can only have indirectly and positive effect on residents behavior via behavior intention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nowadays, sustainable economic development is the key issue in the world. In this paper, we take Shandong Province as an example to analyze the relationship between energy use, environmental quality and economic development. Through the study, we find that the correlation between nominal income per capita and environmental quality can be shown in Kuznets inverted U-shaped curve. After 2020, with per capita income increasing, total amount of environmental pollutants will decline slowly; The relationship between per capita income and discharge amount of sulfur dioxide is consistent with EKC theory and is shown in inverted U-shaped curve, but the per capita income has no similar pattern with the other three environmental indicators; Although efficiency of energy utilization in Shandong Province increased steadily in recent years, but the rapid economic growth heavily depends on natural resources, and extensive mode of economic growth remains. Irrational industrial structure is the main cause for structural unbalance of energy consumption and environmental degradation in Shandong Province. It is argued that readjusting industrial structure and improving environment system of environmental pollution are the primary issuesin the reform. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between the local energy demand and supply in Xinjiang. We first identify the phenomenon of “Local Energy Deficit” in Xinjiang, under the double pressure of the dramatic increase in the local energy outflow and industrial consumption. Secondly, we indicate the existing development pattern of local energy demand and supply will have been on, by the method of GM(1,1), during “the twelfth five-year” periods, In light of this, we present three constructive proposals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Emission inventories are important tools for monitoring air quality and assisting the policies in urban areas. This paper estimates Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing''s CO2 emissions of energy consumption and carbon intensity of the economic activities in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2004-2007 based on the method recommended by IPCC. The results show that the coal combustion is the leading cause of total CO2 emission from energy consumption, occupied over 60% of total CO2 emission of fuels. But the share of CO2 emission from coal is descending gradually because of energy consumption restructuring. In addition, the four mega-cities’ carbon intensity of the economic activities, which is the low Carbon Economy index, is improving persistently. These results imply that China''s CO2 emission in the future may not become as high as expected but improve with time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, based on clustering methodology, analyzes the administrative measures taken by Hebei Province to complete the mission of energy conservation in industry since the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. Such measures include three aspects: a series of regulations and projects related to industrial energy conservation implemented by relevant government departments; province-wide conferences specifically about industrial energy conservation held many times; but joint between the provincial government and the key enterprises built to supervise their fulfillment of the objective of industrial energy conservation. This analysis exposes that the remarkable effects of industrial energy conservation of Hebei Province are paid off by vast cost of administrative decision cost, executive cost and organizing cost. To lower the administrative cost of industrial energy conservation, long-term mechanism concerning policies in industry, tax, finance and science & technology should be established. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper acquires data through farmer questionnaire survey of Nanjing city, and employ logistic model to empirically analyze the relationship between farmer occupation differentiation, pension security and rural land transfer. The results show that education, occupation category, non-agricultural career skill, business pension security, land transference rights and land tenure security all have remarkable positive effect on rural land transfer, family pension security has remarkable negative effect on rural land transfer, however age, non-agricultural income proportion, population of agricultural labor force, social pension security, land mortgage rights have no significant effect on rural land transfer. Based on above conclusions, this paper made some policy recommendations which include developing non-agricultural industry and providing non-agricultural employment, advancing technology culture and career competency of rural labor force, establishing rural social security system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, low carbon technology has got great attention all over the world, because of the limited reserves of fossil fuels and increasingly severe environmental pollution. Meanwhile, with the development of global low carbon, the new energy industry has become a focal point all around the world, especially, solar energy has become the most developing fields in the new energy markets. This paper will make a study of Hohhot PV industry situation and development direction, basing on the analysis of PV industry chain and combining with national solar PV industry technology roadmap. Finally, the corresponding policy recommendation will be advised. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, through analyzing aggregate economic volume and economic structure, distinguishes the influencing factors in fulfilment of the objective that non-fossil energy accounts for 15% of total national energy consumption. Potential of renewable energy resources are surveyed. Simulations of China''s total energy consumption in 2020 are made on difference growth rate assumptions. The feasibility of industrial restructuring is inspected regarding the energy consumption. Policy suggestions are made to achieve the structural objective by 2020. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper applies the method of factor analysis to construct the indicator system of low carbon economy and evaluates the performance of development of low carbon economy of 15 resource-based cities. The paper documents that the development performance of low carbon economy of Daqing ranks No. 3 among 15 cities, performance of inter-industry adjustment ranks No.14, energy efficiency ranks No.3, effectiveness of environmental improvement ranks No.1, and performance of secondary industry adjustment ranks No.10. The results show that Daqing has advantages in energy efficiency and effectiveness on environmental improvement, and but needs to improve its performance of in inter-industry adjustment and secondary industry adjustment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper studies the implementation of a regulation problem of China in which the energy industry''s private information is unknown to the state-owned assets supervision and administration commission of the state council (SASAC). It''s reasonable to use a fuzzy variable to denote the subjective assessment of the SASAC to the private information. A principal-agent model is then set up to maximize the welfare of the SASAC. Pontryagin maximum principle is adopted in this paper to obtain the necessary condition of the optimal solutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the accelerating process of urbanization, it becomes an important task to improve the competitiveness of the city itself for social and economic development. City is a complex system which includes many subsystems. In this paper, we establish an index system of urban competitiveness from the following aspects: the strength of economic development, urban openness, the overall quality of the people, infrastructure and living environment. On this basis, we use principal component analysis method to condense the index, and apply the non-equilibrium DEA method to econometric analysis. We take seventeen cities in Shandong Province as an example, not only obtain the comprehensive rank of urban competitiveness, but also give the direction and scale about improving the city competitiveness. By the analysis, the competitiveness of cities in Shandong Province shows a typical “double heartshaped” structure, Qingdao and Jinan, respectively, as the two cores. But in recent years, the gap between east and west is expanding, and it shows a ladder-like distribution. The city competitiveness is uneven, so it is adverse for the coordinated and stable development of economy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the rapid economic development, the nightscape lighting project s have been gradually improved. Owing to the nightscape lighting projects that extend the time of activities, night activities become more and more colorful. To respond the low-carbon energy economy, tourism can extend the time of activities with the help of nightscape lighting projects. This paper analyzes the factors of the night tourism development, and the night tourism landscape is divided into “three axes”(the Pearl River axis, the old axis and the new axis), “one core” (Haixinsha island),“Four centers” (Asian Games town, Higher Education Mega Center, Olympic Sports Center, Tianhe Sports Center) and “one region” (the area of Garden Hotel) based on the nightscape lighting projects in Guangzhou. We hope that can enhance the image of urban tourism and improve the competitiveness of urban tourism through the night tourism development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, sequential data for 1990-2009 in China is used to conduct empirical analysis of impact of China''s fixed assets investment increase on ecological environment. The results show that China''s fixed asset investment has longterm stable correlation with economic growth, energy consumption, industrial wastewater and solid waste emissions. China''s rapid growth in fixed asset investment, particularly irrational investment structure is important reason for severely damaged ecological environment; Economic growth and high energy consump tion cause the same impact on deterioration of the ecological environment. Therefore, control of investment in fixed asset and development of energy saving and green economy is the key in the further reform. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on Cointegration Analysis and the state space model, this paper empirically analyzes the Yangtze River Delta energy consumption and economic growth based on 1990-2008 data. The results show: According to the cointegration analysis, the Yangtze River Delta economic growth and energy consumption exists long-term equilibrium .the current period of economic growth has been influenced by this period energy consumption and the amount of the previous period of economic growth, and the economic growth have the ability of 29.98% of the autorepair capacity. in all,we can conclude three enlightenment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The case study of disposition and management of decommissioning offshore oil platform hasn’t reported completely in China so far. In this paper, the disposition and management strategy of decommissioning platforms was proposed and discussed for Chengdao offshore oilfield of China. By partial removal and reefing platform, the decommissioning oil platforms will be converted into artificial reefs with integrated functions such as resource enrichment, zoology recovery and entertainment. This strategy will provide valuable experiences for reasonable disposition of decommissioning offshore oil platform in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]