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Abstract: To some extent, there are some uncertainties factors in forecasting energy demand of road transportation. Scientific forecasting China''s energy demand of road transportation is a key for make long-term development plans of the nation''s road transportation, and relevant policies of environmental protection and energy-saving. Basing on the energy demand of China''s road transportation, considering the factors average fuel consumption of singleautomobile and the workload of road transportation, the paper does a comprehensive forecasting for China''s energy demand of transportation in the future. The result is that in 2030, the energy demand of road transportation will amount to 250 million tons, which is 1.4 times that of 2020, and 2.3 times that of 2010. The significant increase of energy demand will inevitably bring great pressure to resources of energy and environmental protection, so the implementation of scientific development concept, saving resources and protecting the environment and adopting sustainable development policy will be the objective requirements for highway transportation development of China in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: According to a majority of static evaluation and without common significance problems of regional environmental performance evaluation, evaluation indicator system of regional environmental performance is established in view of evaluation indicator system design principle, which is composed of environmental investment, operational performance, environmental condition and environmental profit. A dynamical model on regional environmental performance evaluation is put forward in this paper, which is combined with the basic idea of DEA and fuzzy integral assessment method. In order to provide the reasonable basis for local government to take corresponding measures to improve their environmental performance level, we carry through empirical analysis about regional environmental performance of 8 typical western regions in china and draw conclusion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: At the regional collapse of geological hazard evaluation process, in the selection of evaluation factors and determination of the weight, there are subjectivity, uncertainty, and many other issues. In this paper, the Haiyuan fault belt in Ningxia Province is the study area, respectively, with D-S evidence theory and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods to build a collapse of geological hazard assessment model, presented Concrete evidence theoretical algorithm. The application results show that the evidence theoretical evaluation model compared to fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is more reliable and accurate. It solved the uncertainty evaluation issues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal mining operations in China are often threatened by the invasion of the groundwater into the mining panels. The most likely water disaster affecting the safe operation of coal mines is water from Cenozoic porous aquifers in the alluvial plain areas flooding into the mine. The problem will become very serious when the mining-induced water-conducting fractured zone penetrates upwards into the aquifers, since it provides access for water inflow into the mine working panels. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to determine water-conducting fractured zones for predicting and preventing flooding in coal mines during mining. However, most Chinese coal mines have little technical equipment for monitoring such thing or professional staff to use such equipment. Such situations are even more serious in small coal companies. So a simple, manually operated instrument that has the advantage of being intrinsically safe and can be operated in gassy underground coal mines is popular in China. The instrument, named Double-End Blocking (DEB) device, measures the injected water loss rate along the borehole while the borehole is blocked on both ends and water is pumped in it. Comparing injected water loss rate between pre- and post-mining, the water-conducting fractured zone enhancement can be detected because the water loss rate will be larger in the stratum where the water-conducting fracture happened. In this paper we used the instrument to detect overlying strata water-conducting fractured zone height in one coal mine, which operated beneath a water-bearing alluvium. The overlying Cenozoic porous aquifer is a deadly threat. The results show that the instrument provides a simple and efficient method to determine the water-conducting fractured zone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Click In the background of global financial crisis and abnormal climate, low-carbon economy has become an optimal choice for the sustainable development of all countries. The biomass based power generation industry is an important way of developing low-carbon economy as well as a way of improving the energy structure of China. As a renewable energy, biomass power has a rapid growth in the last few decades in China. This industry faces opportunities as well as challenges for development. Using SWOT analysis method, this paper reviews and assesses the factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of biomass power generation industry of China. Meanwhile, according to the weaknesses and threats of this industry, it comes up with corresponding suggestions for future work, substantial work is still required for China to catch up with developed countries. Finally, study indicated that the usage of biomass to generate power has great potential for development in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using the directional distance function estimating by a non-parametric method, this paper measured shadow prices indicating the margin abatement costs (MACs) of CO2 emissions of China''s industrial sectors. The results show that the MACs are within 0.2 thousand Yuan per ton to 120.3 thousand Yuan per ton, differentiating among sectors. In average, the MACs of heavy and chemical industries are lower than that of light and high-tech industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The use of groundwater flow models is prevalent in the field of environmental hydrogeology. Models have been applied to investigate a wide variety of hydrogeological conditions. Recently, groundwater models have been applied to predict the fate and transport of contaminants for risk evaluation purposes. In this paper, a transient groundwater flow model in Daxing district of Beijing, China was developed. The conceptual model was built by analyzing the hydrogeological data. Hydraulic conductivities have been calibrated by the steady state model. The storage coefficients are calibrated by the transient model based on the available data observed from 1995 to 2000, which provides insights to understand the dynamic behavior of groundwater systems and to predict spatial-temporal distributions of groundwater levels in responding to changes. The model results help to identify the aquifer properties and to analyze the groundwater flow dynamics, the changes of groundwater levels, in addition, the improvement of the groundwater level monitoring network will be proposed through the analysis of groundwater levels. The calibrated transient model will be used later to predict the impacts of water resources management schemes on groundwater in the study area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Gravity data was interpreted in Bohai Sea of China in order to study structural features and find out the distribution rules of oil and gas in this area. This paper, through data processing and synthetic interpretation of the gravity data in Bohai Sea, discusses characteristics of the gravity field and their geological significance, determines the fault system, divides structure unites and analyses the relationship between the features of local gravity anomaly and the distribution of oil and gas fields. The results show that Tanlu fault controlled the regional tectonic evolution and the boundary of the structure units of Bohai Sea in Bohai bay basin. Structurally, this area can be divided into seven units, including Huanghua sag, Chenning uplift, Bozhong sag, Jiyang sag, Liaohe sag, Yanshan fold belt and Jiaoliao uplift. In these sag, a lot of local structures and fault developed, and then many favorable traps and systems of migration and hydrocarbon reservoirs formed. There is a close relationship between the distribution of oil and gas fields and the local gravity highs. The relief areas surrounded by these petroleum generative depressions are the most favorable potential targets for the oil and gas exploration, and the intermediate zones between the depressions and the reliefs are also the significant areas in Bohai Sea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electrification level is a significant topic in energy and electric power planning. The paper sets up a LEAP model and designs three scenarios of economic growth of China, and simulates China''s electrification level by 2030. The results show that China''s electrification level has a larger increase potential in the mid-long term and rapid change of economic development pattern can help to increase the electrification level. By 2015, energy used for power generation will account for 43.3% of total primary energy consumption, while the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will be about 23.1%; by 2020, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will increase to 44.9%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to final energy consumption will be about 25.6%; by 2030, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will be up to 47.2%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will reach about 28.9%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The early study on green architecture had the problem of “high input, low output”, and China is facing the same problem in the development of green architecture. To plumbing the depths of energy-saving architecture, China needs a complete set of industrial policy that is attractive to the industry, schools and research institutes. This paper analyzes the evolving energy policy in Japan, how it utilized a series of regulatory and policy measures, such as law, economic and financial policies, subsidy system and evaluation system, to effectively intervene and promote the gradual development of green architecture, and takes Misawa Home as an example to show the development path of green home in Japan, with the view of providing reference in policy and direction for the sustainable development of green architecture in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to forecast energy demand in China in the next 20 years, this paper firstly analyzes the current situation of China''s energy consumption, and then apply LEAP model to simulate primary energy and final energy demand in 2020, 2030 under different scenario composition about economic development, energy efficiency and energy structure. The results show that: the total primary energy demand will reach 4840-5070 Mtce in 2020, 5580-5870 Mtce in 2030; the share of coal in primary energy will decrease, and that of oil, natural gas and non-fossil energy sources will increase. For all the three economic growth scenarios, 40-45% carbon emission intensity reduction target can be realized. If non-fossil energy can be further developed, carbon emission intensity can reduce more than 45% by 2020. The goal of the 15% share of non-fuel energy in primary energy is difficult to realize, unless the most development potentials of hydro power, nuclear power and wind power can be reached. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the panel data of three industries in China, this paper calculates the energy rebound effect arising from energy efficiency improvement, by stripping the rebound of energy usage caused by industrial restructuring from model. Results indicate: the similarity between them demonstrating energy efficiency rebound effect as the main component of energy rebound effect; the delayed rebound peak of the secondary industry reflects its lagged respond to changes in energy efficiency; with regard to the peak value in 2009 when calculating the whole nation, author concerns it with the intensification in investment on basic industries and relaxation of restriction over high energy consumption enterprises; the relatively larger value of energy efficiency rebound in China can not be ignored by policy-makers [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is difficult to evaluate the performance of the different companies feasibly and fairly only depending on experts. An evaluation model based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is built to solve this problem. In this model, the method of data processing and the evaluation algorithms are analyzed detailed. By means of the evaluation model, eight electric power supply bureau of Chongqing are evaluated in this paper, and the results show feasibly and reasonably. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the yearly performance of a library building located in Harbin, China, equipped with a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system, was simulated and its ground heat exchanger (GHE) was designed in the TRNSYS 17 environment. Utilizing the hourly load simulation results, a TRNSYS model was developed to analyze underground thermal balance of the entire system, obtaining the 30-year operation conditions of the reference building. According to simulation results, annual average storage temperature, the highest and lowest inlet temperature of the heat pump, factors that influence efficiency of the system, change as the number of boreholes changes. And the optimized length of heat exchangers was studied, as well as method of determining the concentration of antifreeze in heat-transfer fluid in cold regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The engineering background of this paper is the upper protecting seams exploitation of Huangsha Mine, By use of CFD software to analyze the methane delivery law in U type ventilation work face gob. By analyzing the density distribution, pressure distribution, velocity field and mash methane concentration of air-methane mixed gas, obtained the locations of gas drainage hole, and summed up the methane delivery law in U type ventilation work face gob. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The high electric power consumption of air conditioning in communication base station needs to be solved urgently. This paper presents a new technology to discharge excess heat from a communication plant by utilizing the heat exchanger when the outdoor temperature is low enough. Then it compares the applied effects between two types of heat exchanger in a typical base station located in Beijing of China. It is found that this technology is feasible in Beijing of China. The plate heat exchanger can cool the station instead of air conditioning for about 5014hours each year, and the corresponding electronic power saving rate reaches up to 29%. The plate heat exchanger applied effects are superior to the heat pipe heat exchanger. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose a new direction of eco-tourism development in China. Using the converse thinking method, we found China eco-tourism is still locating a lower level, and has some problems: the eco-tourism plan is simple and unreasonable; the eco-tourism development has mainly focused on better ecological system resource but not the worse; the eco-tourism products mostly expense natural resource and damage ecological system, but not protect or rebuild it. Then we proposed the advice that the eco-tourism development should mainly focus on the destroyed ecosystem, go the length of “two not, one transition” when doing tourism exploitation of worse ecological system resource, and emphasize that it must protect and rebuild the ecological system but not damage it. It has important meanings to reconditioning and protecting the environment, and it is feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The characteristic of agriculture and ecological system in Shule irrigation area were analyzed. The construction of irrigation area agriculture monitor and decision support system was discussed in the paper. According to the features in irrigate area in northwest of china, the system uses GIS technology on data capture, analysis and management and promotes the information application level on irrigation management. This system also provides strong technology support on water resource development, circular economy and zone sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The regional condition and natural resources of the Yellow River Delta are superior, but the issues and constrains there are also quite pronounced. So the development of high-efficiency ecological economy is confronted with serious challenges. Take the Yellow River Delta High-efficiency Eco-economic Zone as the evaluation object and at the basis of the analyses of the development situation in the area, the energy consumption and carbon emissions were forecasted and estimated in the paper. The results indicate that the total energy use in 2015 and 2020 would be 1.62 and 2.22 times higher than that in 2009, respectively. The average annual growth rate of carbon emissions is 8.40% from 2009 to 2015 and that would be 6.50% from 2015 to 2020. The amount of carbon emissions of the area in 2015 and 2020 will take up 13.35% and 16.16% of Shandong Province, respectively. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to guarantee the sustainable energy use and the realization of carbon emission reduction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) conserves energy as a market-based mechanism in many countries and has demonstrated its efficiency in this respect. EPC has been developing in China rapidly in recent years. The main bottleneck for EPC projects in China lies in the lack of enough and efficient financing. The paper, adopting the method of AHP-Fuzzy evaluation, evaluates the EPC financing bottleneck in China across five sectors, namely, iron and steel, chemical industry, buildings, electricity and energy, and discusses the current financing constraints for these sectors. To enable the rapid development of EPC in China, the policy support should be outlined, and sources of finance should be widened. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As a resource-exhausted city, Tourism as a pillar industry of economic transformation in Zaozhuang is fostered as a key point. The development of tourism industry is closely related to the information technology. In the paper, after analyzing the tourism situation of Zaozhuang, WebGIS and Virtual Reality technology are applied to the tourism industry, and Tourism Information System in Zaozhuang is developed. The successful development of this system will be a great breakthrough in the tourism industry of Zaozhuang and make up the blank of no tourism information system in Zaozhuang. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the sample survey data from vegetable farmers in main vegetable growing area, Wushan County, Gansu province, this paper positively analyzes the influence factors of farmers’ willingness to participate in safe vegetable production technology training (hereinafter referred to as SVPTT) through establishing logistic regression model. The results show that the most significant influence factors of farmers’ willingness in participating in SVPTT are: farmers’ gender, production scale, proportion of vegetables income to the total household income, farmer''s concern degree to the policies and regulations related to safe vegetable production, farmers’ awareness of the necessity of the safe vegetable production, farmers’ production willingness to safe vegetables and acceptable training expense. These influence factors including farmers’ age, education level and family size have little effect on the farmers’ willingness. At last, related suggestions are offered on the basis to help develop the local vegetable industry well and promote the development of local economy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As crises happen more frequently and in bigger magnitudes in urban communities, disaster prevention and disaster mitigation become increasingly more important. One useful preventive measure is for community members to report relevant risk information before an actual crisis occurs. This paper presents a Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) system called Collaborative Risk Map System (CRMS), which is community based and through which local residents can report risk information of crisis events and share the information in disaster mitigation. Although the Internet and mobile phones are the preferred methods for public participation due to their convenience and ease of use, the feedback information needs to be filtered before usage, so we designed a credibility model to filter out the mendacious information. A risk model of crisis events is also proposed which transformed the static pre-planning to dynamic and timely risk map as a result of public participation. The risk state of the community and reliable risk feedback is displayed on the map using Oracle Spatial technology so that public can see the risk information visually. Through the analysis of risk information, the community can directly access reliable risk information easily and can prepare for it immediately. Most importantly, decision-makers can get the most up-to-date risk information and do more accurate risk analysis so as to make better informed decisions. We demonstrate the prototype system by selecting 20 places to be a community in Chengguan district in Lanzhou, the capital city in Gansu Province, China and selecting fire risk to evaluate its effectiveness and efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In China and the rest of the world, family businesses as a unique mode of operation in the economic development of countries has played an important role. This paper studies on the basis of family business research in our country, then bases on the principal - agent relationship, a mathematical model by maximizing the return on the family business is analyzed. Analysts believe that the family business owners and professional managers are to meet the risk-neutral when there is an optimal operation of professional managers, family businesses can maximize returns; and two constraints are given because of the existence of incentive mechanism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the target of China''s higher education progressing from elite to ordinary students, an increasing number of college students are now faced with learning difficulties on campus, among which telecommunication majors take up a considerable proportion due to the characteristics of their learning subjects. This paper defines learning difficulties of telecommunication majors as learning problems arising from students who are intelligently normal but relatively inefficient in academic progress therefore unable to adjust to the basic learning requirements for telecommunication. In order to enhance the guidance and instruction to telecommunication majors with learning difficulties and to help them overcome difficulties and improve their learning, the author focuses on learning difficulties of telecommunication majors as a research program and puts forward effective learning guidance and conversion strategies accordingly. The research takes junior and senior students who study Principle of Communication as the research subject to dig out factors causing learning difficulties and proposes solutions and learning plans to improve learning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China is a country with many catastrophes, especially in Sichuan Province, where earthquake occurs frequently. This paper simulated a catastrophe insurance securitization.by actuarial analyzing the insurance of Sichuan earthquake which occurred in China in 2008. Two cash flow models, i.e. single period and double periods were used as calculation tool to find out the premium for the Sichuan earthquake insurance. It is concluded that catastrophe insurance securitization for earthquake is applicable in actuarial terms in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The studies on the rhizobia isolated from root nodules of broad beans in Panzhihua will lay foundations for improving the output of broad beans in Panzhihua. This paper mainly studied the physiological-biochemical characteristics of the rhizobium and the morphology of root nodules and bacteroid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Statistical records showed that China mainland is having a decline of state-owned enterprises and a fast growth of small and medium enterprise. It has been proved to be of great importance for the country''s economic transformation in the past decades. However, there is still several critical weaknesses in the country''s system of innovation that prevents most of entrepreneurs in struggle because of financial factors. In this paper, we carried out an analysis on the development of SMEs in China and the financial supportive policies. And a comparative analysis of Korea is also discussed. Implications and policy recommendations is suggested in the last section. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since Groupon launched in November 2008, many deal-of-the-day websites, also called group buying websites in China, are increasing fast and attracting the attention of academic researchers. The paper analyzes the history and development of the group buying websites. A new group buying business model based on the characteristics of SNS is proposed. It can be used not only for the studies of this kind of websites but also for the deal-of-the-day website Companies to decide their strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Drawing on studies in media discourse analysis and advances in natural language processing, data mining and information access, a framework for automated sentiment analysis of news report from Western mainstream media is proposed and a preliminary experiment is reported in this paper. The automated sentiment analysis system architecture comprises (1) the identification of Chinese-English equivalent query expressions; (2) the construction of domain and linguistic knowledge bases; (3) the recovery of news events; and (4) the sentiment analysis over news texts. The workflow consists of two phases, i.e. an offline construction of resources, such as comparable or parallel corpora and domain knowledge bases, which are utilized in real-time processing, and an online analysis of news texts by means of machine learning and data mining techniques. The proposed methodology leads to a quick response to different information gathered from overseas media and an efficient decision-making procedure for e-government. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper elaborated the facility management present condition and existent question of Jinan city urban municipal services, and surrounded “safety, service, supervision” three subjects of municipal services, proposed the construction object of “Digital Municipality” and discussed “Digital Municipality” design concept and design content based on hierarchical architecture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Distance education has been undergoing incremental change over the past decade or so since the advent of the commercial Internet and the World Wide Web. However, we are currently on the cusp of advances that will facilitate experiential learning at a distance, reduce the cost of distance education production, and expand access to education. This paper describes issues and status presenting in China rural distance education, and illuminate solving methods for these issues. At first, we narrate the China distance education characteristics, government official policies and the Impact of Network-based Distance Education. Secondly, analyses the main questions that existences in China rural distance education. Finally, indicates the direction of developing rural distance education. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As smart grid promoted in China, Internet services are increasingly finding their way to home applications and gradually changing the traditional lifestyles. The home gateway is identified as a major component of the smart home network, which acts as a single point of connection between the home and outside world. In order to guarantee quality for the services including IPTV and VoIP, which requires high bandwidth and real-time support, the QoS guaranteed mechanism in home gateway should be considered. In this paper, a mechanism of home gateway is proposed to extend smart home network to be compatible for smart grid integration. The proposed mechanism classifies the traffic and manages resources by utilizing a novel scheduling algorithm to meet the user requirements on the home network QoS. Through the experiments of implementing the mechanism, performances of the proposed mechanism such as loss ratio, packets delay, and jitter are obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Information resource obtaining and application is a pivotal factor for development of regional economy. However, information is a kind of intangible resource, how to evaluate information application capability becomes a challenge issue on information management. An information comprehensive appraisal methodology based on TOPSIS and AHP was proposed in this paper, which can calculate the relative efficiency for information application. To overcome the shortcoming of TOPSIS methodology in weight allocation, AHP was used to alleviate weight for evaluation units. For testifying the methodology''s advantage trait, a case analysis for evaluating informatization level in rural of China was measured by the comprehensive appraisal methodology. By using statistic data of 30 provinces in rural informatization, the comprehensive evaluation value and ranks can be drawn, which can provide useful information to regional decision makers in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, as China''s higher education reform and development, institutions of higher learning into a superconventional development, large-scale borrowing school stage, the speed of its expansion and intense competition are unprecedented. At the same time, the university financial control work also faces a more complicated and diversified aspect, the financial management is important day by day, already has the serious influence and the enormous hidden danger to our country University and higher education''s sustainable healthy development. This paper firstly illustrates the research of the financial management of universities at home and abroad, then analyzes the current situation of the one in China and reveals some problems in the present condition, such as unreasonable budget establishment, the lack of performance strength and good evaluation index system, and their imperfect risk-prevention consciousness, etc. Meanwhile it also provides effective countermeasures on those problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sustainable ecological and environmental development is the basis of regional development. The sensitivity classification of the ecological environment is the premise of its spatial distribution for land use planning. In this paper, patch fractal dimension method and weighted sum of multi-factor model were employed to analyze the ecoenvironmental sensitivity in Lake Dianchi Basin. Two eco-environmental indexes, including soil erosion and land use type were used to classify the eco-environmental sensitivity. The results were categorized into five ranks: insensitive, slightly sensitive, moderately sensitive, highly sensitive and extremely sensitive zones. The spatial distribution map of eco-environmental sensitivity in Lake Dianchi Basin was obtained by using GIS (Geographical Information System) techniques. The results illustrated that the extremely sensitive and highly sensitive areas accounted for 30.32% and 22.51% of the total area, respectively, while the moderately sensitive and slightly sensitive areas are 10.19% and 13.34%, respectively. The results provide the theoretical foundation for determining priority areas of the eco-environmental protection and treatment in Lake Dianchi Basin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: During last two decades, the car ownership in China is growing tremendously, the parking problem in big cities, especially the mega-cities, has become one of the key causes of the city traffic congestion. The Parking Guidance and Information System (PGIS) is considered to be an effective way to improve parking situation. Unfortunately, a large number of the parking facilities have not applied the PGIS, and so some reconstruction work must be done to realize this system. However, it is not so convenient for the current parking facilities to be equipped with the cabled-based parking guidance system because the reconstruction encumbers the operation of the parking facilities. In this paper, the wireless sensor network (WSN) for PGIS is presented to solve this problem. WSN-based PGIS can be designed more freely without much change on the existing building, and can be easily compatible with the existing PGIS. For this system, the parking vehicles are detected by the ultrasonic sensors, and the sensor nodes communicate with each other by WSN. The system will process the data and then publish the information of parking vehicles by GPRS. And the data of test show that the sensor nodes and the network are fully able to meet the requirements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Existing shore supply projects around the world are all direct power supply from 60Hz port power system to 60Hz shipping power system, without any frequency conversion technology. The frequency of overseas shipping power system is mostly 60Hz, while it is 50Hz in China, so the development of frequency conversion technology of shore supply for China, the transformation of alternating current (AC) in Chinese port shore supply to overseas 60Hz AC, and the realization of 50Hz/60Hz dual-frequency supply are very necessary. The FC (frequency conversion) and CVCF (Constant Voltage and Constant Frequency) of shore-side marine power system of frequency conversion are discussed in the paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Model of mobile payment industry and related legal system issues have become the focus of attention in China. This paper describes the development of mobile payment industry, analyzes the shortcomings of model and the existing legal issues, and presents specific legal recommendations for reference. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The earthquake emergency ability of counties is directly related to the successful or not for the whole earthquake emergency response (abbr. EER) of China. Based on the field survey of EER ability of counties after Wen Chuan earthquake, this paper firstly analyzes the definition of EER ability from the two layers of the absolute and relative EER ability of counties. Then deconstructs the evaluation index system of the absolute EER ability of counties and the comprehensive assessment method of the two EER abilities. Finally, taking Sichuan province for example assesses EER ability of Sichuan''s counties. This method will help to quantificationally assess the EER ability of counties, which will not only strengthen their abilities, but also help the high-level government to give more scientific decision-making for the configuration of its limited EER resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The disposal of underground goaf is a problem of technological difficulty in the mining field in China. A large underground goaf without disposal poses a potential danger of sudden large-scale roof fall. A regular safety assessment of an underground goaf is among necessary measures to insure safe production in underground mines where the open-stopping method is adopted. So the assessment of underground goaf has their special reality and important significance. The goaf is a dynamic and complex diversification process along with the working-face removing. There are many factors influencing underground goaf risk evaluation, and their relative essentialities are different. Underground goaf risk evaluation is a complicated uncertainty system issue. Based on the set pair analysis (SPA), a new model for underground goaf risk evaluation was established by four-element connection number in the paper. And an applied example was studied with more satisfactory results. Compared with the other evaluation methods, this model is perfect, the evaluating result is more reasonable and its resolving power is higher. The obtained results were consistent with the practical condition. It is confirmed that the four-element connection number evaluation on underground goaf risk is feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the development of Chinese economy, the importance of Chinese market is gradually increasing, especially in the fast-food industry. Culture has an overwhelming impact on Chinese fast-food consumers and the differences between China and western cultures also affect Chinese fast-food consumer behavior. Based on the current situation of Chinese fast-food development and the relevant research theories of consumer behavior and culture differences, this paper indentified the relative background of the research theme, furthermore, it also puts forwards two main hypotheses and designed the research questionnaires through interviewing the popular fast-food brand managers in Beijing, China. Through the analysis of the survey data, it proves the validity of the relevant hypotheses and gets conclusion that Chinese traditional culture does influence the collectivism in the consuming behavior of Chinese consumers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Rapid land-use changes have taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions such as Yan’an prefecture in northwestern China over the last decade. In this paper, spatiotemporal dynamic changes of land-use were investigated by using RS, GIS and GPS technology in conjunction with landscape indices. The results showed significant land-use transitions had occurred. The most prominent conversion occurred from arid land to grassland by 2685.379 km2. Landscape Shannon diversity increased from 1.377 to 1.395, and landscape dominance decreased from 0.747 to 0.724, all of which illustrate the stability of dominating landscapes was building up. Landscape fragmentation rose from 0.893 to 1.224, which indicated the area of landscape patches lessened. Landscape fractal dimension varied a little among different landscape categories and the average merely varied from 1.499 to 1.501. Landscape separation degree ascended from 0.943 to 0.980 showing considerable discrepancies among different landscape categories. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Subjective question is capable of examining the adopting ability of knowledge of the student, but the assessment for it suffers from a number of questions. Based on the analysis of automated assessment of Chinese subjective questions, in this paper we have proposed a novel automated assessment algorithm for subjective questions automated assessment using sentence similarity method. The results of the research indicate that this algorithm is promising. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recognizing Chinese person names has long been a hot topic in the field of natural language process. Past researches and experiments find that some certain sorts of names like two-character person names cannot be well recognized. This paper presents a hierarchical method for automatically recognizing Chinese person names from Chinese language material. This hierarchical method outperforms than previous method at recognizing those names, since it integrates information provided both by decision tree method and conditional random field (CRF) model soundly. Experimental results show that our method is effective by achieving 95.2% precision and 92.7% recall rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the development of economy and the rise of self-employed, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in China increase exponentially each year. In the decision-making of the capital allocation, this is the key to success. The paper researches the capital allocation of small and medium-sized enterprises with the model of AHP, and analyzes the result with SWOT to get a method about the capital allocation of small and medium-sized enterprises. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Green construction plays an important role in promoting sustainable development of real estate development and construction industry. This paper discusses green construction practice in real estate development projects in China, analyzes problems met on the implementation of green construction, on this basis, several suggestions on how to promote green construction in real estate development are proposed. Policy supporting and government supervising play the role of leading, promoting and enforcing in the process of green construction in real estate development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There are two types of the structure of supply chain upstream pig in mainland China. The first one is distribution channel model, a businessman and pig raiser and piglets, also called the traditional mode supplier. The second one is to direct model, the pig raiser vendor selling directly, and that large-scale cultivation mode. This paper analyzes two transactions attribute in three aspects: the asset specificity, transaction frequency, and uncertainty in exchange. Then, establish the transaction cost functions as parameters, and compared their trade between the scale of the structure of the transaction cost types upstream. The conclusion is that the expansion of the scale of and cultivation, the structure of the supply chain upstream pigs are changing, from the distribution channel mode, with direct sales model. Finally, a numerical example shows that this method with the conclusion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The current project quality management mode in China and the existing problems are analyzed; A project quality management mode of risk innovation projects based on risk-oriented, constructing the risk management theory and engineering insurance theory. Based on the existing problems in the current engineering quality management mode, combined with the actual situation in our country, this paper established a the mode of innovation, and has a certain quality of the project risk management. Through the field application in a large project of new management model in the practical application of achieved is good effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The outbreak and extension of international financial crisis gradually exposes the problems of foreign direct investment existed in China''s foreign trade. Under the circumstances, this paper will combine the characteristics of foreign direct investment in China, analyze its influence on China''s foreign trade development, focus on exposed problems of foreign direct investment on China''s foreign trade and bring out some policy suggestions on promoting the growth of China''s foreign trade through foreign investment in past-financial crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]