Search

The paper analyses possibilities for CO 2 emission reduction into the centralized district heating system by using the index decomposition analysis: Kaya identity equation. The classical Kaya equation is complemented with an energy efficiency indicator of a district heating system. The paper focuses on the impact of the Kaya equation components on the CO 2 emission reduction. The elaborated methodology is tested in order to analyze possibilities for CO 2 emission reduction at district heating systems in Latvia. 3 scenarios were formed for the forecast of the CO 2 emission reduction. In case the current model for the state development is continued (scenario1) CO 2 emissions will be reduced for 13%; however, in the scenario of orderly and balanced DH systems they will reduce for 29% by 2020 as compared to 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses possibilities for CO 2 emission reduction into the centralized district heating system by using the index decomposition analysis: Kaya identity equation. The classical Kaya equation is complemented with an energy efficiency indicator of a district heating system. The paper focuses on the impact of the Kaya equation components on the CO 2 emission reduction. The elaborated methodology is tested in order to analyze possibilities for CO 2 emission reduction at district heating systems in Latvia. 3 scenarios were formed for the forecast of the CO 2 emission reduction. In case the current model for the state development is continued (scenario1) CO 2 emissions will be reduced for 13%; however, in the scenario of orderly and balanced DH systems they will reduce for 29% by 2020 as compared to 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, net zero or plus-energy buildings (PEB) have been widely analyzed and discussed for their benefits of increasing energy savings and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A successful transition to energy-efficient buildings must, however, develop an efficient method that examines technical, economic, environmental and social criteria. In this paper, a method for design optimization based on spatial analysis combined with multi-criteria decision-making was proposed for achieving plus-energy buildings in Algeria. To apply the proposed method, a single family residential building was chosen. First, the annual energy consumption of the building at 40 locations was evaluated and the results are then interpolated for the whole country. The best energy efficiency measures and renewable energy are then chosen using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Finally, energy balance and spatial analysis were carried out based on the geographical information system. The results showed the energy plus target was achieved in large parts of the country using a high-performance envelope, more efficient appliances and solar energy (solar photovoltaic and thermal). In addition, the southern provinces, mainly Adrar, Tindouf, Bechar, Ouargla, and Illizi, have identified the most suitable areas for setting up new buildings with an energy-plus target. In addition, applying the method will reduce the overall energy demand by 43 % and reduce GHG emissions in the country by around 23 % by 2030. Therefore, the method will have a significant impact on sustainability locally and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of CO 2 mitigation potential of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the residential sector in Indonesia and Thailand. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model was used to analyze future energy demand, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions during 2010-2050. This study applied demand side management (DSM) options to reduce CO 2 emission in the residential sector by implementing renewable energy and energy efficiency measures in lighting, cooking, and cooling devices. In this analysis, five mitigation actions were selected, called Sustainable Solar System (Solar), Sustainable Biogas System (Biogas), Efficient Lighting Devices (Lighting), Efficient Cooling Devices (Cooling), and Efficient Cooking Stove (Cooking) scenarios. Results show that in 2050 the Cooling scenario shows the highest energy saving of 22.99% when compared with the BAU. In the BAU, energy demand and emission in Indonesian residential sector will be 73,578 ktoe and 68,219 kt-CO 2eq in 2050, respectively. The highest CO 2 mitigation of 45,208 kt-CO 2eq , accounted for 33.73% of emissions in the BAU, will be achieved in the Cooling and Lighting scenarios. In Thailand’s residential sector, the Cooling scenario shows the highest energy saving of 6.04% in 2050 when compared with the BAU. In the BAU scenario in Thailand’s residential sector, energy demand and CO 2 emissions will be about 21,916 ktoe and 26,607 kt-CO 2eq in 2050, respectively. The highest CO 2 mitigation potential of 23,573 kt-CO 2eq will be achieved in the Biogas scenario, CO 2 reduction will be 11.42% of emissions in the BAU. The Lighting scenario shows the lowest potential of CO 2 mitigation of 25,221 kt-CO 2eq . The CO 2 reduction will be 5.21% of emissions in the BAU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current cause–effect relationships between the burning of fossil fuels and environmental, social and economic problems, the model of development for society's future requires transition pathways for a low carbon energy system. Here, the recognition of a smart dimension of rural areas associated with sustainable energy development, while still nascent, is both relevant and suggestive. The paper presents SMART RURAL, a model that revolves around a “think smart-plan local-act rural” approach, promoting a strong engagement with renewable energy, energy efficiency and smart grid toward net-zero energy balance at the municipal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the major challenges the world is facing today due to global warming and the ever decreasing conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels, developing methodologies for harnessing all possible forms of renewable energy has become a heavily researched area within the power and energy research communities. Deploying energy storages increases the possibilities of harnessing several sources of renewable energy in a more meaningful manner. Some of the key areas where energy storages could make things better, when it comes to harnessing renewable energy sources are, Wind energy, Bio energy, Geothermal energy, Solar energy and Wave energy. The paper investigates application examples of energy storages in these areas through a thorough review of reported scientific literature. On the other hand, major energy consuming areas such as transportation, manufacturing, electricity consumers etc. could also benefit by the introduction of energy storages. As an example, in transportation, increasing usage of hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and emerging new concepts in transportation such as electric highways have raised the significant role of energy storage solutions for transportation to its highest level. It is believed that this way of looking at the energy storages will strategically position them with the significance they deserve within the energy and power engineering research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Flat Plate Collector (FPC) is a thermal solar collector used in housing or residential applications that allows the conversion of solar radiation to thermal energy (e.g. hot water). In this paper we propose a new approach that improves the hot water production through the combination between a simple and improved architecture model. The optimization of the thermal energy efficiency is guaranteed by using an electronic architecture that controls the mono-axial tracker. Some experimental tests aiming the comparison between the stationary and improved FPC are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of most important concerns in electrical power markets and distribution network is supplying the customer demands. It is necessary to forecast the usage of electrical power in distribution network. The pattern of electrical power usage depends on many different parameters such as the density of population in those areas, the week days, weather condition and etc. However, the electric utilities and regulators face difficult challenges evaluating new energy efficiency and smart grid programs prompted by recent state. In this paper, it is tried to forecast the electrical power usage according to above parameters by using artificial neural network base on service sharing strategies regarding that can help meet their energy efficiency policy goals. It is tried to find out the pattern of electrical power usage with the dataset which is prepared by real data. Therefore, it has been used here is useful in all kind of power forecasting such as short term, middle term, and long term. It can be helpful to manage the distributed generators production schedule and also correction of electrical power usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 sets a goal for the state to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In preparation for implementation of a cap and trade program under this Act, Chevron has undertaken a detailed assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation options and costs. Such an assessment is key to making compliance decisions within the constraints of a given cap and trade regime. If the cap and trade market is minimally restricted (i.e., recognizes that climate change is a global issue and thus has no geographic restrictions and no set requirement for onsite emission reductions), facilities can make the best economic (and environmental) choices of where to ‘make’ emission reductions inside the facility fenceline and when to ‘buy’ the emission reduction allowances or credits on the market. The scope of the study included Chevron’s two refineries and a large heavy oil steamflood production operation in California. This paper will discuss how mitigation technologies are identified and assessed, describe some of the key greenhouse gas mitigation alternatives of interest to the Chevron California facilities and present a business-based approach to analyzing mitigation costs. Technologies studied included energy efficiency, advanced energy (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, nuclear, low temperature heat recovery) and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). For each mitigation option, a consistent methodology, based on the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association/American Petroleum Institute (IPIECA/API) Guidelines for Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Projects was used to assess baseline or ‘business as usual’ emissions, net emission reductions due to the project, capital cost, operating cost and any project benefits (e.g., reduced fuel use for energy efficiency projects). These values were then entered into a business evaluation tool to calculate a Net Present Value for each option. Key conclusions: [•] Broad involvement of various disciplines is needed to identify new alternatives for greenhouse gas mitigation technologies. [•] Other than CCS, options for significant reductions of refinery and petroleum production emissions were extremely limited in the facilities studied. [•] Since cost-effective, feasible options are limited for refineries and petroleum production facilities, availability of sufficient allowances and offsets is an important element if state goals are to be achieved. [•] Although a number of energy efficiency projects were identified, the cumulative total emissions reductions available through energy efficiency projects is minimal. [•] Renewable and advanced energy projects that generate electricity generally have very high mitigation costs, and may not greatly benefit facilities if emission caps apply only to direct emissions, since these projects reduce the quantity of purchased electricity rather than emissions from the facility itself (and are therefore not eligible for credit under most regulatory design schemes). [•] Renewable and advanced energy technologies for steam generation may have significant mitigation potential for heavy oil steamflood production. Further development and demonstration is needed to determine whether these technologies will be viable. [•] In order to support good business decisions, it is important that greenhouse gas mitigation technology evaluation be done in a manner consistent with other business evaluation processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]