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Addition of a CO 2 capture system to an existing power station has some impact on water consumption. CO 2 capture systems require additional water for cooling and process make-up. During the past decade, a number of relevant studies have been published that estimate the increase in water use when a capture system is added to Pulverized Coal (PC), Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) and Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle (IGCC) power generation facilities. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of these estimates available for post-, oxy- and pre-combustion CO 2 capture systems, making it possible to compare different technologies, and to better understand how adding a CO 2 capture system on a power plant impacts the volume of water withdrawn and consumed. The results of this study serve to dispel myths about the use of water in CCS systems. Specifically, they challenge the generic statement that CCS systems will double water consumption, which is often reported in papers and articles. Water use estimates cannot be generalized and are very dependent on the power plant type, the CO 2 capture technology and the cooling system used. The estimates indicate that for power plants served by wet-recirculating systems, the increase in actual water consumed varies approximately from 20 to 60 per cent, depending on the capture technology. For once through cooling systems the increase can be negligible, or even be negative when water recovery options are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many companies that produce fossil fuels or fossil fuel-derived products show a strong belief in a large and continuing role for fossil fuels in the global economy up to 2050 and beyond. These companies are generally expected to be amongst the primary consumers of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. So far, however, fossil fuel companies have shown only moderate interest in CCS. Whilst a lot of potential operational barriers to CCS adoption have been identified in the literature, the value of CCS from a corporate strategy perspective has sometimes been assumed, but rarely explored. This paper asks the following question: What are the perceptions and positions of fossil fuel companies on CCS and how does this inform their decision-making on CCS investment and advocacy? This paper addresses this issue by presenting the results of in-depth interviews with high-level CCS experts from major multinational oil and gas companies and major coal mining firms. The results indicate that CCS would require a significant change within the business strategy of fossil fuel companies. This is contrary to the common argument that CCS is attractive because the technology is regarded as not being very disruptive to the incumbent energy system as it leaves most of the existing infrastructure, actor constellations and institutions intact. While fossil fuel companies engage in CCS development, it is often to familiarise themselves with technologies that might have future value if markets for these technologies take off. In several cases, CCS engagement has served the strategic need to weaken the link between fossil fuel extraction and climate change, build up shareholder trust, and improve public perception. However, there is little evidence that these companies engage in CCS to develop a strategic insurance against climate policy risks to their core businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous legal and regulatory frameworks in the U.S. and globally are acknowledging the opportunity for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions offered by combining the long-term storage of CO 2 in association with carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR), to support carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a climate mitigation technology. These include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the State of California, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), among many. In this paper, a brief overview is provided of the literature on GHG lifecycle analyses (LCA) applied to CO 2 storage in association with CO 2 -EOR. Then, various techniques for performing LCA related to CO 2 -EOR operations are summarized. Moreover, since most past LCA analyses of CO 2 -EOR projects were generally based on historical CO 2 -EOR operations, LCA based on assumptions from these operations are likely not to represent future emissions reduction opportunities where CO 2 storage is a co-objective with increased oil production. Thus, the paper examines different CO 2 -EOR development options that could greatly increase the amount of CO 2 injected, and ultimately stored, to recover incremental oil via the application of CO 2 -EOR, and speculates on how even greater storage efficiencies with CO 2 -EOR can be realized. Assuming historically-based values for CO 2 utilization, most life cycle analyses of CO 2 storage in association with CO 2 -EOR show that the emissions associated with producing, processing, transporting and/or utilizing the incremental oil produced are greater than the CO 2 injected and stored in association with CO 2 -EOR. However, current CO 2 -EOR operations are achieving much higher utilization values, and assuming the wide-scale application of “next generation” technologies applied to existing and potential new resource targets, even larger utilization values are realizable. Recent work by Advanced Resources, for example, shows that “next generation” CO 2 -EOR applied to the main pay zone (MPZ) of oil reservoirs uses, on average , about 0.45 metric tons per barrel of oil produced, while CO 2 -EOR applied to the residual oil zone (ROZ) underlying and in between existing oil fields uses, on average , about 0.50 metric tons per barrel of oil produced. Many projects are likely to achieve even higher values of CO 2 utilization for CO 2 -EOR. These utilization values are over double that assumed in most traditional LCA analyses applied to CO 2 -EOR operations. And even greater utilization values are realizable. For comparison, emissions associated with the production, transport, refining, and ultimate combustion of the incremental oil produced are estimated to be on the order of 0,42 to 0.43 metric tons per barrel. Given these values for CO 2 utilization with CO 2 -EOR, accounting for emissions associated with CO 2 -EOR operations, with activities downstream of CO 2 -EOR operations (i.e., crude oil transport and refining), and even accounting for the combustion of fuels created from the barrel of crude, the amount of CO 2 injected and stored in the reservoir during CO 2 -EOR can generally be greater than that associated with the emissions associated with the incremental oil produced. Going forward, it will be important that legal and regulatory frameworks for verifying and accounting for GHG emissions reductions acknowledge the importance of CO 2 storage with CO 2 -EOR in achieving GHG emissions goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EC 2030 Framework acknowledges that CCS may have an important role in reducing direct emissions from industrial processes on the scale needed in the longer term. In this paper the potential of applying different CCUS concepts to different industrial applications in Finland has been evaluated from both the economic performance as well as the emission reduction potential point of view. The overall CO 2 emissions from industry as well as the heat and power sector in Finland were in 2013 about 52 Mt of which the estimated biogenic emissions comprise about 24 Mt. The results from this work show that with a CO 2 emission allowance price of 50 €/t, CCS would be economically feasible for 8 Mt CO 2 /a, covering transport and storage costs. Most of the cost-effective CCS applications in Finland would be in the biomass power & heat sector and in the pulp and paper industry. However, this requires that “negative” emissions from bio-CCS are acknowledged and included in the EU emission trading system. CCS does not provide a simple solution to reduce CO 2 emissions in Finland as there are no suitable formations for CO 2 storage, which means that CO 2 export would be required. However, a range of CO 2 utilisation options could be attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large and complex processes use of simulators will take place more and more in the future to avoid and learn about transients and unexpected situations. There are plenty of dynamic simulation tools in the markets but most of them have been developed and used for quite specific and limited application areas. At the moment there are just few simulation tools which are capable to handle dynamically in the same simulation case challenging process areas like combustion, distillation, chemistry and control of very large process areas. For this reason, in this study, there was a need to carry out co–simulation where two dynamic simulation tools Apros and Aspen Plus Dynamics were combined together by using Matlab Simulink as an interface. The co–simulation approach was a way to construct large dynamic process simulation environment, where typical operational transients and failure situations of an oxy fired power plant were possible to test and analyze. Under EU 7th Framework Programme (FP7) the FLEXI BURN CFB project an oxy firing concept based on circulated fluidized bed (CFB) combustion and supercritical once-through (OTU) water steam cycle was developed and successfully demonstrated [1] . This project also generated a dynamic simulation model of the 1st generation oxy firing concept, as we call it. In the EU 7th Framework Program's project O2GEN (Optimization of Oxygen-based CFBC Technology with CO 2 capture), the 2 nd generation concept of CFB based oxy firing was developed. The target of the project was, at first, to increase O 2 content in recirculated flue gas to see what kind of effect it has to the heat exchange and corrosion in the boiler. Secondly, the target was to carry out exergy analysis to increase the whole concept efficiency by decreasing energy consumption in the boiler, Air Separation Unit (ASU) and CO 2 -purification unit (CPU). Based on these steady state analysis means the refined concept was then modelled for dynamic simulations which were carried out by using Apros and Aspen Plus Dynamics dynamic modelling tools in a co–simulation mode. This paper deals with dynamic simulation of the 2 nd generation 600 MW oxy fired CFB once trough boiler. In this paper we will present the dynamic model which includes oxy fired CFB boiler, turbine island, ASU and CPU with all needed equipment like heat exchangers, pipes, pumps, air and fuel feeding systems, distillation columns and sequestration vessels. Automation like measurements, controllers and actuators are included in the model. The simulation case selected for this paper presents an analysis what happens when one of the oxidant fans trips on boiler full load operation and how to handle this kind of failure by decreasing the boiler load to sufficient level of regarding the available oxidant feeding capacity. There were several items which were taken into account in the boiler, turbine island, ASU and CPU side when this kind of failure takes impact. The main findings in the failure analysis will be presented. Finally, discussion and future aspects of the simulation approach described will be given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South West Hub project, through three generations of modelling based on new 2D and 3D seismic data and core/log information from four new wells is demonstrating that carbon dioxide storage is possible in an environment where there is no regional shale layer acting as a traditional seal. This paper summarises the work that has been undertaken in a collaborative manner into “unconventional geology” exploring migration assisted trapping in an on-shore saline aquifer by Government, private sector contractors and researchers in the south west of Western Australia. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), which involves capturing carbon dioxide that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere and injecting it to be stored in deep geological formations, is a potential stepping stone to maintaining energy security while reducing the carbon footprint of Australia's energy sources. CCS is the only technology available to make deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions while still using the fossil fuels that power much of today's energy infrastructure. At a State level, the Western Australian Greenhouse Strategy incorporates CCS and is helping to address the need for a long-term commitment to climate change and cleaner energy. The Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP) started investigating the Lesueur site, near large CO 2 emission sources (the industrial centres of Kwinana and Collie in the South West of Western Australia) in 2007 and developed the South West Hub (SW Hub) project concept in 2010 with the support of local industrial partners. The project was designated an “Australian Flagship” project in 2011 and has received substantial funding and support from the Federal Government, through the Department of Industry Innovation and Science) the Western Australia State Government and industry. The SW Hub Project is progressing data acquisition and analysis aimed at establishing confidence in storage associated with migration assisted trapping (MAT) in unconfined saline aquifers. The storage complex has no regional shale layer and consists of the Lower Lesueur (Wonnerup Member) as the injection reservoir, the Upper Lesueur (Yalgorup Member) with its numerous paleosol baffles as the lower confining layer and the basal shale part of the Eneabba Formation as the upper confining layer. The injection reservoir is a heterogeneous sandstone that is over 1500 m thick with varying permeability layers that should support residual and solubility trapping. From the very onset, the SW Hub Project has followed a rigorous stage gated decision making program. The project has been divided into phases and each phase involves targeted data acquisition plans to address technical gaps or uncertainties. These uncertainties have been documented in an Uncertainty Management Plan (UMP) and drive all technical work. “Decision Gates” ensure that, only on increased confidence of success would the project move to the next phase. The project processes are consistent with the DNV CO2QUALSTORE steps and the workflows defined in the EU Directive 2009/31/EC guidance document. Under the first phase of the new data acquisition program (2011-12), new geological data was gathered through 100 km of targeted 2D seismic lines and one deep exploration well drilled to 2,945 metres. Multiple modelling scenarios with differing assumptions on the geological properties supported the storage concept and identified no “show stoppers”. Notwithstanding, uncertainty planning required additional data to address the gaps identified. Under the next phase of the development program (2013-15), 3D seismic was acquired over 115 km 2 and additional wells planned. The area of interest is dominated by farming activity and not all landowners provided consent to acquire the seismic data. As such, while high fold data has been acquired over the deeper Wonnerup Member reservoir sections, the shallower Yalgorup Member was not as well illuminated. The drilling strategy was adapted to maximise geological coverage particularly across the shallower reservoirs. Three wells were drilled using a combination of mineral and water well drilling rigs with a deeper well to be considered following model updates. Significant technical work has also been done to support this development through a range of research projects launched under the auspices of the Australian National Low Emissions Coal research and development program (ANLEC R&D). These projects are focused on reservoir characterisation and either consider more fundamental physics based questions or delve significantly deeper into specific geology and geophysics domains using laboratory and modelling efforts. Clear decision criteria to support additional investment in a drilling and testing program have been defined and will be addressed by modelling. The paper will explain the project challenges and the decision making rationale, highlighting the importance of good processes, long term planning, and extensive stakeholder management supported by a robust technical program. Results to date support MAT and validation of the SW Hub storage concept will substantially increase the number of geologic sites that can be considered for safe storage around the world. There is significant international interest in the project field and research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Project Network (the “Network”) is currently composed of projects located in the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the UK. The goal of the Network is to accelerate deployment of CCS by sharing project development experiences about technology integration, regulatory environment and financial structures. This paper aims to provide a review of some CCS experiences gained from developing the Network projects. Besides technology and project development, sharing knowledge and lessons learned on project-level basis, also gives valuable insights on how to create policies that would assist more effective deployment of technology and can enable development and implementation of regulatory frameworks. Hence, knowledge acquired in CCS aspects during the early development of this technology in Europe will be presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technology roadmap is the document that is generated by the technology road-mapping process. It usually identifies the critical system requirements, the product and process performance targets, and the technology alternatives and milestones for meeting those targets. In effect, a technology roadmap identifies alternate technology “roads” for meeting certain performance objectives. CCUS has great potential to reduce CO 2 emissions substantially from the whole lifecycle of traditional energy-intensive industry at a large-scale. In this paper, we do not want to address how to generally make a CO 2 technology roadmap. We are concerning about the gaps and suggestions which should be closed in the coming revision of China CO 2 technology roadmap 2011. The paper presents a summary of latest situations of international and national CCUS technical roadmaps. Then, the challenges existed in the past and also emerged currently in China are proposed. Finally, some comments and suggestions for the coming version of China's CCUS technology roadmap are displayed to guide ongoing development of CCUS in China based on the development situation and challenges of China CCUS RD&D in the past and at the present stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 2010, an integrated CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS) project, including CO 2 capture, transportation and geological storage started in the Lacq-Rousse area, Southwest of France. Until March 2013, 51 thousands metric tons of CO 2 were injected into a fractured dolomitic depleted gas reservoir at around 4500-m depth. Key objectives of the project were to develop, test, and validate the methodology and the technology required for managing safely such storage operations, and in particular to define an “optimal” monitoring program, economically and technically viable. A monitoring plan was designed, including the deployment of a hybrid multi-scale passive seismic monitoring network to address 3 monitoring objectives: watch seal integrity, distinguish natural seismicity from induced seismicity, and assess injection-induced seismicity. A near-surface network (Master Network), and a downhole array deployed in the injection well (Research Network), were installed between 2009 and 2011. In addition, detection of regional seismicity was also available through a seismometer. Data have been collected for 9 months prior to injection, during injection, and also after injection, as part of the post-injection monitoring program planned for 3 years. Starting from March 2011, as per end July 2014, the hybrid system allowed detecting about 2500 events. Over two third of those events were not energetic enough to be located. Over 600 events, with estimated magnitudes above -2.3 and not exceeding -0.5 were located in the reservoir. The monitoring therefore helped in concluding that the CO 2 injection did not generate an adverse impact on reservoir integrity. Actual network performances have been in line with expectations. The effective Master Network location sensitivity is about magnitude -0.6 (completeness magnitude) in the volume of interest, confirming its ability to serve for an efficient seismic hazard monitoring. In this paper we show how the proper design of a passive seismic network consistent with the monitoring plan can benefit the different phases of a CCS project, and how passive seismic monitoring during the full duration of the injection can bring reliable evidence for reservoir integrity. The paper concludes that passive seismic monitoring with a limited number of near-surface sensors constitutes an effective alarm network. In addition passive seismic monitoring can provide a permanent seismic risk evaluation tool by continuously comparing seismic activity with the energy input into the reservoir. This second type of application is certainly not necessary for most oil and gas development, but it may constitute a precise element of monitoring if seismic hazards need to be closely monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is one of the most promising technological solutions to realize low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels in a large scale. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), China and Italy initiated the “Sino-Italy Cooperation on Application of CCS to Coal Fired Power Plants” (SICCS) project which not only promoted CCS technology exchanges and scientific research collaboration between both countries, but also conducted a pre- feasibility study on a full chain demonstration project, including capture of CO 2 from coal fired power plant, CO 2 transport and storage. This paper will introduce the overall R&D collaboration progress on this project. It first reports activities designed to raise CCS capacity in China and to facilitate the knowledge sharing between Chinese and Italian academe, key outcomes of the SICCS project including the first and second Sino-Italian Scientific Meetings on technology exchange, information sharing, and preliminary feasibility study for CCS demonstration project in China. Then, this paper investigates the preliminary feasibility study of a 1.0 Mt/y carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture unit for an existing coal fired power station in China carried out by experts from both China and Italy. The study results obtained with reference to Chinese 600 MWe thermoelectric power plant were compared with those of Italian CCS demonstration project. Finally, this paper concludes main results of the collaboration and preliminary study, raises a new cross-boarder science and technology collaboration mechanism based on industrialization of scientific research cooperation and technology exchange by co-conducting demonstration projects. It also extracts main features of the processes and technologies that may be applied to the demonstrative application of CCS to the 600 MWe unit of Chinese coal power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IMPACTS project has a stated broad objective to develop the knowledge base of CO 2 quality required for establishing norms and regulations to ensure safe and reliable design, construction and operation of CO 2 pipelines and injection equipment, and safe long-term geological storage of CO 2 . More specifically for this paper, the project sets out to reveal the impacts of relevant impurities in the CO 2 stream on the design, operation and costs of the capture, transport and storage infrastructure and to provide recommendations for optimized CO 2 quality through techno-economic assessments (amongst other considerations). This paper gives an overview of the work being carried out to investigate the impact of CO 2 quality in various areas including corrosion, water content in the CO 2 stream and the injection and storage processes. The paper reports on the derived impacts of the above mentioned aspects of CO 2 quality. These impacts are combined with estimates of the cost of measures to mitigate or prevent these impacts from affecting the operation of the CCS system, or of adapting of CCS system design. Thus, the impacts can be set out as a set of cost functions relating to Capex and Opex and including the effects of overall availability and process efficiency changes. A specifically designed CCS chain model is used to assess the impacts on a number of reference CCS chains, carrying out comparative economic trade-offs to both understand the full- chain whole-life economics of certain CO 2 impurities at different levels and then to potentially optimize a purity specification for various sets of circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, China stated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that it is very vulnerable to the effects of climate change. While climate change is an environmental issue for China, more importantly it is a development issue. China intends to advance its efforts to address climate change through sustainable development. There is growing recognition and acceptance by the Chinese Central Government, that Carbon dioxide Capture Utilization and geological Storage (CCUS) will be part of that sustainable development, and that CCUS will play a prominent role in China's climate change abatement strategies, particularly in the medium to long term. China is making significant progress in its rollout of integrated CCUS projects. China has enacted a new environmental law which will come into effect on 1st January 2015. For the first time in China the environment will be as important as socio-economic development. Despite this progress, there are currently no national environmental regulations specifically for CCUS projects in China. This paper examines China's plans to develop and implement environmental requirements for CCUS projects, the policy objectives and drivers. The paper also describes the CO 2 monitoring program at China's first end to end CCS project near Ordos; monitoring at China's first CO 2 EOR development at the Jilin Oil Field; and a program to monitor CO 2 in shallow groundwater in western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rotterdam Opslag en Afvang Demonstratieproject (Rotterdam Storage and Capture Demonstration project), or ROAD, aims to build and operate a 250 MWe equivalent CCS chain using post-combustion capture technology and off-shore storage in a depleted gas field under the North Sea. The capture plant would be retrofitted to a new 1 070 MWe coal-fired unit (Maasvakte Power Plant 3) in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It was originally intended to reach a final investment decision at the end of 2010, but the project has faced a series delay associated with permitting, complex commercial negotiations and, most seriously, funding. At the moment (September 2014), the European Commission and the Government of the Netherlands are engaged in a renewed push to solve the funding problems and allow construction to finally start. The project has financial support from the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) and the Government of the Netherlands and is now the only one of the six projects originally supported that still has any realistic prospect of being realized in the short term. This paper presents an update of the overall project development as at the time of GHGT-12 and the accomplished milestones and issues met in the permitting process. In addition, it will focus on the technical and economic aspects of integrating the capture plant with the power plant. Furthermore, it will provide an outlook on future CCS/CCU developments in Rotterdam, describing the steps under development to create a full CO 2 hub in the port including options for ship transport and bio-CCS. The paper concludes with the management of the project delays and the implications for the project economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) is implementing a commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in multiple Silurian carbonate pinnacle reefs in northern Michigan that are in various phases of enhanced oil recovery. This paper presents analyses of five pressure fall-off tests performed sequentially during the injection of 166,000 tonnes of CO 2 into a Type-1 (depleted) reef which has undergone primary and secondary production. Bottom-hole pressures were monitored in the injection well and in two observation wells to record progressively increasing reservoir pressure during the injection period, which also included five fall-off tests. Pressure data were analyzed using combined history-matching and pressure derivative matching techniques implemented with a commercial well-test interpretation program, FAST WellTest™. The paper illustrates the challenges of consistently interpreting CO 2 injection fall-off tests under multi-phase flow with varying pressure conditions using a single-phase analytical model. This work is relevant to CO 2 sequestration in depleted oil reservoirs because regular fall-off testing is required under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program for CO 2 geologic sequestration (75 FR 77230). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The CO2CRC Otway Project is a significant carbon dioxide storage research and demonstration facility located in southwest Victoria. The project is researching carbon dioxide injection, transport, storage, monitoring and verification, with 65,000 tonnes stored since 2008 and ongoing research under way. The project supports research into CCS technologies at pore space, reservoir and regional scales. As Australia's first operational carbon dioxide storage project, the Otway Project is an important CCS technology demonstration for the nation, showing that carbon dioxide can be safely injected, stored and effectively monitored. It has informed Australia's CCS legislation and been the subject of much interest domestically and internationally. Stakeholder consultation has been a strong focus for the project since its inception and CO2CRC has been proactive in engaging with the community, regulators and government. The support of the local community, and in particular the landowners surrounding the project, has been vital in achieving social license for operations to date and for continuing research. The project began consulting with the community in 2005, three years before carbon dioxide injection. Following public and individual stakeholder meetings, independent social research was commissioned in 2006 to inform the consultation process, monitor community attitudes to the project and carbon dioxide storage, and provide the community with additional opportunities to comment on the project. This work provided valuable information on attitudes to climate change, levels of understanding of CCS, areas of community concern and preferred methods of communication. The resulting consultation program, informed by this research, has continued throughout the project's life with communication tools and strategies that include newsletters, a website, public meetings, Open Days and a dedicated community liaison officer. In 2011, CO2CRC commissioned a second round of social research, using a similar approach and methods to the initial study. Using qualitative and quantitative methods in the form of telephone surveys and focus groups, the study aimed to assess the project consultation program and to evaluate changes over time in community attitudes and perceptions of the project and CCS in general. Positive results from the second survey included a significant increase in awareness of the project and CCS in the local community, support for continuing research despite a drop in concerns over climate change, and improved relationships with the landowners hosting the project. Areas for improvement included a continuing lack of understanding of CCS technology among members of the wider community, a low profile for the project compared to the large and economically important gas facilities in the area and uncertainty surrounding the ongoing lifespan of the project. This paper presents in detail the results of the 2011 study and sets out the changes identified since 2006. The paper discusses how the interwoven aspects of community awareness, active engagement and technical understanding have helped in achieving acceptance of the project, but also highlights the difficulties of communicating highly technical concepts to a broad and dispersed population. The role of a dedicated, locally-based community liaison officer is discussed as an important method of direct consultation with landowners and a valuable two-way communication channel. The paper sets out the issues that emerged from the 2011 study, how the project is now addressing them and how the lessons learned may have application to other CCS projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Lack of societal acceptance of energy (transition) technologies is often attributed to a lack of knowledge among the public. The underlying assumption is that more knowledge improves attitudes about a technology. This assumption will be tested in this paper by examining the influence of the scores on a CCS Knowledge Test on attitudes towards CO2 capture and storage (CCS). Furthermore the paper will examine the influen towards CCS and will analyse how knowledge and perceptions jointly influence attitude as well as in interaction. Implications of the results for communication about CCS are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper summarises the results from a study that assesses the performance and costs of natural gas fired combined cycle power plants with CCS. Information is provided on the designs of each of the plants, their power output, efficiency, greenhouse gas intensity, capital costs, operating and maintenance costs, levelised costs of electricity and costs of CO2 avoidance. Discussion and commentary on the key findings and recommendations is also included. The paper includes information on base load plant performance and costs, but part load performance and costs of operation at low annual capacity factors are also presented because operation at lower load factors may be necessary, particularly in future electricity systems that include high amounts of other low-CO2 generation plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ca-looping is one of the most promising processes for CO2 capture in short to medium term plants, which can be applied for both post-combustion and pre-combustion layouts. The recent successful operations of MW-scale pilot plants are leading to an increased interest in this technology. In addition, the particularly advantageous applicability in cement plants, the main industrial contributors to CO2 emissions worldwide, can further lead to a forthcoming development of the technology. Quite a large amount of scientific papers on reactors and process modeling has been published in the recent years and more studies are expected to be published in the future. According to the experience of the authors in this field and on the basis of a literature review, suggestions and modeling needs for next works are provided in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In 2007, the Norwegian prime minister made the promise that a ‘lunar landing’ was due at Mongstad Refining in 2014, involving full-scale cleaning of CO2. This was the prelude to a long and heated debate on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Norwegian media. Through a discourse analysis we have identified two main media discourses related to the announced lunar landing; including important participants and arguments, as well as the positions taken by the actors of the discourses. The paper outlines the underlying structures of the public debate about CCS, and argues that the discourse is not really about CCS but politics in the form of narratives on promises, alliances and emotions caused by political actions. The paper shows the importance of media discourses for the legitimacy and willingness to finance CCS R&D. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The storage of CO2 in deep saline aquifers is due to the large available capacities and the common occurrence of these formations one of the major options for carbon dioxide sequestration. Besides the multiphase flow aspects geochemical, thermal and mechanical processes may alter the conditions within the reservoir as well as in the cap rock. Whereas single aspects of these processes can be investigated with experiments a multi-process simulator allows evaluating their combined consequences for the storage system over short and long time scales. In this paper the newly coupled software ECLIPSE-OpenGeoSys is presented that allows a combined simulation of multiphase flow, transport and geochemical reactions. ECLIPSE provides a fast and efficient solution for the multiphase flow whereas the open-source scientific software OpenGeoSys is used for calculating transport and geochemical reactions. This paper presents the code structure of the interface. Furthermore the coupled software is successfully applied to benchmarks [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: According to the forecast of the International Energy Agency (IEA), CCS has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and could contribute to 19% of global carbon dioxide mitigation by 2050. Korean government recently announced that Korea has set its voluntary 2020 emissions reduction target to a 30% reduction from its forecast under a ”business as usual” scenario, which is equivalent to 4% less than the 594 million tons of carbon that was emitted in 2005. CCS is included to achieve this target. This paper first explains the CO2 storage potential both in onshore and offshore areas in Korea. While onshore sedimentary basins seem to have unfavorable physical properties such as porosity and permeability, offshore sedimentary basins exhibit very good physical properties in sand thickness and porosity. In order to implement CCS project at the scale needed to achieve a meaningful reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, the knowledge of the available CO2 storage capacity obtained by detailed matching of large stationary CO2 sources with geological storage sites is required. Most CCS programs in Korea, however, are not integrated with capture and storage projects. This paper considers the feasibility of CO2 capture and storage in Korea and shows several conceptual business models for CCS projects with the recent E&P activities in the continental shelf. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CO2 avoidance cost economics are an essential tool for analysis of the potential for future CO2 capture and storage (CCS) utilization. The CO2 avoidance cost is the CO2 tax at which the product cost is the same for either a fossil fuel plant without CO2 mitigation (but paying the CO2 tax) or the same fossil fuel plant that includes the added capital and efficiency losses of adding CCS (but avoiding most of the CO2 tax). The CO2 tax must be higher than this CO2 avoidance cost to justify the higher risks, capital, and lower efficiency of utilizing CCS. Understanding which issues impact CO2 avoidance costs the most is fundamental to economically encouraging the massive CO2 reductions enabled with CCS. SFA Pacific recently completed two similar economic analyses of coal-based power plant CO2 mitigation costs. Both analyses included the options of converting to lower CO2 emissions with natural gas (with and without CCS) and continued coal use with and without CCS. One analysis was for an existing coal-based power plant baseline as part of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Workshop and Report entitled Retrofitting of Coal-Fired Power Plants for CO2 Emissions Reductions . The second analysis was for a new coal-based power plant baseline as part of an analysis of CO2 mitigation options by the U.S. Business Roundtable entitled The Balancing Act: Climate Change, Energy Security and the U.S. Economy . However, the resulting CO2 avoidance costs for these two analyses were very different. Specifically, the CO2 avoidance cost was about twice as high for the existing coal power plant than for the new coal power plant baseline. There are basic technical and economic reasons for this big difference in CO2 avoidance costs. They are best explained by simply showing the costs and performance of each baseline without and then with CCS in simple, transparent, and consistent one-page models. This enables easy, insightful side-by-side direct comparisons. Since first developing a cost and performance economic screening model of CCS for our GHGT-4 paper in 1998 , SFA Pacific has continued to improve the model which focuses on objectivity by stressing transparency and consistency with easy to compare cases. SFA Pacific has clearly shown identical inputs for key items such as fuel costs, non-fuel operating costs, unit capital costs, contingencies, site location factors, cost indexes, and especially capital charges. This makes it easy to see that power costs for the existing coal power plant baseline can be very low when the power plant is old and most of the existing capital is already paid-off. This GHGT-10 paper presents the most updated SFA Pacific analysis of CCS retrofit for existing coal power plant CO2 mitigation. The paper focuses on showing and explaining why the CO2 avoidance costs can be much higher for the existing plants versus new fossil fuel power plants. CO2 taxes which are high enough to discourage new coal power plants with high CO2 emissions would likely have little or no impact on existing coal power plants. Until the over 1,200 GW of existing old coal power plants begin reducing their high CO2 emissions, there can be little net reduction in worldwide CO2 growth. Converting or replacing this large capacity of existing coal power plants is essential to obtaining large CO2 reductions . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To date, hardly any field study results are available on responses from lay people in communities that are confronted with the possibility of a local CO2 storage project. This paper describes one of the first of such studies, presenting a case description of an onshore CCS demonstration project in Barendrecht, the Netherlands. The aim of this study is twofold. First, we provide an in-depth analysis of the development of public awareness of an onshore CCS demonstration project in Barendrecht, the Netherlands. Second, by analyzing practices and outcomes, and by linking these to existing knowledge about stakeholder involvement and public communication, we identify a set of conditions for effective communication and involvement strategies. Findings indicate that one important cause of the lack of local acceptance of the project was the absence of a cohesive and timely involvement strategy for discussing the project with local stakeholders as part of the formal decision-making process rather than apart from it. The paper concludes with a list of recommendations for stakeholder involvement in future CCS operations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses the current status of CCS in China, providing an update of current projects and past activities in research and development, and a brief overview of prospects for CCS deployment in China. CCS related research in China has been building from a focus on research and development and exploration of the technical considerations o f CCS potential in China in coordination with international partners. While large scale demonstration of integrated CCS projects is still at an early stage, there is significant knowledge and technical expertise that can be derived from ongoing pilot projects. These projects employ various mature technologies that may be integrated and scaled to facilitate demonstration and deployment of CCS in the future. In addition, China is increasingly exploring opportunities in CO2 utilization to drive and support deployment of CCS–this is also known as CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). This paper provides information on some of these key activities, including details of specific projects and a background of the regulatory and policy frameworks and international cooperation on CCS and CCUS in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The IEA CCS Roadmap highlighted the significance that CCS will need to play in achieving an atmospheric CO2 concentration stabilization of 450 ppm. In the scenario it is based on, CCS will provide approximately 20% of the total CO2 emissions reductions out to 2050. Achieving this contribution of emissions reductions will require an ambitious CCS growth-path, with 100 projects needed globally by 2020 and over 3000 by 2050. In both 2020 and 2050 the major developing countries, including South Africa will need to contribute to CCS deployment. South Africa has a heavily coal-dependent economy with 94 % of electricity production coming from coal. In addition to this, South Africa also meets approximately 30% of its domestic fuel -oil demand through the conversion o f coal and gas to transportation fuels. The combination of these two factors means that South Africa is as dependant on coal as any country in the world, placing the country as the 13th largest CO2 emitter in the world. Currently South Africa is experiencing electricity shortages where the reserve margin is below desired levels on a daily basis. Consequently, deployment of electricity generation capacity is seen as a priority. With the slow development of renewable energy and the deployment of nuclear energy currently under review, the required short term increase in electricity production is likely to come from new, coal plant that will be expected to be in operation for 50–60 years, thus continuing the country’s dependence on coal for some time to come. At the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, South Africa announced that it would take nationally appropriate mitigation actions to enable a reduction in national GHG emissions equating to a deviation of 34% below the “Business as Usual” emissions growth trajectory by 2020 and a 42% deviation below the below “Business as Usual” emissions growth trajectory by 2025, pended upon the provision of sufficient funding and technology support. Given all these factors, CCS could be a crucial technology for South Africa in the near future. This paper looks to discuss the current status of CCS in South Africa. This includes looking at the key outcomes of the recently released South African CCS Research and Development Roadmap and the milestones it outlines, such as the development of a geological storage atlas by 2010, a CO2 test injection by 2016, and a demonstration project operating by 2020. It also looks at how the South African government is positioned toward CCS, including how CCS fits with the countries priorities of poverty alleviation, economic growth, sustainable development, job creation and ensuring the most efficient use of domestic resources. In addition the paper looks at the manner in which the South African government could go about regulating the operation of CCS projects. The paper will discuss the options available to South Africa to fund CCS demonstration and deployment domestically including via the clean development mechanism (in the event that the question of using this mechanism in the CCS context is dealt with at the international level), development banks and other, appropriate, development finance institutions. Public awareness and engagement on CCS will also be covered, given the crucial role the public play in the smooth progress of projects. Finally the paper will look at international collaboration on CCS including the role South Africa can play internationally and what more the international CCS community can offer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper develops an interdisciplinary framework to assess the different dimensions of uncertainties which surround the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS). It includes technical, economic, financial, political and societal uncertainties about CCS and develops methods for assessing these uncertainties. It also identifies important linkages between uncertainties. This generic framework aims to help decision making on CCS by private and public actors. The paper is based on a systematic review of the social science literature on CCS and on broader insights from innovation studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Power generation processes with CCS that are capable of operating at variable load will be needed to achieve deep reductions in emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. This paper assesses the effects of operating load factor on costs of coal and gas fired power generation processes with CCS and analyses the emissions and costs of fossil fuel fired plants in an electricity system that includes 35% wind and 25% nuclear generation. The paper shows how the costs of generation increase at an increasing rate as the emissions are reduced using power plants with integrated CCS such as post combustion capture, because many of the CCS plants have to operate at low load factors. This could be avoided by using coal gasification plants with CCS which feed hydrogen to underground buffer storage and then to flexible combined and open cycle gas turbines. The gasification, CO2 capture and storage equipment would operate at base load which would avoid potential practical difficulties of flexible operation and reduce costs. Emissions from the fossil fuel plants in the system with wind and nuclear generation could be reduced to 16 g/kWh at electricity costs competitive with coal-based post combustion capture with emissions of 140 g/kWh. Emissions from the overall electricity system including the wind and nuclear would be 6 g/kWh. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the current status of CCS in Indonesia and includes a review of the recently released Indonesia CCS Study Working Group report on the potential for CCS in Indonesia, collaboration between LEMIGAS, KLH, PT PLN, WEC, Shell and the British Embassy. The report found that there is significant potential for CCS in Indonesia, but also a number of barriers to overcome. This paper also considers regulations and legal aspects for the Indonesian government to consider for operation and long-term stewardship of CCS projects. It also includes a discussion of the options available to Indonesia to fund CCS demonstration and deployment domestically, with consideration towards the clean development mechanism (CDM) or other financing mechanisms, development banks, etc. Other opportunities including EOR and utilization of CO2 are discussed as nearer term opportunities to deploy pilot projects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the overall current status, awareness and support for CCS in Indonesia and international collaboration on CCS including the role for Indonesia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Portland cement can play a major role in providing cost-effective, long-term zonal isolation for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) used to mitigate climate change. However, achieving zonal isolation with Portland cement under supercritical CO2 environment for the required 1,000 year trapping period may be challenging. Some laboratory researchers report that Portland cement disintegrates when exposed to CO2, leading to potential leakage into the atmosphere or other to underground zones. Other researchers cite Portland cement samples from 30–50 year old CO2 EOR wells where sealing integrity was maintained, even though carbonation was found. In this paper we will discuss reasons likely for this disparity between research lab test results and actual well performance data. Carbonation of Portland cement is a thermodynamically favorable process and therefore difficult to avoid. But the effects can be minimized by various reactive chemical components optimized for the specific thermodynamic conditions. Our research shows partial carbonation of Portland cement is not detrimental unless the mechanical integrity is insufficient to provide effective zonal isolation. For these studies we have developed CO2 treatment test cells capable of producing conditions up to 200 °F and 2,000 psi. In addition, various analytical instruments including x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical properties measurement devices have been used for this study. In this paper we will discuss the importance of understanding the percentage of carbonation and depth of CO2 penetration, and how to control these factors by optimizing the cement blend. Interestingly, we found the amount of Portlandite { Ca(OH)2} that forms due to cement hydration and the cement-to-water ratio dictates the depth of penetration as well as percentage carbonation. The implications of this in relation to the long term chemical integrity of the cement sheath under downhole CCS conditions is discussed. This paper also includes the results of recent studies on the changes in mechanical properties of a properly optimized Portland cement blend for a period of up to one year. During this period, measurements were made at different time intervals to examine cement specimen treated with CO2 at 200 °F and 2,000 psi in the presence of water. The results show carbonation without any sign of loss of mechanical or sealing integrity that could lead to zonal isolation failure. Results from a separate set of experiments show the following: (1) Carbonation could be minimized by reducing the Portland cement content by adding Pozzolanic materials and by reducing the permeability and (2) Carbonation could help heal micro-cracks that may be caused by various well operations or ageing. However, such carbonation-induced healing is limited only to a certain width of cracks. In summary of this research, it is recommend that: (1) a high quality primary cement job be performed in adherence to all industry best practices; (2) the cement blend be properly optimized to minimize long-term CO2 corrosion; and (3) the sheath be designed for long-term mechanical integrity. This paper will discuss a comprehensive approach that may be taken to help ensure longer-term effective zonal isolation in new CO2 wells and remedial solutions for old wells and for plugging and abandoning wells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The IEA CCS Roadmap highlighted the significance that CCS will play in achieving an atmospheric CO2 stabilization on 450 ppm. In the scenario it is based on, CCS will provide approximately 20% of the total CO2 emissions reductions out to 2050. To achieve this contribution it will require an ambitious CCS growth path with 100 projects needed globally by 2020 and over 3000 by 2050. In both 2020 and 2050 the major developing countries will need to contribute to this deployment. Brazil has a unique electricity and emissions profile. Over 80% of Brazils electricity is produced from hydropower with the rest being made up by a combination of fossil fuels, biomass, and nuclear. This means the energy emissions in Brazil are relatively low. Many people within Brazil see stopping the deforestation of the Amazon as the key emissions reduction mechanism for Brazil. However, the contribution to CO2 emissions from coal is expected to increase due to 6000 MW of coal power that is planned to be installed in Brazil by 2030, although this still only represents 2.7% of grid compared to 83% from renewables. CCS in Brazil will be more relevant to industry rather than for electricity generation. In particular CCS could be crucial for the development of some of the “Pre-salt” petrol eum fields which bring new challenges. Although there are no conclusive studies on the concentration o f carbon dioxide (CO2) in the region, some wells have shown concentrations of CO2 above those found in the Campos Basin, while others showed concentrations close to zero. Still, Petrobras have proactively committed to not releasing to the atmosphere, the CO2 associated with the natural gas produced in the pre-salt layer. In addition, the pre-salt oil is considered of good quality, light oil and therefore, the refining process consumes less energy and will emit less CO2 when compared to the processing of heavier crude. This paper looks to discuss the current status of CCS in Brazil. This includes looking at the current status of a number of demonstration projects that are already underway in Brazil as well as additional ones that are planned. The paper will also discuss the. Public awareness and engagement about CCS given the crucial role the public play in the smooth progress of projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: ZeroGen Pty Ltd (ZeroGen) recently announced its plan to develop the world’s first commercial-scale 450MW clean coal power plant by 2017 in Queensland, Australia. Since the Queensland Government first announced the project in early 2006, stakeholder engagement activities have been a key priority for ZeroGen. The company understands that stakeholder perceptions, particularly of the safety of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) processes, represent a key challenge to the commercialisation of clean coal technologies. As a result, ZeroGen has developed and implemented an advanced consultation framework to actively engage a wide range of stakeholders to address this challenge. This paper details the consultation framework and outlines the findings of research conducted to assess the perceptions of community leaders where the project’s CCS activities are occurring. The paper confirms that the consultation processes deployed by ZeroGen to date have been successful in overcoming a key challenge to the commercialisation of clean coal technologies involving CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of social site characterization as a parallel effort to technical site characterization to be used in evaluating and planning carbon dioxides capture and storage (CCS) projects. Social site characterization, much like technical site characterization, relies on a series of iterative investigations into public attitudes towards a CCS project and the factors that will shape those views. This paper also suggests ways it can be used to design approaches for actively engaging stakeholders and communities in the deployment of CCS projects. This work is informed by observing the site selection process for FutureGen and the implementation of research projects under the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the role of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies as part of a portfolio for reducing CO2 emissions from the European electricity supply system until the year 2050. The analysis is carried out with a techno-economic model (minimizing the system cost) including a detailed description of the present stationary European electricity generation system (power plants) and potential CO2 storage sites as obtained from the Chalmers Energy Infrastructure Database. Since the ability of different EU Member States and regions to facilitate and to benefit from CCS will most likely depend on local conditions in terms of current energy mix, fuel supply chains and distance to suitable storage locations, special emphasize is put on analyzing turn-over in capital stock of the existing power plant infrastructure, timing of investments and the infrastructural implications of large scale introduction of CCS on a regional perspective. The paper discusses the role of and requirements on CCS for meeting strict emission targets of 85% reduction while having a continued growth in electricity demand (according to EU projections). The results show that it is possible to meet an 85% CO2 reduction target by 2050, but this will require large contribution from CCS. As expected, regions which are currently high in carbon intensity and which are located nearby suitable storage sites will benefit mostly from CCS as an option. With the assumption that CCS will be commercially available in 2020 the model results give a steep ramp-up in the use of CCS post 2020 which imposes challenges for timely investments in corresponding CCS infrastructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is central to China’s continued economic growth and CCS is one of the most promising technological solutions to curb the CO2 emitted from the continued use of coal. This paper introduces some areas of recent R&D on CCS in China and focuses, in particular, on the Near Zero Emission Coal (NZEC) project, a China-UK CCS initiative. NZEC is being undertaken in three phases, with the current project comprising the first phase. The ultimate aim of NZEC, following Phase 3, is to have constructed and operated a coal-fired power plant with integral CCS in China. In this paper, some of the early progress made in NZEC Phase 1 is described. Launched in November 2007, the objectives of Phase 1 are to build confidence in CCS and to explore technology options for demonstrating coal-fired power generation with CCS in China. The Phase 1 partnership of nine leading UK organisations and 20 from China demonstrates the strong collaborative working relationship that exists between China and the UK, at all levels, to develop CCS as a key climate change mitigation technology. Apart from NZEC, China is involved in several national and international CCS initiatives and some of these will be touched upon in this paper. The success of the 18-month first phase will, to a large extent, be measured against its contribution to increasing CCS capacity in China and against strengthened links between Chinese and British experts. Activities designed to raise capacity are described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Oxyfuel combustion is one of the promising technologies to enable CCS for new and existing coal-fired power plants. For retrofit applications, oxyfuel is an attractive option because it does not have major impact on the boiler-turbine steam cycle. This paper presents a case study for retrofitting oxyfuel combustion technology in large state-of-the-art power plants that are originally commissioned and operated in air-fired mode. The overall process design for the modified power plant is outlined; necessary modifications of relevant components are explained. The paper also discusses results of experiments and numerical calculations on combustion behavior in the furnace. Retrofit measures ensure that the power stations still can run under both air-fired and oxyfuel-fired conditions if required by regulations/market conditions. This provides additional operational and commercial benefits for the operator of the plant and reduces the technical risk of implementing new components and processes not yet proven in the power sector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The goal of the multinational ACT project ELEGANCY is to accelerate the decarbonisation of the European energy system by exploiting synergies between carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen (H 2). The introduction of CCS is delayed due to lack of business models, the widespread use of H 2 is hindered by the cost and availability of large quantities of clean hydrogen. The five participating countries Norway, England, Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany want to investigate and evaluate the combination of a hydrogen infrastructure with CCS in case studies and develop a planning tool. The Ruhr-University Bochum is working interdisciplinarily with five institutes within the framework of the Research Department Closed Carbon Cycle Economy (RD-CCCE). Thus, in addition to the technical part, social, macroeconomic and legal aspects are considered in the German case study. This interdisciplinary approach is presented in this paper, describing the practices of the different disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Stabilization and reduction of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration will be one of the prime challenges for the energy sector in the upcoming decades. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a possibility to continue fossil power generation while contributing to CO 2 abatement. In future energy systems with high shares of fluctuating renewable energy generation, nuclear power will become increasingly important for power generation. The development of natural gas power is considered as one of effective ways to reduce emissions and socio-economic costs as well. As a measure to establish a climate-friendly energy system, a power system research on coordinated development of nuclear and natural gas power would be considered. Therefore, future electrical power scenarios aimed at environmental and economic effects for China would considered a full mix of energy options. Based on the LEAP tool, this paper establishes a bottom-up model (LEAP-China-Power) to simulate different electric power planning policy scenarios that could be enacted from 2012 to 2050. In addition to a baseline scenario, we design CCS scenario and nuclear and Natural Gas Combined Cycle(N&N) scenario. The results indicate that N&N scenario is superior to CCS scenario. And China's future power planning recommendations are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the CarbFix project spans 12 years. Throughout all this time, CarbFix has not faced problems with public acceptance in relation to carbon capture and storage (CCS) activities. This is noteworthy, as the project’s operations are located at Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant, which has been contested and scrutinized. It could even be argued that CarbFix has played an important part in increasing the Hellisheiði Plant’s acceptance. This paper describes the framework of stakeholder engagement and transparency in relation to industrial scale operations within CarbFix and the impact it has had public acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective technology for capturing CO 2 at the low concentration is chemical absorption, due to the high reactivity between CO 2 and aqueous amine solutions. To capture CO 2 , the process involves complex reactive separations. The accurate calculation of hydrodynamic properties, and mass and energy transfer are of importance for the design of the absorber and desorber columns. This paper performs the rate-based simulations of CO 2 absorption by Monoethanolamine in Aspen Plus. In the calculation of the mass transfer coefficients, different mass transfer models were implemented. In comparison with the desorber, the impacts of mass transfer models were more significant in the simulation of the absorber. For both columns, the impacts of the mass transfer models on the concentration profiles were more significant than those on the temperature profiles. For the absorber, the maximum deviations occur at the bottom of the column for both the concentration and the temperature profiles. Different from the absorber, for the desorber, the maximum deviations occur close to the top of the column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sulcis Basin is an area situated in SW Sardinia (Italy) and is a potential site for the development of CCS in Italy. This paper illustrates the preliminary results of geological characterization of fractured carbonate reservoir (Miliolitico Fm.) and the sealing sequence, composed by clay, marl and volcanic rocks, with a total thickness of more than 900 m. To characterize the reservoir-caprock system an extensive structural-geological survey at the outcrop was conducted. It was also performed a study of the geochemical monitoring, to define the baseline conditions, measuring CO 2 concentrations and flux in the study site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CCS operations have not been progressed so much worldwide yet. As one of the reasons, it is considered that the operators are required expertise at the various stages in the field of CO 2 storage. One of the most difficult judgments for the operator is to determine CO 2 injection layer in a storage complex. This paper provides an idea of a simple method to help operator's judgment without special expertise. We tried to apply this method for the Nagaoka's data. The result suggests that it is possible to determine the injection layer from the conventional well logging without special equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, investment into carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies has been seemingly sidelined to encourage larger renewable energy generation investment. High initial CCS costs have to compete with decreasing renewable costs and in some scenarios the role of CCS is completely overtaken by renewable energy. However, not recognising the value of a wider variety of low-carbon options in an energy system and committing to a single low-carbon technology can lead to a reduction in flexibility and further down the line even a lock out from successfully adapting the system to new advancements in smart technologies. On the path to a greener British energy system, gas power plants are considered as the transitional technology given the intermittent nature of most renewable generation. CCS can play a crucial role in mitigating the polluting effects of conventional generation. This paper employs real options analysis (ROA) to explore various cost and flexibility states, accounting for various penetrations of CCS and renewables working in cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises results from empirical research with the broad aim of exploring societal responses to CO 2 storage, framed around the concept of social license to operate (SLO). The essential characteristic of SLO is based on a partnership between communities, operators and government and is thus dependent on a variety of factors that contribute to building trust between the stakeholders. Drawing on data from media analysis, stakeholder interviews and focus groups deployed in two locations in the UK, we explore social factors that could influence an emerging SLO for CO 2 storage in the UK, drawing lessons from an analogous technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a holistic approach taking into account process economics is employed in order to assess the true potential of first generation oxy-fired power plants. The proposed methodology is carried out in two-steps. The first step consists in the minimization of the energy penalty: an exergy analysis is performed on a conventional base-case oxy-fired power plant in order to identify the possible improvement paths, including structural modifications and thermal integrations. At the end of this step, the process layout leading to a minimized energy penalty is obtained. However, as the introduction of a process modification impacts the plant's CAPEX, each modification highlighted in the previous step is characterized by a techno-economic criterion in order to determine its profitability in a second step. The marginal cost of electricity production, defined as the ratio between additional CAPEX and the net production increase is used for the process modification assessment. This procedure has been applied on state-of-the-art processes in order to estimate the potential of first generation oxy-combustion power plant. The optimization solely based on an energetic criterion leads to a plant layout with an energy penalty of 6.0%-pts, which represents a 38% reduction (the energy penalty of the base case plant is 9.4%-pts). However, the consideration of economic aspects has highlighted that some of the considered process modifications were not justified on an economic stand point. The optimal oxy-fired power plant, from a techno-economic point of view, exhibits an energy penalty of 6.9%-pts and allows a 20% reduction of the CO 2 avoidance cost compared to the base-case oxy-fired plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates post-combustion capture in coal-fired power plants equipped with gas separation membranes. Simulations are conducted with the process engineering software, Aspen Plus®, with its Exchanger Design and Rating (EDR) tool utilized for heat exchanger design. The reference power plant chosen for the investigation is the Reference Power Plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP-NRW) in Germany. The Polyactive ® membrane developed by the project partner, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, was used in the simulation. Because the membrane has different properties at different working temperatures in order to reach a higher degree of selectivity and less energy consumption, the flue gas should be cooled to 25 °C. This results in an efficient cooling system for the capture process, which merits further development. A rigorous heat exchanger design leads to a significant increase in the pressure drops at each heat exchanger and hence the pressure ratio required by the compression machines. The energy penalty of the membrane CCS system for 57% and 76% degrees of CO 2 separation was increased from 4.7%-pts to 5.3%-pts and 7%-pts to 8.3%-pts, respectively, after implementing the rigorous heat exchanger design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper present the techno-economic assessment of an MEA-based CO 2 capture from a cement plant and the importance of the steam supply on the costs. The evaluations present the energy performances of the CO 2 capture process based on a cement plant with a clinker capacity of 3,000 t/d. The cost evaluation lead to a cost of cement of 45 €/t cement without capture, while the cost of cement with CO 2 capture is estimated to 81 €/t cement , resulting in a CO 2 avoided cost of 83 €/t CO2,avoided . As the steam consumption accounts for close to half of the CO 2 avoided cost, the impact of six alternative steam supply scenarios are considered. The evaluations show that the CO 2 avoided cost can decrease by up to 35% depending on the steam supply and electricity price. However the possibility of these steam supply alternatives are specific to the considered cement plant, emphasizing therefore that CO 2 avoided cost from cement shall rather be given as a range depending on the steam supply than as a unique value as often illustrated in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre co-ordinates a programme of research covering all aspects of CCS in support of basic science and UK government efforts on energy and climate change. This paper will present progress and ‘lessons learned’ from the Centre's activities, with a particular focus on the development and use of pilot scale facilities and encouraging industrial and other stakeholder engagement in research. It will also highlight key features of an extensive programme of international engagement activities undertaken by the Centre, identifying added value for both the UK CCS community and global development of CCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of well integrity has become more important for CCS and CO 2 -EOR as it has become apparent that wells represent the most likely migration pathway for CO 2 to leave a CCS storage unit or a CO 2 -EOR reservoir. Although wells represent a migration pathway they are also the best vehicle for employing technology monitoring CO 2 injection and storage. This contradiction of being a potential migration path and key monitoring technology leads to a need to understand how monitoring wells may be similar or different in comparison to other types of wells with respect to migration risk. The maturation and completion US Department of Energy sponsored research projects presents an opportunity to assess the integrity of monitoring wells that have been exposed to injected CO 2 . This paper discusses an integrity assessment of two monitoring wells in an operating CO 2 -EOR flood in Mississippi, USA. It provides an early assessment of how monitoring equipment affects well integrity and isolation capacity. Each of the monitoring wells in this study were similarly constructed using both fiberglass and conventional steel casing. Each of the wells was instrumented with multiple monitoring technologies including, electrodes, pressure gauges, and temperature sensors on the outside of the casing. Control lines and cables were run from the surface on the outside of the long-string casing in each well to communicate with the monitoring equipment. A comprehensive logging, testing, and sampling program was developed to assess integrity in both wells. Ultrasonic well mapping was used to create radial maps of the location of cement, liquid, and gas behind the casing. Cement bond logging provided information on the casing-to-cement and cement-to-formation bonds for the long-string section. The logs showed that the monitoring equipment attached to the long-string casing is visible as continuous low acoustic impedance features and may represent a leakage risk. Cased-hole sidewall cores were collected and provided some validation of the log results and provide local information on the isolation capacity of the wells. The combination of information from the log data sets and cores was used to assess isolation capacity. The results of the study show that careful design and assessment of the materials used in monitoring well construction, the types of monitoring technology, and the location of monitoring technology within a well needs to be conducted with limiting migration potential and maximizing well integrity as objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes preliminary results of analysis using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) to evaluate the potential role of CCS in achieving emissions reduction targets. Scenarios are modelled using the Paris-Increased Ambition (PIA) case developed by Fawcett et al. (2015), and a more aggressive Paris Two-Degree Ambition (P2A) case. Both cases are based upon nationally determined contributions (NDCs) agreed to at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP-21) in December 2015, coupled with additional mitigation effort beyond the 2030 Paris timeframe, through the end of the century. Analysis of CCS deployment and abatement costs under both policy scenarios suggests that, as modelled, having CCS in the technological portfolio could reduce the global cost of addressing emissions reduction targets specified under the policy scenario by trillions of dollars. Through the end of the century, total global abatement costs over the century associated with the PIA case – with five percent annual reduction in emission intensity and reaching 2.2 degrees by 2100 – are reduced by $15 trillion USD in the scenario where CCS is available to deploy by 2025 and remains available through 2100, nearly halving the cost of climate change abatement. Under the more ambitious P2A case, with 8 percent annual reduction in emission intensity and reaching 1.9 degrees by 2100, the availability of CCS reduces global abatement costs by $22 trillion USD through the end of the century, again nearly halving the costs of addressing the policy, relative to achieving the same target using an energy portfolio that does not include CCS. PIA and P2A scenarios with CCS result in 1,250 and 1,580 GtCO 2 of global geologic storage through the end of the century, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Demonstration Project Network (the “Network”) is currently composed of projects located in the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the UK. The goal of the Network is to accelerate deployment of CCS by sharing project development experiences about technology implementation, including transport and storage of CO 2 , as well as regulatory environment and financial structures. This paper aims to provide an overview of some CCS insights gained from developing the Network projects. Besides technology and project development, sharing knowledge and lessons learned on project-level basis, have also given valuable insights on how policies can enable development and implementation of appropriate regulatory frameworks, and funding schemes towards effective deployment of CCS technology in power generation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]