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Abstract Due to the privileged location of Ecuador in terms of solar radiation, the analysis and use of renewable energy system (RES) using solar energy has been of great interest during the last years. At the same time, the supply support of RES in terms of direct current (DC) can be faced by using fuel cell (FC) systems which can give to the systems fully autonomy from fossil fuels. The aim of this paper is to propose the design of a hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell-battery (PV-FC-B) system to supply the required electrical energy for residential use in the city of Guayaquil. The feasibility analysis, constitutive elements of the system, and adjusted variables are computed and presented using a computational tool. The results evidence that this system is not economically viable since the cost of energy (COE) in Ecuador is low compared to the COE of the proposed system. However, a more detailed analysis considering the inherent benefits of no emission of pollutant gases is required to have a complete outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Renewable energy is free, abundant, clean and could contribute towards a significant reduction of the global warming emissions. It is massively introduced as a source of electricity production across the globe and is expected to become the primary source of energy within the following decades. However, despite the naturally replenished energy, the supply is not always available. For this reason, it is necessary at times of excess energy, any surplus quantity to be sufficiently captured, stored and later used when a deficit occurs. In this paper, an overview of a backup power system operating with a hydrogen-biodiesel dual-fuel internal combustion engine is provided. The system is utilizing the organic chemical hydride method for safe hydrogen storage and transportation. The high energy content of hydrogen stored in the form of an organic hydride under ambient conditions makes it an ideal energy backup medium for large-scale and long-term applications. The research work focusses on the operation and emissions output of the dual-fuel internal combustion engine running on fully renewable fuels and the results are compared with the conventional petroleum-derived diesel engine. Biodiesel-hydrogen operation shows significant benefits in the reduction of carbon and soot emissions but deteriorates the NOx formation compared to the conventional diesel-powered engines. The operation of the engine at high loads can provide high exhaust thermal energy while alternative combustion strategies are necessary to be implemented at low load conditions for the optimum operation of the backup power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Shrimp farming has been rising significantly not only around the world but also in Vietnam. The shrimp industry in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam makes a substantial contribution to national economy via exporting to foreign countries. Nevertheless, the shrimp aquaculture sector requires high energy for aeration systems to maintain suitable dissolved oxygen level in ponds continuously for improving water quality and promoting shrimp growth. The designs of mechanical aerators have been amended to save energy costs and increase oxygen transfer; moreover, their operation is optimized to reduce operational costs, and renewable energy has been recently started applying to power aerators to mitigate energy security and environmental impacts. However, electric motors driving aerators inherently consume a lot of power, leading to high operational costs and potential impacts from using conventional power resources. In order to attain economical production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the sustainable energy model for shrimp farms is proposed in this paper. The energy model exploits renewable energy to power the advanced aeration system for shrimp ponds, which might produce the onsite oxygen while the by-product hydrogen is stored and might be used to regenerate electricity to compensate imbalance when power load demand is higher than renewable power sources. The optimal design for renewable power resources according to the oxygen consumption of shrimp and the optimal operation of innovative aeration system based on the changes of dissolved oxygen at ponds are presented elaborately with the main objectives being economical and environmentally sustainable production for shrimp farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the economic development, the demond for energy is growing in China, and the traditional non-renewable energy makes the energy transformation is imminent.In this paper, based on the fully understanding of our existing energy structure, and from the perspective of supply and demand, the author analysis the changes in the structure of future energy and gives the suggestion.The paper argues that China''s energy structure will gradually turn to be comprehensive and diverse, but the cost and market constraints will obstruct the promotion of renewable energy sources.Therefore, the traditional high-carbon energy is still the main form of domestic energy consumptionin a very long period of time.Only by improving technology and using of the macro-control can reduce the costs and regulate the import and export, which can achieve sustainable development of changing from a high-carbon energy to low carbon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The objective of this paper is to discover through a survey, the Spanish wine sector's attitude towards incorporating renewables. To that end, the multivariate statistical technique of factor analysis is applied to the information provided by a sample of 87 wineries stratified by Spanish regions. This resulted in a set of four indicators describing the determinant factors (Cost, Conviction, Motivation and Investment) influencing a winery's decision to implement renewable energies. Furthermore, a cluster analysis resulted in three groups of completely different wineries. The first contains a 25.3% of the wineries, which are not concerned about environmental issues. The second comprises a 26.7% of the wineries, which are dissuaded from adopting renewables as they perceive a high investment is necessary. The third group involves a 48% of wineries, which are committed to renewables because they are absolutely convinced of their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this paper is to discover through a survey, the Spanish wine sector's attitude towards incorporating renewables. To that end, the multivariate statistical technique of factor analysis is applied to the information provided by a sample of 87 wineries stratified by Spanish regions. This resulted in a set of four indicators describing the determinant factors (Cost, Conviction, Motivation and Investment) influencing a winery's decision to implement renewable energies. Furthermore, a cluster analysis resulted in three groups of completely different wineries. The first contains a 25.3% of the wineries, which are not concerned about environmental issues. The second comprises a 26.7% of the wineries, which are dissuaded from adopting renewables as they perceive a high investment is necessary. The third group involves a 48% of wineries, which are committed to renewables because they are absolutely convinced of their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Many countries committed to promoting eco-friendly transportation by accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in their country due to their beneficial feature, including in Indonesia. The ancillary services by EVs will be one of solution for power system due to their unique characteristic as energy storage. Indonesia is one of the developing countries that has a thousand islands which are mostly not connected to each other. Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) system is one of the large systems that has energy mix which is mainly produced by coal-fired power plant and limited energy storage. Large capacity battery from penetrated EVs in the future might be a good opportunity to support the grid, with time mapping for charging and discharging. Duration and period of opportunity can be determined by frequency recognition that has been measured for 1 month. This paper shows the opportunity of parked EVs utilization by releasing and absorbing the electricity for the load leveling and frequency regulation. The impacts of EVs adoption and V2G participation rates, which are motivated by some incentive from Transmission Service Operator (TSO), are analyzed. The results show that controllable charging and discharging behaviors of EVs have led to the idea of EVs utilization for supporting the grid. The feasibility of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) in Indonesian electrical grid is evaluated in this study. The evaluated ancillary services include load leveling and frequency regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The extension and development of energy saving buildings, green buildings and low carbon buildings have promoted the application of renewable energy. Shanghai has formulated a number of policies for the promotion of renewable energy in buildings. In this paper, the present status of the main renewable resources in Shanghai is introduced. Common application of renewable energy in buildings in Shanghai mainly focuses on the solar hot water (SHW) systems, solar photovoltaic (PV) system, ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. The above three forms of renewable energy application are discussed from two aspects of investment recovery period and energy saving. Suitability for the use of renewable energy in different building types is analyzed and suggestions are given to improve the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Stabilization and reduction of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration will be one of the prime challenges for the energy sector in the upcoming decades. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a possibility to continue fossil power generation while contributing to CO 2 abatement. In future energy systems with high shares of fluctuating renewable energy generation, nuclear power will become increasingly important for power generation. The development of natural gas power is considered as one of effective ways to reduce emissions and socio-economic costs as well. As a measure to establish a climate-friendly energy system, a power system research on coordinated development of nuclear and natural gas power would be considered. Therefore, future electrical power scenarios aimed at environmental and economic effects for China would considered a full mix of energy options. Based on the LEAP tool, this paper establishes a bottom-up model (LEAP-China-Power) to simulate different electric power planning policy scenarios that could be enacted from 2012 to 2050. In addition to a baseline scenario, we design CCS scenario and nuclear and Natural Gas Combined Cycle(N&N) scenario. The results indicate that N&N scenario is superior to CCS scenario. And China's future power planning recommendations are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The utilization of distributed power generation system plays an essential role in the design of resilient cities. With the ever increasing of efficiency and decreasing of production cost, Photovoltaic (PV) system is becoming a globally welcomed city component. During the design of PV systems, the matching of demand and supply power curve is critical. This paper evaluates the PV usage potential in different neighborhoods of Shanghai through matching the rooftop PV generation profile with the electricity demands of office buildings. The typical electricity use pattern of an office building is calculated by clustering method with data from a sub-metering platform, and PV generation curve is generated through simulation approach. Case studies were done in 140 neighborhoods of Shanghai City, and theoretical self-utilization ratio and PV utilization of each neighborhood were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the past decades, different types of energy converters have been invented because wave energy is a renewable energy source with high potential for extraction of considerable clean energy. Many numerical and experimental tests have been conducted to calculate the power generation of ocean waves, and these tests have demonstrated the significance of this energy. In this paper, the hydrodynamic performance of a new energy converter called "Searaser" has been evaluated using numerical simulation to study different aspects of this energy converter. Since previous studies have found ocean wave energy converters excellent for implementation in the Caspian Sea, the aim of this study is to investigate its performance for that sea, so this study presents a numerical simulation of Searaser inside an experimental wave tank using commercial software Flow-3D. To model the motion of the energy converter, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes was coupled with a volume-of-fluid (VOF) model to generate three-dimensional numerical linear propagating waves for solving the fluid field. Grid independency was also carried out to determine the best mesh numbers for the original simulations. Finally, the Searaser hydrodynamic performance was numerically calculated for different wave heights, and some of the most important parameters of point absorbers were captured, including output flow rate in different seasons, extractable wave power, and output power. Accordingly, the obtained results indicate that the output flow rate and the power generation are significantly increased by incremental changes in wave height, and using this type of converter device has potential for practical and profitable use in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The blooming of biogas plant installation undergoing wet anaerobic digestion processes is an evident trend at EU condition. The use of biological feedstocks from farm and agricultural origins together with the use of alternative feedstock like marine macroalage provide benefits in terms of waste management and avoided natural resource extraction. Nevertheless, the seasonal fluctuations of the type and amounts of feedstocks available for a specific biogas plant, together with their optimal co-digestion, can affect the overall efficiency and optimization of the biogas operations with potential drawback on the overall sustainability of the system. A proper design of the biogas plant is thus a key step to have profitable biogas-based systems. In this paper, based on the available literature around the topic of design and sizing of a biogas plant and on interviews with practitioners in the field, the design of all the system components of a biogas plant fed with Cladophora Sp. algae and wheat straw is reported. The kinetical analysis of the digestion and the biomethane potential of the biomass employed have been determined based on a set of experiments lead by the authors. The scope of the presented case study is to help to fill the gap identified in literature and take a step towards defining standards and benchmarks for the sector and to provide a step-by-step approach for biogas plant design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of intermittent renewable energy has caused emerging demand of flexibility for power systems. This paper quantifies operational flexibility from heating networks to enable the flexibility to participate in power system operation and markets. Concepts and physical meaning of the flexibility are discussed. Quasi-dynamic models are used to describe temperature propagation and transport delay in heating networks. Then two flexibility models are proposed to quantify the flexibility. Parameters of the flexibility models are coupled and determined by properties, operation strategies and baseline scenarios of the heating networks, as well as flexibility demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the ways to integrate of distributed sources, energy storage and flexible loads, micro grid technology is closely related to demand side response and has become the important area of energy research. In this paper, the micro grid optimization model is established considering the operation characteristics of different types of micro sources and the demand for different test modes of demand response. Then the model and adjustment strategy of flexible loads in rolling algorithm are proposed. Finally, by means of simulation analysis, it shows the demand side response management system model not only improves the electricity consumption economy and energy efficiency, but also plays a role of peak load shifting, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the rolling algorithm and model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-layer power flow control for a grid-tied photovoltaic plant equipped with battery-supercapacitor energy storage system is presented in this paper. The proposed strategy aims at simultaneously handling the intermittent nature of the solar radiation received by the photovoltaic collectors and the need to consistently supply the specified power taking advantage of the complementary characteristics of the energy storage technologies. It relieves the batteries from stress through the use of the photovoltaic and the supercapacitor to supply the high frequency power demands by means of hierarchical control. Extensive simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed power flow control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design, modelling, and testing of a PEM single fuel cell based on the use of 3D printing. The design of the housings was made of SolidWorks, while MATLAB/SIMULINK were used to model performance. The fabricated cell performed satisfactorily with no leaks of gas, showing that the 3D printing method can be used in the additive manufacturing of fuel cells thus leading to significant cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy crisis is one of the most crucial topics in today's world. Conventional energy resources are not only limited and costly, but also the prime cause for environmental pollution. The environmental pollution and rising cost of the fossil fuels have drawn considerable attention to renewable energy sources. Solar energy, being the cleanest and most reliable renewable energy source, is widely utilized in thermal systems to heat water and air. It offers a vast opportunity for public and private organizations to reduce carbon emissions and cut electricity costs. A viable approach to maximizing the solar panel efficiency is solar tracking. This paper, therefore, proposes an automatic microcontroller-based solar tracker with a hybrid algorithm for locating the sun's position. The proposed hybrid solar tracking algorithm combines both sensors and mathematical models to determine the precise sun's position, thereby harnessing optimal solar energy for all weather conditions. Experimental results consistently show that the hybrid solar tracking algorithm can yield higher solar power that the traditional active and chronological algorithms. A webpage was also developed to facilitate real-time monitoring of solar data. As such, the solar tracking process is fully automated, maximizing the collection and management of solar energy for solar thermal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malaysian Government has been introducing fuel diversification policies over the past decade by considering other sources of fuel such as alternative and renewables into the electricity mix as a measure to lengthen the oil and gas reserves against premature depletion. Since electricity consumption forms about a fifth of the total energy consumption, and directly impacts the country’s economy and people’s well-being, it is necessary to pay emphasis on Malaysia’s long-term power sector planning by identifying sustainable options which will enhance Malaysia’s energy security and mitigate climate change. This paper presents an analysis of the long-term power generation options for Malaysia by deploying the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) model. The examined scenarios are business as usual (BAU) and optimized least cost scenarios which include: existing technology, plus renewable, plus nuclear as well as, plus photovoltaic (PV) and storage. The results indicated that Malaysia has sufficient renewable energy resources to meet the projected electricity demand by 2050 and fossil fuels can be fully replaced with electricity sourced from large hydropower and combination of other indigenous sustainable energy sources. The variability issue of renewables can be stabilized with the integration of storage systems into the grid. This analysis also demonstrated that installation of 8.57 GW solar PV panels on existing rooftops combined with 3.6 GW large-scale pumped heat energy storage (PHES) system can generate electricity comparable to a 2.0 GW nuclear plant at a lower system cost of $102.4 billion. Hence, if Malaysia were to adopt a sustainable policy, then nuclear power would not be an ideal option as uranium fuel relies on continuous imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest for utilization of biomass and waste for the significant environmental benefits, energy security and long-term fuel sustainability. Malaysia has enormous biomass resources that is currently under-utilized for electricity generation. The variation in the chemical composition, moisture and alkali contents across different biomass feedstocks requires pre-treatment to avoid problem during thermochemical conversion processes. On the other hand, the problem associated with municipal solid waste limit the application for useful fuel due to heterogeneous in nature and high moisture content. This paper reviews the prospective waste to energy technologies in Malaysia using hydrothermal treatment for production of solid fuel from biomass and municipal solid waste. The selection of thermochemical conversion technologies will be based on the fieldwork, characterization and laboratory experiments, environmental and economic evaluations. The overall objectives are to enhance the physical and chemical properties of the biomass and waste and to increase the thermal efficiency of power plant as part of nation renewable energy mix to reduce dependency to fossil fuels particularly coal. The effective use of biomass and waste can supply the required fuel for future electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the use of energy storage technologies coupled to renewable energy sources in rural electrification as a way to address the energy access challenge. Characteristic energy demanding applications will differently affect the operating conditions for off-grid renewable energy systems. This paper discusses and evaluates simulated photovoltaic power output and battery state of charge profiles, using estimated climate data and electricity load profiles for the Altiplanic highland location of Patacamaya in Bolivia to determine the loss of load probability as optimization parameter. Simulations are performed for three rural applications: household, school, and health center. Increase in battery size prevents risk of electricity blackouts while increasing the energy reliability of the system. Moreover, increase of PV module size leads to energy excess conditions for the system reducing its efficiency. The results obtained here are important for the application of off-grid PV-battery systems design in rural electrification projects, as an efficient and reliable source of electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach of this paper relies on a prospective study up to 2050 conducted by the TIMES model, combined with a quantitative assessment of the French power sector reliability. It is to take into account the short term power grid transient conditions in long-term prospective analysis. For this purpose, a reliability indicator related to the kinetic reserves has been defined and endogenized in the model in order to observe how the power system reliability may evolve in response to a high share of renewable energy source (RES) integration and stability constraint. It enables us to draw for reliability-constrained scenarios with high shares of RES, the possible shape of investments, additional back-up and flexible options needed to guarantee the grid’s stability anytime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research project is to develop a solar-powered refrigerator in the lower capacity range of up to 5 kW of cooling power. With the use of liquid pistons and one of the most efficient thermodynamic cycles known, the Stirling cycle, this product has the potential to outperform rival solar cooling technologies while providing inexpensive, reliable, quiet, environmentally-friendly, and efficient solar cooling for residential use, due to its straightforward manufacturing, simple design and inert working gas. Presented in this paper are the newest results of the theoretical and experimental investigation into deducing the key design parameters and system configuration of the so called Liquid Piston Stirling Cooler (LPSC), which will lead to optimal performance. Computer models of the complex unconstrained system have been constructed and validated using the modelling software Sage and shown to replicate system behaviour with reasonable accuracy in experiments. The models have been used to predict system improvements and identify limitations imposed by the use of liquid pistons. The results to date provide a unique insight into a relatively little studied area in Stirling research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable energy systems into the electric grid creates several technical challenges. To investigate the impact of renewable energy injection into the electric network, it is necessary to examine the static and dynamic behavior of power systems. These studies are important to ensure the system stability and secure operation of the electric network under fault disturbance. Steady state and dynamic analysis configurations are proposed in this paper to analyze the Moroccan southern transmission network. They focus on the impact induced by any power unit added to the power system through power flow calculation and transient stability. The objective of the performed steady state analysis is to calculate the load flow on the transmission lines, transformers and the voltage profile of system buses. The dynamic stability study is conducted to determine the power system behavior when a three-phase fault is applied, at critical connection points of distributed generators, to the grid. In addition, this work identifies the critical fault clearing time of various power stations. The aforementioned studies are Abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is urgent necessity for estimating the capacity value of renewable energy sources (RES) in the planning of modern power systems to avoid excessive investment at generation side and RES curtailment. Firstly in this paper, the models of conventional units and the load curve are introduced along with the output model of RES, which takes the correlation between PV and wind plants into account using copulas. On the basis of these models, the sequential Monte Carlo sampling (SMCS) method is employed to compute the reliability index of generating system, such as loss of load expectation (LOLE) and expected energy not supplied (EENS). After that, in view of the concept of effective load carrying capacity (ELCC), the capacity value of RES is estimated by adopting secant method to maintain the reliability indices before and after RES integration unchanged. Finally, a study case is designed with the actual data of a certain western province in China to prove the correctness and feasibility of this proposed estimation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the significant importance of the civil society stakeholders (CSSs) in promoting renewable energy. Indeed, the share of renewable energy has more than doubled within the past decade and CSSs has been an important driver for increasing renewable energy generation to date. Operationally, when it comes to promoting renewable energy, civil society along with a partnership with key actors may add a value because of their capacity to provide efficient public services. Despite the fact, that we, recently, have witnessed a proliferation of the literature about civil society, reviews have regularly omitted the stream of research conducted by social scientists. Furthermore, empirical studies have only focused on understanding civil society as a politically meaningful concept. Therefore, through a systematic review of academic literature and by using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [1] as a theoretical framework, the current research attempts to propose a conceptual model focusing on CSSs attitudes toward the promotion of renewable energy from a Tunisian perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the results of monitoring a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system, which was installed in Medio San Juan (Andagoya), Colombia. The system is operating in the Building of Renewable Energy of Chocó - CERCHOCO - and it is composed of a 20 kW photovoltaic generator connected to the electrical grid through a 20 kW three-phase inverter. We installed a monitoring system for measuring and analyzing the performance and power quality of the BIPV system. The meteorological and solar radiation data in the site of installation are also analyzed to correlate with system performance. On the basis of 2016 monitoring results, the performance of the BIPV system has been analyzed for component perspective (PV array and inverter) and global perspective (system efficiency, electrical energy and power quality etc.). Energy analysis and economic evaluation revealed that to get a trade off between energy and economic viability, the BIPVS installations must be heavily subsidized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring access to affordable. reliable. sustaiiiable modem energy is a key challenge in reducing poverty in developing countries. Off-grid rural electrification based on decentralized renewable energy lias been recognized as an effective way to increase access to energy in remote areas. However. there is some doubt about its long-tenn sustainability. Previous stndies hove indicated that once renewable energy génération facilities are installed. the responsibility for operation and maintenance is often handed over to the local community, and. eventiially. the project fails because of a lack of maintenance budget. This paper discusses issues related to the sustainability of MHP-based rural electrification as a case study in a remote village in West Java, Indonesia. that is deeply steeped local traditions. A complementary approach bervveen the community and a private company was introduced to improve the economie sustainability of MHPPs while simultaneously conserving local traditions and livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, a new approach for the management of energy resources in a research laboratory is proposed and evaluated. A simulation study for the photovoltaic (PV) installation was conducted under the Tunisian-Italian cooperation project DE.DU.ENER.T, using renewable energy and economic criteria. The aim of the study is to improve the energy efficiency in order to minimize the electricity cost consumed in the laboratory. A Hybrid Renewable Energy System consisting of a photovoltaic field of 12KWc was installed to reduce the exorbitant bills, due to intensive energy equipment such as drying ovens and workstations, using sustainable, green and clean sources. In addition, a sizing theoretical study of the PV system was primarily realized in order to evaluate, in the first hand, the compatibility between different equipment and to compare, in the second hand, with results given by two software SMA Sunny Design and PV*SOL. We designed and managed these systems optimally to promote the self-consumption of the electric energy in the LPT Research laboratory building. The focus would be on the use of the PV system by evaluating the impacts of electricity generation using renewable energy levied on electricity grid (energy injection and extraction) and the economies that can be achieved during operating hours. Results of PV-SYST study obtained by the simulation of our installation will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable power generation becomes more popular nowadays due to the low availability of fuels. This paper proposes an integration of single DC source reduced switch multilevel inverter topology for grid connected photovoltaic system to achieve a good quality output waveform. The proposed configuration requires less number of power semiconductor devices when compared to conventional multilevel inverter configurations for generating higher output voltage level with lower total harmonic distortion. A sine reference with phase disposition triangular carrier arrangement is utilized for generating the switching pulses to the proposed multilevel inverter. A single diode model in photovoltaic system and dual output boost converter is utilized in the proposed system to reduce the complexity. Also, the improved incremental and conductance maximum power point tracking is selected in this work. The proposed system is tested only in standard test condition using MATLAB/Simulink. Hence, the proposed system is well suitable for grid connected in photovoltaic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents CO 2 mitigation potential in the power sector of Thailand regarding to the Power Development Plan (PDP 2015) and Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2015). Renewable energy and advanced technology have the potential to play an important role in providing clean energy. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model is used to analyze future electricity demand, fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions reduction in the long term planning during 2010-2050. Regarding to those plans, implementations of renewable energy and advanced technology are proposed for mitigation options. The mitigation scenarios offer sustainable potential of renewable technologies and advanced technologies such as solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, hydropower, hydrogen fuel cell, tidal, geothermal and fossil-fuel power plants with carbon capture storage (CCS). Four mitigation scenarios are modeled along with the BAU scenario. The Mitigation 1 (MIT01) scenario is the base-case mitigation scenario based on the target of PDP2015, which target of renewable energy is 19,634 MW in 2036. In the Mitigation 2 (MIT02) scenario, the technologies in the MIT01 plus new technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell, tidal and geothermal are implemented. Clean fossil fuel technologies with CCS, for example natural gas and coal technologies, are applied in the Mitigation 3 (MIT03) scenario. In the Mitigation 4 (MIT04) scenario as the peak CO 2 scenario. Results show that, in the BAU scenario, electricity demand and CO 2 emissions from the power sector will increase to 52,770 ktoe and 345,959 kt-CO 2eq , respectively in 2050. By adopting mitigation options, total CO 2 emissions in 2050 can be mitigated by 69.66% in MIT04, following by 50.83% in MIT02, 47.22% in MIT03, and 41.71% in MIT01 when compared to the BAU scenario. Moreover, regarding to the MIT04, Thailand can meet its peak CO 2 emission by 2036. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of low head small hydro power in Thailand. Hydropower is one of the renewable resources which spread across all regions in the country. Moreover, it is a source of renewable energy that cheaper than others. The development of local small hydropower design and manufacturing is important to the cost of generating electricity and the stability of domestic energy. The small hydro turbine designed as axial propeller turbine suitable for reservoir with water head range 10 to 20 meters. The runner blade designed as marine propeller shape with reversed mean camber line that obtained a high performance hydro turbine. The turbine has four fixed blades with a diameter of 0.4 meters, 0.35 hub to tip ratio and the 12 pieces of adjustable guide vanes. The turbine shaft directly coupling with a 160 kW induction generator at a rotational speed 1,000 rpm. The performance test results suited for water head all range of 10 to 20 meters with the guide vane angle 40 to 45 degrees and derived with the overall efficiency of 70% to 80%. Total cost of the small hydro turbine generator is USD513/kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of CO 2 mitigation potential of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the residential sector in Indonesia and Thailand. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model was used to analyze future energy demand, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions during 2010-2050. This study applied demand side management (DSM) options to reduce CO 2 emission in the residential sector by implementing renewable energy and energy efficiency measures in lighting, cooking, and cooling devices. In this analysis, five mitigation actions were selected, called Sustainable Solar System (Solar), Sustainable Biogas System (Biogas), Efficient Lighting Devices (Lighting), Efficient Cooling Devices (Cooling), and Efficient Cooking Stove (Cooking) scenarios. Results show that in 2050 the Cooling scenario shows the highest energy saving of 22.99% when compared with the BAU. In the BAU, energy demand and emission in Indonesian residential sector will be 73,578 ktoe and 68,219 kt-CO 2eq in 2050, respectively. The highest CO 2 mitigation of 45,208 kt-CO 2eq , accounted for 33.73% of emissions in the BAU, will be achieved in the Cooling and Lighting scenarios. In Thailand’s residential sector, the Cooling scenario shows the highest energy saving of 6.04% in 2050 when compared with the BAU. In the BAU scenario in Thailand’s residential sector, energy demand and CO 2 emissions will be about 21,916 ktoe and 26,607 kt-CO 2eq in 2050, respectively. The highest CO 2 mitigation potential of 23,573 kt-CO 2eq will be achieved in the Biogas scenario, CO 2 reduction will be 11.42% of emissions in the BAU. The Lighting scenario shows the lowest potential of CO 2 mitigation of 25,221 kt-CO 2eq . The CO 2 reduction will be 5.21% of emissions in the BAU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood and refuse derived fuel was carried out in a continuously weighing fixed bed reactor performing as a macro thermogravimetric analyzer (macro-TGA). All samples were heated from ambient temperature to 800 ºC at different heating rates; 5, 10, and 15 ºC/min. Because of buoyancy effect and measurement uncertainties, noises were generally detected in mass change or thermogravimetric (TG) data obtained from the macro-TGA. The noises led to high degree of fluctuation in the derivative TG (DTG) data. These fluctuating data could not be used directly to analyze kinetic parameters. Smoothing was required in eliminating the noise to obtain reliable DTG data used for subsequent kinetic analysis. In this paper, Gaussian smoothing technique was applied to characterize the smoothing quality, based on mathematics and kinetics points of view. In mathematical analysis, values of smoothing parameters σ within 4-15 showed that raw-data can be improved to be sufficiently smooth to achieve DTG curves without high fluctuation by fourth-order central difference method. Smoothed TG curves did not significantly differ from the original signals. However, kinetic analysis results indicated that only Gaussian smoothing with 7 ≤ σ ≤ 10 can provide meaningful kinetic parameters ( E a ~ 140-150 kJ/mol), which can be used to describe pyrolysis behavior in macro-TGA satisfactorily (R 2 ≥ 0.99). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a solution to a problem of optimal allocation of distributed generator (DG) for multi objective minimization of real power loss, reactive power loss, reactive power generation and voltage deviation. The four objective functions are formulated and combined to form a single objective function using weighting factors. The problem is solved by using a technique formed by a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Newton Raphson Power Flow (NRPF) methods. This hybrid strategy utilizes the global searching capability of PSO and its derivative free nature and the ability of NRPF method to find optimal solution when initial points are efficiently chosen to reach global optimal solution. The method is tested on IEEE 14-bus power system. To minimize cost one DG is considered for installation. The proposed method iteratively moves DG in each load bus of the test system, find optimal transformers’ taps settings and compute objective function value. The DG is assumed to generate 2.5 MW. The bus that gives the minimum value of the objective function is considered as the best candidate for DG installation. In this work, it is bus number nine. Distributed generator used is from wind energy technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the current situation of the renewable energies (RE) in Algeria and the structure of the national grid. In view of studying the issues of grid integration of injection of renewable energy produced by distributed systems. The main issues to be considered actually in Algeria are the lines upgrade and the protections design, to prepare the near future of large share of renewable electricity in the national energy mix. For grid integration, due to continuously decreasing cost of battery storage, the modeling and the structure of control of a photovoltaic grid connected system is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the reliability of numerical models used for estimating multi-chamber oscillating water column (MC-OWC) response in the time-domain. The model for the internal water surface level and instantaneous pressure inside the chamber at regular waves conditions using a hybrid system of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic rigid piston models without power take-off. Reliability is assessed using experimental data obtained from a wave tank used in the model concept validation. The results show the method could be extended to describe the hydrodynamics of the MC-OWC in regular and irregular wave conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to design a map of the positive effects caused by the implementation, in a winery, of a series of prototypes for substituting non-renewable energies for clean energies. For this aim, we propose the use of a multi-level approach including three analyses: a multi-stakeholder analysis to determine all the interest groups affected by this intervention; a multi-dimensional analysis in order to identify the effects from the triple bottom line of sustainability; and a multi-term analysis to classify the effects depending on when they take place: immediate, intermediate and long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green energy transition must be understood as a complex process requiring the involvement of many actors. Civil society stakeholders’ opinion on energy sources began to influence energy policy formation and implementation. It plays a significant and complementary role to central government’s actions in raising awareness about the green energy transition and positions themselves in the move towards a sustainable energy future. Greater understanding of civil society motivations towards the promotion of renewables will present both opportunities, and highlight challenges, for the delivery of an energy policy and action-taking aimed at progress towards energy sustainability. Previous researches have tended to analyze civil society participation from a more broadly perspective which interrogated the dynamic of group formation apart from the work we present in this paper which explores the civil society’s motivations and barriers to promote renewable energies in Tunisia through a qualitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heating, ventilation and air conditioning plant of a historical valuable building in the centre of Vicenza (Italy) was retrofitted during 2007-2012 period. An underground water source electrical compression heat pump was installed with a monitoring and data logging system. In this paper the analysis of the performance data of the last three cooling seasons and the last two heating seasons (2014-2016) is developed. The analysis reveals that some critical aspects determined poor energy performance of the plant during the first operation period. Such issues and the technical solutions suggested by the Authors are presented in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of algae biofuel from aquatic and terrestial systems are global emerging strategies for the reduction of the overreliance on fossil fuel based on its potentials to promote the green environment, which can be a panacea to the global warming, climate change and other earthly challenges affecting global evolution. Algae as bioenergetic resource has the capacity to solve the uneven energy supply of developing countries. This study adopts an exploratory research appraoch and uses a contextual SWOT model to assess what needs to be done on the premise of the prevailing situation in Nigeria and strategically analyzes the risk and potential benefits of biodiesel production from algae. The model helps to examine the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the algae biofuel production and utilization peculiar to Nigeria. The result showed that there are prospects for the algae biofuel implementation in Nigeria, though with various limitations. Some of the challenges anticipated could be resolved with adequate government and private stakeholders support in terms of policies, funding and sustainable management. The main focus of this paper is on micro-algae, known for their rapid growth rate and suitability as feedstock for biodiesel (third generation of bio energy). With Nigeria’s total economic dependence on petroleum oils, algae derived biofuel could provide options as well as aid environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current cause–effect relationships between the burning of fossil fuels and environmental, social and economic problems, the model of development for society's future requires transition pathways for a low carbon energy system. Here, the recognition of a smart dimension of rural areas associated with sustainable energy development, while still nascent, is both relevant and suggestive. The paper presents SMART RURAL, a model that revolves around a “think smart-plan local-act rural” approach, promoting a strong engagement with renewable energy, energy efficiency and smart grid toward net-zero energy balance at the municipal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new generation of multifunctional, adaptive and dynamic facades is to be developed in the framework of the research project SELFIE to respond to the EU Directive 2002/91. The aim is to build novel adaptive envelope systems for nZEB to facilitate the exploitation of RES at building scale and simultaneously improve indoor environmental quality both in existing and new buildings. The project focuses on the design, testing and construction of innovative technological systems capable of integrating energy saving smart materials and novel technologies, for buildings located in the Mediterranean area. The Adaptive Box Window elements presented in this paper are designed to be preassembled, modular and adaptive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are continually striving to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic panels which contain solar cells that convert light energy to electrical energy. The objective is to improve photovoltaic (PV) efficiency by maintaining it below maximum allowable temperature. Accordingly, the excess in heat must be dissipated efficiently in order to avoid excessive high temperatures, which have an adverse effect on the electrical performance of the cell. Therefore, in this paper an experimental study is presented to enhance the performance of PV panels using Aluminum finned plate, and cooling under natural convection. The use of heat sinks has been conducted to address this problem by using an optimum design of Aluminum finned plate. The results show that the use of an Aluminum finned plate has increased the solar to electrical conversion efficiency by 1.75%, and the output power by 1.86 Watt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic waste fraction disposed to landfill induce the release of greenhouse gas and leachate due to its degradation. The collection and treatment of such typology of waste is imperative in order to decrease environmental pollution and improve recycling rates. The aim of this study is to define a flexible and economically viable system to process all the RMSW and the OFMSW coming from SC, in a territory with low recycling rates. To that purpose, the survey provides a dynamic system which comply with future increases in the efficiency of SC systems. Dry anaerobic batch reactors are considered in order to treat RMSW and to operate the OFMSW, as long as SC improves. Four scenarios were considered, in particular for 10%, 25%, 50% and 75% SC rate. Biogas production has been estimated for evaluating the potentiality of each SC rate, since it can be exploited for generating electric energy and heating. Biogas generation is enhanced of the 21% by increasing from 10% to 75% SC, making the system more profitable under an energetic point of view. Moreover, the amount of electric energy which could be sold per year for each SC scenario was calculated, resulting as 631,293 kWh for the 10% SC and 442,527 kWh for 75% SC. Considerations on the exportability of the approach were also added in the paper, highlighting the affordability of the anaerobic digestion system in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric floors generate many microwatts up to many watts per step, depending on space pedestrians’ frequency and piezoelectric technology. Although there are a number of earnest researches that have focused on harvesting power from piezoelectric floors tiles, the piezoelectric application is still hindered by many factors, which leads to the deprivation of the advantages of this technology. The research addresses how to get the Maximum benefits from piezoelectric energy harvesting floor in Buildings’ interior spaces, according to the various weight of every usage factors, and through the integration of different kind of piezoelectric technology capabilities. This Paper seeks to spread piezoelectric energy harvesting floor applications, through Facilitate how to conciliate and harmonize between the challenging requirement of usage factors and the application possibilities using a proposed tool. Feasibility study guide supported by various case studies that has been described as a benchmark for the future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to energy has increasingly been provided by some governments through new alternative sources of energy known as renewable energy (primarily hydropower, solar, biomass, wind, geothermal). Renewable energy has become a strategic energy source for some countries as it provides clean, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy to millions of people. Negative externalities of fossil fuels together with positive externalities of renewable energy have driven the adoption of renewable energy technologies in some countries. As renewable energy technologies require high up-front investment, private sector capital, technology and innovation have often been claimed through public-private partnerships to supplement limited public sector funding in providing such public services. This paper will first review the externalities that have driven the increase of renewable energy projects. Successful international PPP practices in renewable energy sector will then been analyzed to identify key arrangements that contribute to mitigate the risks attached to a particular renewable energy project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, investment into carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies has been seemingly sidelined to encourage larger renewable energy generation investment. High initial CCS costs have to compete with decreasing renewable costs and in some scenarios the role of CCS is completely overtaken by renewable energy. However, not recognising the value of a wider variety of low-carbon options in an energy system and committing to a single low-carbon technology can lead to a reduction in flexibility and further down the line even a lock out from successfully adapting the system to new advancements in smart technologies. On the path to a greener British energy system, gas power plants are considered as the transitional technology given the intermittent nature of most renewable generation. CCS can play a crucial role in mitigating the polluting effects of conventional generation. This paper employs real options analysis (ROA) to explore various cost and flexibility states, accounting for various penetrations of CCS and renewables working in cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European statistics (EUROSTAT) showed that, until some years ago, Romania has been considered a country without pumped storage plants (PSPs). Currently, Romania appears to have a total capacity of 91.5 MW, installed in five pumped storage plants operated by Hidroelectrica within their hydropower developments portfolio. The paper presents the hydropower developments of PSPs type in Romania; and an evaluation of their electricity production with emphasis on the renewable component, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the most promising solutions to generate renewable electricity in the built environment. BIPV applications can replace regular building components into prefab integrated components that at the same time generate electricity, contributing to the aesthetics in the built environment. In this paper we thoroughly review the existing BIPV stakeholders, the BIPV ecosystem and policy and legislation for BIPV in the Netherlands. The information that is provided throughout this research and the conclusions that were drawn should be taken into account by the government, academia and the BIPV industry when further designing the BIPV (export) strategy for the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent algorithms for optimal management of renewable power applied to an autonomous hybrid system for water pumping are presented in this paper. The hybrid system combines a wind turbine (WT) with photovoltaic panels (PV) as the sources of energy, storing energy in a battery bank. The algorithm aims to ensure the system autonomy, a continuous load supply and a safe operation for the battery bank, with the load considered the water pumping in a rural area. After presenting the modeling of the various elements that consititute the system, three algorithms: TOR, Fuzzy Logic and Genetics Algorithms are studied for deciding the connection of battery bank and the different energy sources to the local microgrid. These three techniques are then compared using a simulated water pumping system, showing that they effectively optimize the use of renewable energy to meet the load demand and to ensure a safe operation for the Battery Bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]