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The Rotterdam Opslag en Afvang Demonstratieproject (Rotterdam Storage and Capture Demonstration project), or ROAD, aims to build and operate a 250 MWe equivalent CCS chain using post-combustion capture technology and off-shore storage in a depleted gas field under the North Sea. The capture plant would be retrofitted to a new 1 070 MWe coal-fired unit (Maasvakte Power Plant 3) in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It was originally intended to reach a final investment decision at the end of 2010, but the project has faced a series delay associated with permitting, complex commercial negotiations and, most seriously, funding. At the moment (September 2014), the European Commission and the Government of the Netherlands are engaged in a renewed push to solve the funding problems and allow construction to finally start. The project has financial support from the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) and the Government of the Netherlands and is now the only one of the six projects originally supported that still has any realistic prospect of being realized in the short term. This paper presents an update of the overall project development as at the time of GHGT-12 and the accomplished milestones and issues met in the permitting process. In addition, it will focus on the technical and economic aspects of integrating the capture plant with the power plant. Furthermore, it will provide an outlook on future CCS/CCU developments in Rotterdam, describing the steps under development to create a full CO2 hub in the port including options for ship transport and bio-CCS. The paper concludes with the management of the project delays and the implications for the project economics.

This paper examines the relationship between the number and energy consumption of devices in the course video construction system, the relations between the functions and power consumption of the devices, the mode of pioneering traditional construction, and the energy consumption of recording and broadcasting systems. It also presents a scheme for constructing course video resource systems by defining the functional requirements on the basis of the purpose that the systems are intended to serve. Moreover, this paper proposes identifying energy-saving measures in the functional setting of constructed systems. An integrated energy-saving course video resource construction system has been developed (a Chinese patent, No. ZL 2011 2 0015694.8, has been obtained), and data are used to illustrate the energy-saving results of the integrated energy-saving video resource construction system in comparison with existing systems. On this basis, further energy-saving measures are recommended to the integrated system. Such measures include the energy-saving techniques of activating the monitor from the standby mode upon touching the handle, monitoring traffic in the hard disk recorder, and using an energy-saving management chip to improve the working efficiency of the switch power supply.

Data source resulted from preprocessing affects directly the quality of data mining. The methods are not the same according to particular application fields and industries. This paper describes the data preprocessing of credit card in customer segmentation, association analysis and risk detection in detail. Firstly, some tables are selected from credit card database which concerned with analysis topic. Then the paper handles with problems in selected initial data such as noisy data, missing values through data preprocessing which mainly include data cleaning, integration, transformation and reduction, and obtains training sample data needed.

The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings. This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP). A basic CO2 booster commercial refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions.

Distributed Generation can give a relevant contribution to the reduction of the primary energy needs and consequently of the green-house gases emissions. Moreover, it can stimulate the diffusion of renewable energy exploitation technologies through integration. This is widely relevant for the household sector, where energy is required in several forms: electric, heating, cooling. In this paper an energy system optimization model is proposed. The model optimizes the components size and their operating conditions during the day. The energy system is composed of a combined cooling, heating and power system, based on an internal combustion engine and an absorption heat pump integrated with solar thermal and photovoltaic systems. The model minimizes the costs and/or the CO2 emissions and the results reveal that the engine variable operating conditions are more effective than the steady state.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. This paper discusses challenges for integration of CCS into competitive electricity markets by using the European electricity supply system as an example. The work is based on techno-economic modelling of the European electricity generation sector up to Year 2050, assuming a tightening cap on CO2 emissions down to almost no emissions by 2050. It is concluded that natural gas fired conventional power plants is likely to be a serious competitor to coal CCS in the short to medium term providing large emission reduction by fuel shifting from existing coal power plants to new high efficiency gas fired plants. This can be a barrier for early deployment of CCS without additional support. It is also concluded that for regions with large amount of intermittent electricity generation, short term balance in generation will impose challenges to handle CCS plants in relation to load following requirements. Yet, there are regions with good availability of coal combined with unfavorable conditions for wind power, for which CCS can operate in typical base load.

This work proposes the integration into a NGCC of a novel H2 production process based on a double chemical Ca-Cu loop. This H2 production process is based on the Sorption Enhanced Reforming process including a CaO-based solid as a high temperature CO2 sorbent. The addition of a second CuO/Cu loop provides the energy required to carry out sorbent regeneration. The coupling between this process and a combined cycle is discussed in this paper, and an efficiency assessment of the whole plant is accomplished. 9.5 percentage points of efficiency penalty has resulted from the integration proposed in this work, which is in the range of those penalties reported for the ATR, POX or SEWGS integrated with a combined cycle. Ca-Cu looping performance is prone to be improved if less exigent conditions were chosen, which added to the inherent advantages of cheaper reactor design, feasible solid materials and less process units make the Ca-Cu looping process emerge as a potential pre-combustion CO2 capture technology., This work is supported by the R+D Spanish National Program from the former Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project ENE2009-11353 and from CSIC 201280E017. Financial support for I. Martínez during her PhD studies is provided by the FPU programme of the Spanish Ministry of Education.

The recent years have seen growing attention towards the study of dynamic behavior in post-combustion CO2 capture plants using amines, albeit, apparently contesting yet without comparison or critique. This paper reviews what has been reported in literature concerning issues pertinent to transient behavior of CO2 capture including interaction with power plants. Details of models used, their validation and modeling tools as well as an attempt to piece-out convergent points from the various conclusions are given. Knowledge gaps and areas that still need more attention are emphasized.

This paper has researches on the achievement of unified authentication. It uses Windows Active Directory as the authentication authority. It uses Kerberos, SPNEGO, JAAS and JGSS to achieve unified authentication service with single sign-on.Through unified management, unified authentication and the integration of application servers to avoid the emergence of non-uniform isolated information resources and to solve the key requirements of the unity of interface integration and safety certification.

In order to reduce CO2 emissions on a global scale large pilot and demonstration projects that trial new technologies, designs, or construction techniques applicable to full scale plants need to be undertaken. Process Group has designed and built several pilot scale capture plants including one located at the Hazelwood Power Station, which is the largest capture plant on a coal fired power station in Australia. This paper discusses some of the lessons from these pilot plants and presents a new retrofit post-combustion study that investigates carbon capture from a 500 MW power station (nominally 3.7 million tpa CO2) using three solvents with and without heat integration into the steam cycle. Data pertaining to processing 25% of the flue gas from a 500 MW power station (nominally 0.9 million tpa CO2) is also presented.The study found

While CCS is demonstrated globally utilities will face a period with fast learning curves for capture technologies. Technology and cost uncertainty is a topic of particular concern for first-movers. For post-combustion capture plants, costs are expected to decrease in the future and improved solvents are likely to become commercially available after the first CCS plants have started operating. Given that power generation assets are usually paid back over extensive periods of time it is important that, in this context, the first generation of plants and any capture-ready plants can be future-proofed to incorporate future technological improvements. This paper presents selected results from a forthcoming report commissioned by the IEAGHG. A methodology based on a sensitivity analysis of solvent properties is used to identify pieces of equipment, which contribute to locking-in performance with capture. Finally, some principles for analysing power plant economics with improved solvents and assessing the potential financial benefits in competitive electricity market of mitigating these technology risks are examined.

If CO2 emissions are to be reduced to control global warming, many large scale projects will need to be executed on a short term that capture and sequester the CO2. Most studies to date have focused on CO2 capture from power plant flue gas and concluded that the cost of CO2 scrubbing is in itself expensive and that more mature and efficient technologies are needed. CO2 emission control is also complicated by the need to provide SO2 and NOx emission control as well. Burner modifications can be used to control NOx, but other scrubbing technologies are needed to control SO2 emissions. For high sulfur coals, limestone scrubbing is generally applied, adding to the cost of power through purchases of limestone reagent and disposal of by-product gypsum. Cansolv has evolved amine based regenerable technologies that capture SO2 and CO2 and that release them in a water wet, nearly pure condition. SO2 can be converted to sulfuric acid and CO2 can be dried, compressed and sequestered without further treatment. Most importantly, energy used to capture SO2 can be recycled to help capture CO2, reducing the net energy demand of the CO2 process. The use of these two technologies together allows power companies to use higher sulfur, lower cost fuels and reduce energy consumption rates for CO2 capture. By-product sulfuric acid from the SO2 scrubbing system also provides a ready source of revenue to offset scrubbing costs. Cansolv has proven its SO2 scrubbing technologies in commercial applications since 2002. It has operated CO2 pilot plants at several different locations, logging over 6,000 hours of operation. The two technologies will come together in an integrated system, in a plant designed to generate 50 tons per day of CO2, which will start up in 2009. This paper presents important design and performance advantages of these systems.