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• Pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) are compared on the same basis. • The processes were simulated in Aspen Plus® v12. • Catalyst recovery (not gainful) and water recycle (gainful) were evaluated in HTL. • Pyrolysis is a viable alternative for wood waste valorization (5.69 years payback). • With wood waste at zero cost, HTL may be feasible (return of 7.25–8.32 % /year). In this work, the pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction processes were technically and economically evaluated as process alternatives for the valorization of wood waste from the pulp and paper industry. To this end, process simulations were performed in Aspen Plus® v12. A contribution of this article is the presentation of a simulation methodology that allowed the comparison of the two processes on the same basis, making it fair. The economic context selected for this comparison was the Brazilian scenario of the first semester of 2023. The simulation results were applied in equipment sizing and the processes were compared in terms of capital costs, production costs and return on the investment. The study demonstrated that pyrolysis is a viable alternative for wood waste valorization, with a payback period of 5.69 years. In contrast, the energy-intensive thermal liquefaction process does not appear competitive unless wood or natural gas can be procured at prices below the market values found at the time this research was performed. The reactors correspond to 21–42 % of the investment costs in all the processes, while natural gas stands out among the production costs, which justifies the study of energy improvement solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Office paper waste is processed using physiochemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. • The yeast is isolated from rotten banana for the fermentation process. • Box-Behnken analysis was used to determine optimal conditions for key variables. • A blended membrane was applied for the purification process. • Amicon cell and polymeric membrane dehydrate ethanol–water combinations. One potential replacement for fossil fuels is the generation of biofuel from biomass feedstock. To reach the global sustainability goals, it is also necessary to address a number of issues, such as reducing environmental pollution, climate change, and carbon emissions. This work was aimed to convert the office paper waste as biomass feedstock into bioethanol through a sustainable pathway. The office paper waste was hydrolyzed via physiochemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, the liberated glucose was estimated at 15.72 g/L using the optimum conditions of 15 % HCl and 6 % office paper waste followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The yeast isolate B2 that was applied for the fermentation process was isolated from rotten banana, identified as Hanseniaspora uvarum (STDF-B2) and submitted to GenBank with accession number (OP800106). The Box-Behnken design was applied to estimate the optimal conditions for the three most significant variables depending on the one variable at a time results. A blended membrane of sulphonated polyvinyl chloride with poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (SPVC-PAMPS) was applied for the purification of both standard ethanol and produced bioethanol via pervaporation technique (PV). The morphology, chemical composition, mechanical properties and permeability of the membrane were all analyzed in various ways. Following purification using a membrane-integrated amicon cell, the total permeate flows of the laboratory-prepared ethanol and generated bioethanol were 289.54 and 253.06 (g/m2 h), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of paper mill sludge (PMS) was conducted to produce syngas (H 2 and CO) and fabricate magnetic biochar (PMS biochar) for use as an adsorbent for As(V). The enhanced generation of CO was observed in the CO 2 atmosphere due to reactions triggered by CO 2 . Particularly, the generation of syngas from pyrolysis of PMS in CO 2 (9.6 mol% at 720 °C) was superior to the cases of pyrolysis of acid-washed PMS ( i.e. , minerals-eliminated PMS) in CO 2 (2.9 mol% at 720 °C), which evidences catalytic effects attributed by Fe and Ca species contained in PMS. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyrolysis of PMS in CO 2 led to the conversion of Fe species into magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) solid phase that imparted the magnetic property to the biochar (saturation magnetization: 28.4 emu g −1 ). The PMS biochar exhibited high As(V) adsorption capacity of 34.1 mg g −1 in a given condition, which could be attributed to the great adsorption affinity of Fe 3 O 4 /CaCO 3 mixture toward As(V). The integrated approach for the utilization of PMS could satisfy growing demand for renewable energy and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the possibility of combining different forest industries (a pulp and paper mill, its supply chain, and a wood-pellet plant) into an integrated industrial site in which they share a common heat and power utility. Advanced process integration and optimization techniques are used to study the site from both material and energy viewpoints. An existing pulp and paper mill is used as the site core plant and its pulp and paper production rates are kept fixed as they are in reality, while the other material flow links among the plants are based on the current industrial situation in Sweden. Different scenarios are evaluated in order to reflect the two main objectives that can be pursued (increased electricity production or biomass resource saving) and the two technologies that can be considered for the shared CHP system (boilers and product gas fired gas turbines). The corresponding non-integrated (standalone) configurations are compared to these scenarios to quantify the potential benefits of the integration. Investment opportunity is also calculated for the considered scenarios as an indicator of the economic convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME), a rich cellulosic material, was found to have great potential for biohydrogen production through a photofermentation process. However, pretreatments were needed for degrading the complex structure of PPME before biohydrogen production. The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the effect of an ultrasonication process on PPME as a pretreatment method and on photofermentative biohydrogen production using Rhodobacter sphaeroides NCIMB. The ultrasonication amplitudes and times were varied between 30–90% and 15–60 min, respectively, and no dilution or nutrient supplementation was introduced during the biohydrogen production process. A higher biohydrogen yield, rate, light efficiency and COD removal efficiency were attained in conditions using ultrasonicated PPME. Among these different pretreatment conditions, PPME with ultrasonication pretreatment employing an amplitude of 60% and time of 45 min (A60:T45) gave the highest yield and rate of 5.77 mL H 2 /mL medium and 0.077 mL H 2 /mL h, respectively, while the raw PPME without ultrasonication showed a significantly lower yield and rate of 1.10 mL H 2 /mL medium and 0.015 mL H 2 /mL h, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of using ultrasonication as a pretreatment for PPME because the yield and rate of biohydrogen production were highly enhanced compared to the raw PPME. Economic analysis was also performed in this study, and in comparison with raw PPME, the highest net saving was $0.2132 for A60:T45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis is a promising technology for the production of marketable energy products from waste mixtures, as it decomposes heterogeneous material into homogenous fuel products. This research assessed the ability of slow pyrolysis to convert three waste streams, composed of fibre residues contaminated with different plastic mixtures, into char and tarry phase products at three different temperatures (300, 425 and 550 °C). The products were characterised in terms of mass yield, higher heating value (HHV) and gross energy conversion (EC). Significant amounts of hydrocarbon plastics in the feed materials increased the calorific values of the char (up to 32.9 MJ/kg) and tarry phase (up to 42.8 MJ/kg) products, comparable to high volatile bituminous A coal and diesel respectively. For all three waste streams converted at 300 °C, the majority of the energy in the feedstock was recovered in the char product (>80%), while deoxygenation of fibre component resulted in char with increased calorific value (up to 31.6 MJ/kg) being produced. Pyrolysis at 425 °C for two of the waste streams containing significant amounts of plastic produced both a valuable char and tarry phase, which resulted in an EC greater than 74%. Full conversion of plastic at 550 °C increased the tarry phase yield but dramatically decreased the char HHV. The influence of temperature on product yield and HHV was discussed based on the pyrolysis mechanisms and in relation to the plastic composition of the waste streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A two-phase mass transfer model of paper-based microfluidic fuel cell is proposed. • The coupling characteristics of capillary action and two-phase flow are revealed. • The fluctuation mechanism of cell performance and gas distribution is explored. • Gas removal strategies are summarized, with a maximum gas removal rate of 42.30%. Paper-based microfluidic fuel cell powered by capillary force has the advantages of compactness, low cost, and high sensitivity, presenting broad application prospects in portable electronic devices. However, the gas-liquid mass transfer mechanism within the porous medium remains unclear, with a lack of two-phase flow theories adapted to the unique paper-based system. In this study, a two-dimensional two-phase numerical model of a Y-shaped paper-based microfluidic fuel cell is developed to reveal the two-phase flow characteristics under capillary action and explore gas removal strategies. The reliability of the model is validated by real experimental data. By coupling multiple physical fields, the study elucidates the working principle and gas-liquid flow phenomena within the cell. Then, the effects of contact angle, inlet fuel concentration, and paper type on output performance, gas distribution, parasitic effect, and fuel utilization are discussed. The results indicate that increasing the contact angle and using paper with a larger average pore size and porosity as the channel substrate are ideal for promoting gas discharge. The optimal gas removal rate reached 42.30 %, with a favorable power density of 33.92 mW/cm2. This study provides a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the two-phase mass transfer process in paper-based microfluidic fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Efforts to enhance PMFC performance are reviewed. • Both exciting advancements and current limitations are discussed. • An innovative strategy of multi-scale simultaneous optimization is proposed. Paper-based microfluidic fuel cell (PMFC) has attracted great attention in the microfluidic fuel cell field in recent years. It utilizes the spontaneous capillary flow of reactant solutions in paper-based porous substrate to achieve passive transportations of fuel and oxidant, solving the fluid driving issue encountered in traditional microfluidic fuel cells and thus having broad application prospects in medical detection, wearable devices, micro sensors, environmental monitoring, and many other fields. However, the commercialization of this technology is impeded by the low output performance caused by the limited mass and energy transfer in PMFCs. To enhance the mass and energy transfer in PMFCs, numerous research studies have been conducted via experimental optimization of the cell materials and structures. Numerical analyses focusing on the structure–activity relationship of PMFCs were also performed recently. To provide a comprehensive and thorough review about the efforts devoted to improving performance of PMFC, research papers relevant to PMFC since its invention in 2014 have been extracted in this work and significant works were filtered to highlight the exciting advancements. The experimental studies were classified and discussed based on the key components involved in the PMFC system, followed by a critical review of the limited computational models. Potential directions for future research were also provided, aimed at overcoming the current technological challenges in PMFCs. Importantly, an innovative strategy of multi-scale simultaneous optimization of the cell properties is proposed considering the typical multi-scale feature of the PMFC system, which could inspire the designing of advanced cell materials with optimal multi-scale structures for applications of PMFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper industry is a water-intensive industry. This industry commonly produces considerable amount of effluent, especially from virgin raw materials processing. The effluent, namely pulp and paper mill effluent has the potential to adversely affect the receiving watercourses. However, the nutrients in the pulp and paper mill effluent could be reused as a substrate in biohydrogen production. In this study, photofermentative biohydrogen production was investigated using Rhodobacter sphaeroides and pulp and paper mill effluent as a substrate. An application of low power ultrasound on R. sphaeroides was predicted to increase photofermentative biohydrogen production but excessive ultrasound effects might inhibit the production due to possible cell disruption. Hence, various ultrasonication duration (5, 10 and 15 min) and amplitude (15%, 30% and 45%) were applied on the bacteria to determine the recommended ultrasonication conditions for improving biohydrogen production. The recommended conditions were operated at ultrasonication amplitude and duration of 30% and 10 min, respectively. A maximum biohydrogen yield of 9.62 mL bioH 2 /mL medium was obtained under this condition, which was 66.7% higher than the result obtained using R. sphaeroides without undergoing ultrasonication (control). The light efficiency and cell concentration were increased by 67% and 150%, respectively, using ultrasonication amplitude and duration of 30% and 10 min, respectively as compared to the control. The present results demonstrated that moderate power of ultrasonication applied on R. sphaeroides was an effective method for enhancing photofermentative biohydrogen production using raw pulp and paper mill effluent as a bioresource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of sheep dung (SD) produced on farms in China is a potential feedstock for production of clean energy in the form of biogas. Similarly, waste paper can be a notable energy source that is worth exploiting. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of co-digesting nitrogen-rich SD with the carbon-rich corrugated board (CB) or waste office paper (OP) in varying volatile solids (VS) ratios, to produce methane. Synergistic effect of co-digesting SD with CB and SD with OP on methane production was found in this study. The highest methane yields of 151.62 and 198.85 mL/g-VS were obtained during the co-digestions of SD with CB at 4:1 ratio (SDCB) and SD with OP at 2:3 ratio (SDOP), respectively. High-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the microbial diversity and richness in SDCB and SDOP co-digests were higher than in SD and OP mono-digests, respectively. Characteristic bacteria and archaea in the digests were strongly substrate-related and might contribute to methane production. The validated results indicated that methane production through anaerobic co-digestion of SD and waste paper can be an efficient way that could not only reduce environmental pollution but also contribute to methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of batch photofermentative biohydrogen production was investigated using ultrasonication pre-treatment on a combined effluent of palm oil and pulp and paper mills. The effects of the amplitude (30–90%) and ultrasonication duration (5–60 min) were investigated in terms of their influences on the biohydrogen yield and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The recommended ultrasonication parameters were found at the higher ranges of amplitude and duration (A70T45). Using A70T45 ultrasonication, the production of biohydrogen at 30 °C could be enhanced up to 8.72 mL H 2 /mL medium , with a total COD removal of 36.9%. During pre-treatment at A70T45, an energy input of 775 J/mL was supplied to disintegrate complex compounds into simpler structures. As a result, an increase in the soluble organic matter concentration was achieved, which led to enhanced biohydrogen production. On the other hand, the lowest biohydrogen yield (4.67 mL H 2 /mL medium ) and total COD removal (28.8%) were obtained in the control without pre-treatment. The enthalpy of the photofermentation process was estimated to be 141.1 kJ/mol with a threshold temperature of 30.9 °C based on a modified Arrhenius approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of vacuum, slow and fast pyrolysis processes to transfer energy from the paper waste sludge (PWS) to liquid and solid products was compared. Paper waste sludges with low and high ash content (8.5 and 46.7 wt.%) were converted under optimised conditions for temperature and pellet size to maximise both product yields and energy content. Comparison of the gross energy conversions, as a combination of the bio-oil/tarry phase and char (EC sum ), revealed that the fast pyrolysis performance was between 18.5% and 20.1% higher for the low ash PWS, and 18.4% and 36.5% higher for high ash PWS, when compared to the slow and vacuum pyrolysis processes respectively. For both PWSs, this finding was mainly attributed to higher production of condensable organic compounds and lower water yields during FP. The low ash PWS chars, fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vacuum pyrolysis tarry phase products had high calorific values (∼18–23 MJ kg −1 ) making them promising for energy applications. Considering the low calorific values of the chars from alternative pyrolysis processes (∼4–7 MJ kg −1 ), the high ash PWS should rather be converted to fast pyrolysis bio-oil to maximise the recovery of usable energy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] 9–12h adsorption of CO2 in the 1st cycle increases cyclic CO2 adsorption of APMW. [•] Repeated prolonged adsorptions in cycles are feasible to capture CO2 using APMW. [•] Prolonged adsorption increases pores in 10–100nm of APMW after desorption of CO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pyrolysis process of coffee paper cup samples was investigated in a flow stream of nitrogen at different heating rates (10, 20, 30 and 40°Cmin−1), using thermo-analytical techniques. It was found that second pyrolysis stage can be described by Šesták-Berggren (SB) autocatalytic model, with mechanism function f(α)=α0.011(1−α)1.459. Based on analysis of SB kinetic exponents (designated by M and N), it was found that second pyrolysis stage is mainly controlled by chemical process, involving reactions with reaction-order (n) higher than unity. Applying specific statistical analysis, in order to obtain precise distribution of reactivity, the discrete (binomial) distribution has shown that there are two important areas of current distribution for corresponding energy outcomes, within the apparent activation energy as random variable. The first "concentration" area of energy outcomes corresponds to start of chain end depolymerization reaction forming levoglucosan at high enough temperature region, while second "concentration" area of energy outcomes includes occurrence of macro-radicals in liquid phase propagate with radical addition on unsaturated C-C bonds, with cross-linking and formation of small chemical species. It was found that further elevating of temperature (above 340°C), will leads to fact that rate of tar-forming reactions increases and formation of char decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Various carbon nanotube-based devices are developed for solar energy utilization. • The water evaporation system can generate freshwater (1.28 kg m−2h−1). • The solar-thermoelectric system can output a voltage and charge a cellphone. • The supercapacitor performs an areal specific capacitance of 19.6 mF cm−2. • The hybrid energy system can produce freshwater, generate and store electric power. Nowadays, multi-functional systems driven by solar energy have been explored to alleviate the crisis of energy and freshwater scarcity. However, it remains a great challenge to integrate multi-functions into one hybrid system with a monolithic material, which can harvest, convert and store solar energy synergistically. Here, we firstly propose a multi-functional carbon nanotube paper, which starts from a material level to solve these problems. The carbon nanotube paper is fabricated by vacuum filtration. It exhibits high efficiency of solar-thermal conversion. Secondly, three types of energy conversion/storage systems (e.g., solar-thermal evaporation system, solar-thermoelectric generation system, and supercapacitor) are constructed based on the carbon nanotube paper, which extend the research to a device level. The solar-thermal evaporation system shows an evaporation rate of 1.28 kg m-2h−1 under simulated sunlight irradiation of 1 kW m−2. The solar-thermoelectric generation system demonstrates a stable electric power generation with an output voltage of 100 mV under light irradiation of 1 kW m−2. The supercapacitors perform the energy storage function with an areal specific capacitance of 19.6 mF cm−2. These devices and systems can be used in freshwater generation (0.84 kg m-2h−1, sunlight irradiation of 1 kW m−2), water purification/desalination (inorganic ions rejection larger than 99.9%) and portable solar charging system (maximum output voltage of 5 V). Finally, a hybrid energy system is innovatively proposed from the system level to simultaneously produce freshwater, generate and store electric power. Through the synergetic coupling of solar conversion and storage technologies, the hybrid energy system can supply sustainable freshwater and electricity for remote areas in daily life, highlighting the superiority of multi-energy (thermal energy, electrical energy, and electrochemical energy) complementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal characteristics and kinetics of paper mill sludge (PMS), municipal solid waste (MSW) and their blends in the combustion process were investigated in this study. The mass percentages of PMS in the blends were 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%, respectively. The experiments were carried out at different heating rates (10 °C/min, 20 °C/min and 30 °C/min) and the temperature ranged from room temperature to 1000 °C in a thermogravimetric simultaneous thermal analyzer. The results suggested that the ignition temperature and burnout temperature of MSW were lower than that of PMS, and the mass loss rate of MSW was larger especially at low temperatures. There were only two mass loss peaks in the differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curve, while three mass loss peaks were observed when the blending ratios of PMS were 30%, 50%, 70%. The value of the comprehensive combustion characteristic index of the blends indicated a good combustibility when the percentage of PMS (PPMS) in the blends was less than 30%. There existed certain interaction between the combustion process of PMS and MSW, especially at high temperature stage. Activation energy ( E ) value obtained by the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) method and the Starink method were very consistent. When the mass percentage of PMS in the blends was 80%, the E average value attained the minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasonication technique was applied intermittently onto photofermentation broth during the first six hours of photofermentation to improve biohydrogen production by using Rhodobacter sphaeroides NCIMB8253. In this research, photofermentation broth consisted of a combination of palm oil (25%, v/v), pulp and paper (75%, v/v) mill effluents as well as liquid inoculum. The effects of amplitude (10, 20 and 30%, A) and ultrasonication duration (5, 10 and 15 min, T) were investigated in terms of their influences on photofermentative biohydrogen yield and total chemical oxygen demand (COD total ) removal. The recommended ultrasonication parameters were found at the middle range of amplitude and duration (A20T10). Using A20T10 intermittent treatment, the production of biohydrogen could be maximized up to 14.438 mL H 2 /mL medium with a COD total removal and light efficiency of 52.2% and 7.412%, respectively. By comparing the treatment without intermittent ultrasonication, an increase of biohydrogen yield by 44.6% was achieved in A20T10 treatment. A total energy input of 306.1 J/mL (A20T10 treatment) was supplied to improve substrate consumption and light distribution during the photofermentation, which led to the increase of biohydrogen yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel method to estimate total technical potential for improving energy efficiency. • Bottom-up sector energy model used to characterize energy demands and opportunities. • Technology-explicit analysis framework used to estimate integrated energy savings. • Application to Canada's pulp & paper sector indicates major savings are possible. • Technical potential to reduce natural gas use by 95% and net electricity by 54% Industrial energy efficiency has long been recognized as a critical tool for energy management and emissions reduction and is increasingly considered to be an energy resource in its own right. However, the complexity of most industrial sectors creates barriers for modellers, companies, and policymakers in understanding and achieving the overall potential for efficiency-driven energy savings. To address this gap, we have developed a novel method that combines disaggregated bottom-up sector energy modelling with analysis of a comprehensive set of technology-explicit energy efficiency measures. This approach overcomes the deficiencies of top-down analyses and better represents the complexities of multi-measure efficiency investments compared to piecewise studies of individual measures. In this study, we demonstrated application of our method to the case of the Canadian pulp and paper sector. Our analysis shows that the sector can reduce its natural gas and electricity use by 95% and 41%, respectively, by adopting economical efficiency measures. This equates to 71 PJ of natural gas and 44 PJ of electricity saved annually and would result in cost savings of $81 per tonne of output sector-wide. Notably, we find that efficiency and fuel switching have the technical potential to reduce natural gas consumption by 98% across the sector. Taken together, the results provide quantitative evidence that energy efficiency is an underestimated resource for cost-effective energy savings in the Canadian pulp and paper sector. Our analysis framework can be applied to any industrial sector in any region to provide insights regarding energy conservation strategies and policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the types of products and their proportions, the evolution characteristics of the functional groups and gases products, the pollutants emission of combustible solid waste (CSW), paper mill sludge (PMS) and their blends were investigated by Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. For the blends, the proportions of PMS were 10%, 30% and 50%. The percentage of pyrolysis products (acid, hydrocarbon, aldehyde, alcohol, benzene, furan, phenol, ester and ketone) was pointed out. Among these, the content of acid was the maximum. Blended with 10% PMS, the percentage of alcohol reached the greatest. Both single sample and blends could be divided into two decomposition phases. The residue mass of blends increased from 17.74% to 30.47% with the PMS ratio increased. O H, C H, C O, C O, SO 2 , NO, HCl, CO, CH 4 and CO 2 were the main functional groups and gases products surveyed from the FTIR spectrums during co-pyrolysis. Adding PMS into CSW could reduce the emission of the pollutants and the lowest yield of pollutants (SO 2 , NO, HCl, CO and CO 2 ) would be obtained covered with 50% PMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the extraction of polyester like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from enzymes extracted sludge was investigated by varying extraction time and chloroform – sodium hypochlorite dosage. Maximum of 874 mg/g of PHAs was achieved at an optimum extraction time of 120 min and chloroform – sodium hypochlorite dosage of 30% v/v. The characteristics of derived PHAs were examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy. Then, the effect of derived PHAs dosage on biomethane production from pulp and paper mill secondary clarifier (PPSC) sludge was studied. Higher amount of biomethane production was observed to be 174 L/(kg VS) at 35 mg of PHAs dosage when compared to other dosage. To further enhance biomethane production, disperser pretreatment method was carried out by optimization of specific energy. At optimum specific energy of 8547 kJ/kg TS, the maximum solubilization rate and suspended solids (SS) reduction were found respectively to be 19% and 15.8%. Then, biomethane assay was conducted on disperser pretreated sludge, disperser pretreated sludge with optimized PHAs dosage (35 mg) and control sludge. Among these, disperser mediated PHAs method exhibited maximal biomethane production and was observed to be 267 L/(kg VS). Hence, PHAs based sludge treatment method can be implemented in sludge management studies by retrieval of value added product and PHAs canbe used to enhance biomethane production sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW), paper sludge (PS) and their blends were studied through a thermogravimetric simultaneous thermal analyzer from room temperature to 1000 °C. Meanwhile their kinetics were studied by Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods. The mass proportions of PS in the blends were 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, respectively and the experiments were carried out at different heating rates (30, 40 and 50 °C/min). The initial temperature of MSW was lower than that of PS and the terminated temperature was higher than PS. The comprehensive characteristic index decreased progressively along with the decrease of the MSW proportion. The values of average activation energies calculated by FWO and KAS methods were highly consistent. The average activation energy reached the minimum number, 96.7 kJ/mol by KAS and 11.56 kJ/mol by FWO, with the proportion of PS was 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A methodical approach for understanding the paper-based microfluidic fuel cells. • Fabrication strategies of various paper-based microfluidic fuel cell has been reviewed. • Paper-based microfluidic fuel cells with different types of fuels are summarized and compared. • Stacking efficiency is compared among different paper-based microfluidic fuel cell stacks. • Applications, challenges and prospects have been discussed. Since they firstly appeared in 2014, paper-based microfluidic fuel cells (PMFC) have received great attention in the past few years, mainly being used for sensors, wearable devices, point-of-care testing and diagnostics. This fuel cell technology exploits the intrinsic characteristics of paper substrate and microfluidic flows of reactant streams eliminating the need for external pumps and conventional membranes. PMFCs operate in a co-laminar flow configuration, and the absence of convective mixing across the liquid–liquid interface of two streams forms a distinct diffusive mixing region, which acts as a pseudo–membrane. The hydrophilicity and porosity of paper substrate allows reactants to flow by capillarity with the assistance of an absorbent pad. Ions can be transported across the channel through the mixing region to reach the other side of the channel and complete ionic conduction. To date, several fuels have been utilised in PMFCs, such as formate, hydrogen, formic acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrocarbons, borohydride, hydrazine, and biofuels, each of which has specific advantages and disadvantages. This review article summarises the growth of PMFC technology, from its invention in 2014 until the present, with emphasis on fundamentals, fabrication methods, unit cell performance with various fuels, performance achievements, design considerations, and scale-up options. The applications and main challenges associated with the current status of the technology are provided along with future perspectives. Investigations in recent years have shown that PMFCs developed with different fuels enhance power density from several µWcm−2 to several mWcm−2 and that stacking multiple individual cells increases the working voltage. Moreover, enzymatic and microbial PMFCs show great potential to be used as wearable devices, sensors and in lab-on-chip devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performances of cellulosic pads made out of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers in three flute sizes, experimentally. A number of experiments have been done in a wind tunnel in order to evaluate the cooling efficiency and water consumption as a function of air velocity. The tests were carried out at three levels of air velocity (1.8, 2.25, and 2.67ms−1) for three flute sizes of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5mm). Analysis of the results indicated that cooling efficiency improves with decrease of air velocity and flute size of corrugated papers; however, water consumption increases with the increase of air velocity. The results were compared with each other and it was shown that the cellulosic pad made out of Kraft paper with 2.5mm flute size has the highest performance (92%) at 1.8ms−1 air velocity in comparison with the other cellulosic pads. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heat and mass transfer processes in a cross flow liquid desiccant dehumidifier, in which wet durable honeycomb paper constitutes the packing material, is investigated in this paper. The device is expected to be used in hot and humid areas to control the indoor humidity environment. A mathematical model, able to determine the heat and mass transfer between the air and the falling film of liquid desiccant, is developed, and the analysis on Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the liquid–air interface is performed considering the solution of 40% H2O/CaCl2. Also obtained is the theoretical Nusselt number under assumed conditions and the relevant analysis, as well as the comparison between the two results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In a recent paper published in this journal, Gabitto and Tsouris presented a mechanistic model analysis of the rise motion of liquid CO2 drops rising in seawater [Gabitto J, Tsouris C. Dissolution mechanisms of CO2 droplets in deep seawaters. Energy Convers Manage 2006;47(5):494]. By comparing the analysis to the data of a field test of releasing CO2 drops in the ocean [Brewer PG, Peltzer ET, Friederich G, Rehder G. Experimental determination of the fate of rising CO2 droplets in seawater. Environ Sci Technol 2002;36(24):5441], Gabitto and Tsouris estimated the thicknesses of hydrate films encapsulating the drops to vary from ∼130μm to ∼10μm with time (up to ∼2000s) during their rise. This estimation was presumably distorted by a primitive error in Gabitto and Tsouris’ model formulation and also by improper evaluation of some of the relevant physical properties. The model, rectified and combined with the proper property evaluation, predicts that the hydrate film thickness on each CO2 drop decreases from ∼350μm to, though physically impossible, below zero with the time lapse of ∼1000s. Various defects of the model as a tool for predicting the hydrate film thickness are presented, leading to the conclusion that the hydrate film thickness values predicted by this model are highly questionable and should not be used as the basis of considering the mechanism for the interphase CO2 transfer across hydrate films. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Earlier work has shown that capturing the CO2 from flue gases in the recovery boiler at a pulp mill can be a cost-effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. However, the CO2 capture cost is very dependent on the fuel price. In this paper, the potential for reducing the need for external fuel and thereby the possibility to reduce the cost for capturing the CO2 are investigated. The reduction is achieved by using thermal process integration. In alternative 1, the mill processes are integrated and a steam surplus made available for CO2 capture, but still there is a need for external fuel. In alternative 2, the integration is taken one step further, the reboiler is fed with MP steam, and the heat of absorption from the absorption unit is used for generation of LP steam needed at the mill. The avoidance costs are in both cases lower than before the process integration. The avoidance cost in alternative 1 varies between 25.4 and 30.7EUR/tonne CO2 depending on the energy market parameters. For alternative 2, the cost varies between 22.5 and 27.2EUR/tonne CO2. With tough CO2 reduction targets and correspondingly high CO2 emission costs, the annual earnings can be substantial, 18.6MEUR with alternative 1 and 21.2MEUR with alternative 2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biomass from waste newspaper (WP) was first co-pyrolyzed with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in order to enhance the oil yield and its fuel properties. The synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis were investigated in terms of entire pyrolysis process, products yield and properties of liquid products (aqueous phase and oil phase) using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), physical properties analysis, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that synergistic effect occurred at 400–500 °C resulting in an obviously increase in oil phase by 31.59% as compared to theoretical data. Positive synergistic effects on fuel properties of co-pyrolysis oil were observed, especially demonstrating dramatically decrease in viscosity and total acid number by 75.96% and 216.04% in comparison to theoretical data. WP pyrolyzed alone gives mainly oxygenated compounds in its derived oil, while HDPE give hydrocarbons. No cross reaction products appeared in co-pyrolysis oil, implying that the synergistic effects were determined by altering its compounds content rather than generating cross reaction products. Unfortunately, aqueous phase and oil phase exhibit similar composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The economic assessment of an energy enhancement program envisaged for a Kraft wood pulping mill has been performed. The retrofit projects which have been analysed include reduction of the process steam demand, steam exportation to a district heating network and cogeneration. An automated MILP optimisation model has been developed to quantify the economic benefit of the projects independently and in combinations. Three cogeneration systems were considered: single back-pressure steam turbine, single steam condensing turbine and, a two-turbine system. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted for two modalities of key cost parameters (steam demand reduction level, fuel and power purchase costs, steam and power sales price) to determine the impact of those parameters on the economics of co-generation options. Results show that the configuration with the single back-pressure steam turbine has the shortest payback time, but the combination of two turbines produces more power and gives higher benefits in the long term. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Soda pretreatment with redox mediator was successfully upscaled in a 20 L reactor. • Black liquor combustion met process energy demand with 21.11 MJ energy surplus. • Low lignin content in pretreated material favored fed-batch with low enzyme load. • Total reducing sugars (142 g L−1) closer to ideal for autonomous 2G distilleries. • Co-fermentation of C5 and C6 sugars simultaneously produced 61.3 g L−1 2G ethanol. This study presents the upscaling of soda pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SB) using a new redox mediator (2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione) obtained from renewable resources, which does not affect enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Upscaling was performed from a 0.5 L batch static stainless steel reactor to a 20 L pulp digester with forced liquor circulation, analogous to digestors used in the pulp and paper industry. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material was optimized using the fed-batch method and was then carried out on a larger scale. The fed-batch method, combined with addition of 1 % (v v−1) Tween 80, enabled the solids load to be increased from 10 % to 15 % (w v−1), with an enzyme load of only 3.00 FPU g−1. This led to a maximum total reducing sugars concentration of ∼142 g L−1 after 72 h of hydrolysis. Co-fermentation of C5 and C6 sugar-rich hydrolysate by a consortium of CERLEV 47 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and CERLEV 1015 (Pichia guilliermondii) led to a maximum 2G ethanol production of 61.3 g L−1 (308 L ethanol per ton of SB). Mass and energy balances demonstrated that the combustion of black liquor, a byproduct of the soda pretreatment, could satisfy the energy demands of the pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation, with an energy of 21.11 MJ using the surplus SB (80 %) from 1G ethanol production. This finding indicated that the developed process was robust and had the potential to enhance total 2G ethanol production. This study supports the feasibility of an integrated 1G/2G biorefinery by improving energy efficiency, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different configurations of TEM were tested in this research. • 6-Jointed TEM provided around 100% higher COP in the same power input. • A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out for 6-jointed mode. • Perforation technique was employed to further enhance the COP. • Spring wire was used to further improve the COP of the cooler. Although individual commercial thermoelectric module has been widely investigated and its cooling behavior is clear, jointed thermoelectric modules show completely different cooling behavior and higher coefficient of performance (without the change of input electrical power) which requires further study. At the first step of this research, cooling characteristics of 2-jointed, 4-jointed and 6-jointed thermoelectric modules are experimentally evaluated and discussed under the same range of input electrical power. In the same total input electrical power, 6-jointed TEM (thermoelectric module) provided around 100% higher COP (coefficient of performance) than the 2-jointed TEM which was significant. Cooling behavior of different-number jointed TEM (in the same input power) are analyzed and discussed in this paper. In the second step of this research, the COP of 6-jointed TEM cooler (selected from the first step) has been increased again by proposition of two new techniques based on the modification of the popular rectangular-fin heat sink. Attempts are made to further enhance the COP of the system by two methods including "perforating technique" and "spring wire technique" through a Peltier air cooler which have not been proposed before. In the same electrical power input, perforating technique enhanced the thermal performance of the Peltier air cooler around 50% (totally 150% compared to the 2-jointed TEM with simple heat-sink) and the use of spring-wire between the fins of heat-sink improved the COP around 130% (totally 230% compared to the 2-jointed TEM with simple heat-sink). Exact explanation of the quality/quantity and improvement reasons of each technique are described in this paper for different working conditions of the cooler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present work, thermal performance of two types of cellulosic pads (5090 and 7090) which were made from corrugated papers has been studied experimentally. Samples were tested in a sub sonic wind tunnel made from polyethylene. The pads areas are 0.5×0.5m2 with 75, 100 and 150mm thicknesses. Pressure drop, humidity variation, evaporated water and effectiveness have been investigated for several inlet air velocities. The results show that overall pressure drop and amount of evaporated water increase by increasing the inlet air velocity and thickness in both types of pads. On the other hand, effectiveness and humidity variation decrease by increasing inlet air velocity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A novel cogeneration system for heat, power and hydrogen is proposed. • Adiabatic-isothermal compression is used to reduce power consumption. • Main components are modelled using the distributed parameter parametric method. • The system performance analysis and multi-objective optimization are carried out. • Exergy efficiency and levelized cost of energy are 74.05% and 137.28 $/MWh. Compressed air energy storage technology is one of the key technologies for integrating renewable energy generation into the grid. Efficient utilization of compression heat is an important means to enhance the performance of compressed air energy storage systems. Therefore, this paper proposes an adiabatic-isothermal compressed air energy storage coupled with methanol decomposition reaction for combined heat, power and hydrogen generation system. During energy storage, the first stage employs adiabatic compression, where the generated compression heat provides a heat source for methanol decomposition reaction. The produced hydrogen and carbon monoxide are separated, with hydrogen stored in hydrogen refueling stations and carbon monoxide in gas storage tanks for future use. The second stage uses isothermal compression to reduce the generation of compression heat. During energy release, the carbon monoxide produced from the decomposition reaction combusts to reheat the air. This system reduces the generation of compression heat while fully utilizing the compression heat, improving system performance through the principle of energy cascading and incorporating hydrogen production functionality. By developing mathematical models for each component of the proposed system, the variations in the system's 4E (Energy, Exergy, Economic, Environmental) performances with key parameter changes are investigated. The results show that under design conditions, the proposed system achieves a round-trip efficiency of 87.04 %, an exergy efficiency of 74.05 %, an investment payback period of 7.75 years, a levelized cost of energy of 137.28 $/MWh, and a carbon dioxide emission index of 155.93 kg/MWh. Notably, the exergy losses in the combustion chamber and the methanol decomposition reactor are significant, accounting for 27.58 % and 18.06 % of the total exergy losses, respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis indicate that air-to-methanol ratio, liquid piston cycle duration, compressor pressure ratio and efficiency are the key parameters affecting the performance of the system. The simultaneous optimization of a system's thermal, economic, and environmental performance is not achievable. Therefore, in this paper, the system is optimised at six different liquid piston cycle durations. When the liquid piston cycle duration is 1200 s, the optimal operating point exergy efficiency, levelized cost of energy and carbon dioxide emission index of the system are 73.04 %, 135.74 $/MWh and 150.20 kg/MWh, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the engineering application of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Working conditions with frequent and intense pre-ignition are identified in H 2 ICE. • Slight and distinct pre-ignition distribution and characteristics in four cylinders are investigated. • Optimal strategy of inhibiting pre-ignition at different loads and speeds is ranked. • Split injection is applied at high load and optimal VVT strategies are proposed at high speeds. • Pre-ignition occurrences are reduced by 94.4 % with 42.02 % BTE and 120 kW power after optimization. Hydrogen demonstrates potential as a renewable energy source for internal combustion engines due to its carbon-free nature and high efficiency. However, the risk of abnormal combustion arises in downsized, turbocharged hydrogen internal combustion engines (H 2 ICE), particularly manifesting as low-speed pre-ignition and super knock at high loads and high speeds. In this paper, the characteristics of slight and distinct pre-ignition are identified and analyzed by experiments in a 1.5 L turbocharged direct injection H 2 ICE. Taguchi method and analysis of variance are employed to show that frequent pre-ignition begins to occur when the load of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 1.0 MPa at 2500 rpm. Intense pre-ignition tends to happen with a BMEP exceeding 1.4 MPa at 2500 rpm and 5500 rpm. Specific control strategies are also explored to suppress pre-ignitions and enhance engine performance, considering brake thermal efficiency (BTE), coefficient of variation (CoV IMEP), maximum amplitude of pressure (MAPO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in a synergistic method. Additionally, six evaluation indices from the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) are ranked to find the multi-objective optimal controlling at different working conditions. The results indicate that increasing λ and delaying ignition timing can reduce 88.7 % pre-ignition numbers and enhance 1.4 % BTE when the BMEP = 1.0 MPa at 2500 rpm. Optimizing split injection (SEOI = −40°CA, SIMP = 35 %) suppress the pre-ignition frequent by 94.4 % and the pre-ignition intense by 81.7 %, while the maximum BTE is improved to 42.02 % when the BMEP = 1.4 MPa at 2500 rpm. In terms of high-speed of 5500 rpm working conditions, optimal variable valve timing (VVT: IVO = 20°CA, EVC = −20°CA) strategies are applied to reach the peak power of 120 kW with no abnormal combustion. The proposed method and controlling strategy of this paper are valuable to developing a large-power H 2 ICE with stable combustion and high efficiency when managing and conversing hydrogen energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen stands as a promising energy carrier within the ongoing energy supply transformation, yet its production via electrolyzers remains prohibitively costly. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an advanced equation-oriented process model for a PEM (Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane) electrolysis system, including the electrolyzer and downstream hydrogen compression, aimed at optimizing the interaction of its operating parameters (i.e., current density, temperature, pressure). Initially, the model is utilized to analyze the isolated performance of the electrolysis system through operational flowsheet optimizations, followed by its integration into a broader energy system for operational planning optimization. The study reveals several key findings: optimizing operational parameters, rather than using fixed values at the maximum, improves peak system efficiency by approximately 5 %pt. and shifts this peak to lower current densities, thus expanding the range of high-efficiency operation. Each current density has an optimal pair of temperature and pressure, with maximum temperatures only advantageous at loads above 40%, while maximum operating pressure is suboptimal across the entire load range. The analysis indicates that incorporating operating parameter optimization within the operational planning of the electrolysis system reduces energy consumption by 4% and operating costs by 7% in the evaluated energy system. Additionally, the study distinguishes between optimizing the electrolyzer's operating parameters for maximizing its own efficiency and for system efficiency (i.e., including hydrogen compression). It demonstrates that maximum system efficiency is achievable only when the electrolyzer considers hydrogen compression in its operation mode, accepting some efficiency losses individually but yielding greater efficiency gains in the context of hydrogen compression. In summary, the findings of this paper suggest that continuously operating a PEM electrolyzer at maximum temperature and pressure may not be the most efficient approach. Instead, dynamic adjustments based on current density improve operational efficiency, thereby reducing electricity consumption and operating costs. Evaluating the electrolyzer within the broader energy system context – and accepting minor efficiency losses at the electrolyzer level – can yield significant overall benefits and savings. These results underscore the importance of comprehensive, context-aware strategies in advancing cost-effective green hydrogen production. [Display omitted] • Introduction of an advanced process model of a PEM electrolysis system • Optimizing the interaction of the electrolyzer's operating parameters • Dynamic adjustments enhance efficiency, lowering energy and costs by 4%–7% • Context-aware operating strategies are key for efficient hydrogen production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A review on modeling methods of proton exchange membrane fuel cell engine system is conducted. • Numerical comparison or authoritative opinions are given to compare the methods. • A review on parameters control of oxygen excess ratio, stack temperature, humidity is conducted. • Issues and future developments of key parameters control are discussed. Although numerous studies have investigated semi-mechanistic and semi-empirical modeling methods for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) engine systems, the advantages and disadvantages of these modeling methods have rarely been analyzed and summarized. As a result, it is difficult to identify the most suitable models under different conditions. Moreover, there are opportunities to further develop research on controlling the three most critical parameters of the PEMFC engine system-the oxygen excess ratio (OER), stack temperature, and humidity. Thus, a review is presented to develop systematic guidelines for semi-mechanistic and semi-empirical modeling methods and key parameter control studies related to PEMFC engine systems. This paper summarizes all the authoritative modeling methods for the air compressor used in the PEMFC engine system with output power from 60 to 175 kW, and cathode humidifier in the air supply subsystem, ejector and circulation pump in the hydrogen supply subsystem, flow fluid and voltages in the fuel cell stack subsystem, and water pump and radiator in the thermal management subsystem using scientific equations. The advantages and disadvantages of each modeling method are then discussed through numerical comparisons or authoritative opinions. Subsequently, based on the modeling methods, the development and prospects of key parameter control studies for the PEMFC engine system are proposed based on advanced research in recent years. This paper not only makes it more convenient to identify appropriate modeling methods based on different modeling demands, but also highlights development directions for key parameters control research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Up to 67 % difference in lighting load yield by varying spectrum calculations. • Thermal behavior, energy efficiency, and daylighting are comprehensively evaluated. • Five methods for window spectrum calculations are compared and analyzed. • Standard solar spectrum in Beijing is proposed to calculate window spectral property. • An optimal method to calculate window spectral properties is recommended. The rapid advancement of spectrally selective materials has enabled the development of smart windows that can regulate different bands of solar radiation. However, existing methods for calculating spectral properties vary, leading to inconsistent results when evaluating their light-electricity-heat-color performance. Therefore, this paper presents five methods for calculating window spectral properties, intending to compare and identify the most effective approach for assessing building thermal performance, energy efficiency, and daylighting. The methods focus primarily on the solar spectrum input and the glazing spectrum response. The solar spectrum inputs include the Beijing local solar spectrum, ASTM G173-03, and ISO 9845 (methods S1 to S3), and the glazing spectrum response methods differ based on whether they account for spectral selectivity and the choice of spectral weighting functions (methods S3 to S5). The findings reveal that variations in solar spectrum input have a minimal effect on window performance, while differences in glazing spectral response calculations significantly impact results. It is particularly evident in thermochromic windows, where discrepancies in energy efficiency, specifically in lighting load, can reach up to 67.21 %, and variations in dynamic daylighting performance, specifically in Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) below 500 lx, can be as high as 28.27 %. To provide more accurate assessment results of glazing windows, this study recommends using the spectral calculation method S1, which incorporates the local solar spectrum and applies the standard luminous efficiency function to the glazing spectrum response. This paper highlights that further refinement of spectral calculation methods will enhance their utility for performance evaluation and guide the reverse design of innovative window features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimized strategy for hybrid systems with heat pumps, boilers, PV and battery storage. • Future data influence the optimal choice of the system that should provide heat. • Cost savings are significant in colder cities and high-energy-cost scenarios. • CO 2 emissions reduced by up to 12%, and primary energy use reduced by up to 3% • ANN-based control achieves 99.16% accuracy in optimizing heat pump/boiler operation. The growing need to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is driving the search for more efficient heating solutions in buildings. Hybrid heating systems, which combine air-to-water heat pumps (AWHP) with traditional gas boilers, are a common solution after refurbishment investments. However, managing these systems effectively, particularly when integrated with photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery energy storage systems (BESS), remains a complex task. For instance, heat pumps perform poorly in very cold conditions, making boilers a more efficient option; however, it might be advantageous to use it to increase electricity self-consumption. Optimal management depends on multiple factors, including future forecast data. In this paper, a daily optimization program is developed by means of a brute-force approach using forecast data. The core innovation of this paper is the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) that, trained on predictive optimization results, can determine the optimal solution in real-time without the need for future forecasts. The ANN achieved a 99.16% accuracy in new scenarios, successfully optimizing costs, CO 2 emissions, and primary energy use. Results indicate up to 19% cost savings in colder cities, a 12% reduction in CO 2 emissions, and a 3% decrease in primary energy consumption. This approach holds significant potential for enhancing the integration of renewable energy sources, contributing to long-term sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]