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Enhancing carbon emission mitigation and carbon utilization have become necessary for the world to respond to climate change caused by the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. As a result, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies have attracted considerable attention worldwide, especially in China, which plans to achieve a carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060. This paper proposed six priorities for China, the current world's largest carbon emitter, to achieve its dual carbon strategy in the green energy transition process. We analyzed and summarized the challenges and potentialities of conventional carbon utilization (CU), carbon capture utilization (CCU), and CCUS. Based on the current development trend, carbon dioxide capture, circular utilization, and storage (CCCUS) technology that integrates carbon circular utilization and partial sequestration, with large-scale underground energy storage were proposed, namely biomethanation. Technically and economically, biomethanation was believed to have an essential contribution to China's renewable energy utilization and storage, as well as the carbon circular economy. The preliminary investigation reveals significant potential, with a corresponding carbon storage capacity of 5.94 × 108 t~7.98 × 108 t and energy storage of 3.29 × 1012 kWh~4.42 × 1012 kWh. Therefore, we believe that in addition to vigorously developing classical CCUS technology, technical research and pilot projects of CCCUS technology that combined large-scale underground energy storage also need to be carried out to complete the technical reserve and the dual-carbon target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has developed a preliminary policy system for the development of new energy vehicles regarding the law, electricity price, grid-connected standards, project management, and financial support, however, defects remain in the policy and market environment, market mechanism, control technology, infrastructure, etc. We analyze new energy vehicles based on the analysis of basic data such as the number of electric vehicles and charging facilities, focusing on industrial development strategies, related subsidies, and tax policies. First, this paper summarizes the development status of China's new energy vehicles in different scenarios. In 2021, China's new energy vehicle production was 3545 thousand, and sales amounted to 3521 thousand. According to preliminary estimates, the number of new energy vehicles will exceed 15 million in 2030. The research route for the development of new energy vehicle bottlenecks is proposed. Secondly, we analyze foreign and Chinese policies on different stages and construct the implementation path for the healthy and stable development of China's new energy vehicles. By comparing the basic indicators, related policies, and related innovation activities of new energy vehicles in China, we conclude that the development of the national electric vehicle industry needs to be increased in terms of government policies, business model innovation, and public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite market-oriented reforms, China's energy sector is subject to energy price distortions, which are believed to be a crucial determinants of energy efficiency in China. This paper investigates the impact of energy price distortions on energy efficiency in China from the perspective of spatial correlation. Using the nonradial directional distance function approach, we first estimate the provincial-level energy efficiency in China. Paying attention to spatial correlation among the provinces of China, in stage two, we identify the determinants of energy efficiency. Our empirical results suggest that price distortions have a significant impact on energy efficiency in China. This impact holds when the cross-region effect is considered, i.e., besides its own energy price distortion, a region's energy efficiency is also correlated to the adjacent provinces' energy price distortions. Furthermore, we found that the levels of energy efficiencies in adjacent provinces are highly correlated. This spatial relationship can be decomposed into the 'spillover effect' and 'warning effect'. These two effects work together, determining the spatial relationship among the province-level energy efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of the new round of electricity reform policies has made the electricity sales companies' trading environment increasingly complex. In the medium- and long-term market and spot market, following the new policy-oriented optimization of trading decisions is the focus of electricity sales companies. The main objective of this study is to consider the impact of the latest policies of China's current electricity reform on each subject of electricity trading and to propose a method for electricity sales companies to make optimal decisions on renewable energy source (RES) power and conventional energy source (CES) power mixed with power trading in the medium- and long-term and spot markets to improve the efficiency of electricity market trading, promoting the consumption of renewable energy and helping the synergistic development of the electricity market and the tradable green certificate (TGC) market. This paper first discusses the impact of the new electricity reform policies on the transactions of various subjects in the electricity market and constructs the model of the consumer utility function, the profit model of an electricity sales company, and the profit model of power generators with energy storage. Considering the complex power supply and demand relationship among the various subjects of the electricity market, a game model is established for the decision on mixed trading between the medium- and long-term market, the spot market, and the tradable green certificate market to minimize the comprehensive power purchase cost of an electricity sales company. To reduce the decision-making risk caused by the uncertainty of spot price, the prophet model is used to predict the spot price; finally, through the analysis of the decision-making model of the electricity sales companies, the optimal transaction decisions of the electricity sales companies in different trading periods and different scenarios are solved. The test results show that the proposed model can significantly improve the profitability of the electricity sales companies and provide a decision-making reference for electricity sales companies to participate in the medium- and long-term market and spot market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency stability is an important factor for the safety and stability of the power system operation. In a traditional power system, the operation stability is ensured by the inertia response, primary frequency modulation, and secondary frequency modulation. In recent years, in order to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization and carbon peaking, China has made great efforts in new energy development. With large-scale new energy connected to the power grid, the proportion of traditional conventional synchronous units has gradually declined. At the same time, a large number of power electronic devices have been used in the power grid, which led to the capability decline of the inertia response and primary frequency modulation. For example, the East China Power Grid has experienced a sharp frequency drop in such an environment. In order to solve the above problems, the operation principle and control mode of various new energy resources are analyzed in this paper. Moreover, the process and principle of power grid frequency response are studied and the evaluation index of frequency response capability is proposed. The research results can quantitatively evaluate the system inertia response and primary frequency modulation level and provides a judgment tool for dispatching operators and system planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of China's carbon emission reduction targets and the promotion of the construction of a unified domestic market, what kind of carbon emission effect has market integration had in weakening regional barriers and optimizing resource allocation? This paper adopts a two-way fixed effects analysis based on China's provincial panel data from 2003 to 2019. It uses a mediation model to explore the relationship between market integration and carbon emissions. Furthermore, industrial rationalization and upgrade are the basis for examining whether a competitive or cooperative relationship exists between the carbon emission effects generated and promoting market integration between regions. The study finds a negative relationship between market integration and carbon emissions. In addition, there is significant heterogeneity in the effect of market integration on carbon emissions, and the influence effect is mainly in central China; industrial rationalization can play an enhanced role in the process of the negative impact of market integration on carbon emissions, further enhancing the negative contribution of market integration to carbon emissions. However, market integration can weaken its negative impact on carbon emissions with the industrial upgrade, and there may still be invisible barriers between regions in promoting market integration barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the emission factor method and LMDI-LEAP model, this paper systematically studies the current situation, influencing factors and changing trend of carbon emissions from rural buildings in a typical village located in southern China. The results showed that (1) the per capita carbon emissions generated by the energy consumption of rural buildings is 2.58 tCO2/a. Carbon emissions from electricity consumption in buildings account for about 96.07%; (2) the per capita building area, building area energy intensity, population size, population structure and carbon emission coefficient affect rural building carbon emissions, with contribution rates of 70.13%, 31.27%, 0.61%, −1.21% and −0.80%, respectively; (3) from 2021 to 2060, the carbon emissions of rural buildings are expected to increase first and then decrease. In 2021, the base year, carbon emissions from buildings were 2755.49 tCO2. The carbon emissions will peak at 5275.5 tCO2. Measures such as controlling the scale of buildings and improving the utilization rate of clean energy can effectively reduce carbon emissions, in which case the peak can be reduced to 4830.06 tCO2. Finally, the countermeasures and suggestions about rural building energy saving and emission reduction are proposed, including improving the construction management, raising energy efficiency standards in buildings, increasing the proportion of clean energy and raising residents' awareness of energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic development is characterized by openness, and trade and investment are important engines for promoting economic development. China's economy is now in a transitional period, during which excessive carbon emission reduction would inevitably hinder economic development. In this context, improving carbon emission efficiency is an effective way to achieve sustainable development. This paper deals with the relationships among foreign direct investment, technological innovation and carbon emission efficiency. Our research findings include the following. First, carbon efficiency shows regional differences. East China has the highest mean value of carbon emission efficiency, followed by central China and west China over the sample period. Second, FDI exerts both direct and indirect impacts on carbon emission efficiency through technological innovation, which confirms the intermediate effect of technological innovation. Finally, sub-sample analysis indicates that the impact of FDI and technological innovation on carbon emission efficiency show regional heterogeneity. According to these findings, we offer policy recommendations as follows. The government should stimulate independent innovation, promote technological progress in renewable energy and green energy, and attract environmentally friendly foreign investment to improve carbon emission efficiency and boost green development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural energy is an important part of China's energy system, and, as China's agricultural modernization continues, integrated agricultural energy systems (AIES) will play an increasingly important role. However, most of China's existing rural energy systems are inefficient, costly to run, and pollute the environment. Therefore, meeting various agricultural energy needs while balancing energy efficiency and costs is an important issue in the design and dispatch of integrated agricultural energy systems. In conjunction with hybrid energy storage (HES), which has been developed and matured in recent years, this paper proposes a new type of AIES structure and optimal dispatching strategy that incorporates HES, biogas generation (BG), P2G, and an electric boiler (EB) to provide new ideas for problem solving. Firstly, the structure of AIES is introduced and the mathematical model of the equipment of the system is described; then, an economic optimal dispatching model with the objective of minimizing the comprehensive operating costs of the system is established, and the output of each piece of energy conversion equipment is controlled to achieve the effect of improving the system's operating performance and reducing the operating costs. The results show that the system with HES and multi-energy coupling equipment has a 20% lower overall cost, 23.2% lower environmental protection cost, and 51% higher energy efficiency than the original system; the stored power of energy storage equipment in the HES mode is primarily determined by the change in demand of the corresponding load, and the number of conversions between different energy sources is limited. The energy conversion loss is minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective paper elaborates on how the burden of environmental issues on public health and the economy led China's government to declare its revised environmental policies or "war on pollution". It explains the importance of photovoltaic solar (PV), electric vehicles (EV), and carbon capture and storage (CCS) in helping China to mitigate its environmental concerns while maintaining economic growth. China already leads PV solar and EV manufacturing; however, it has not made a tangible contribution to CCS technology yet. On the other hand, CCS is far behind its envisaged role in contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and supporting countries to meet their net carbon zero targets. China's existing coal power plants are good candidates to be retrofitted with CCS. Similar to PV and EV technologies, China could influence this technology globally, by reducing the uncertainties, demonstrating the viability, and driving the costs lower. China's revised policies have been effective and shown global impacts, but their implementations remain as strong as the political will behind them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal heating is considered to be one of the low-carbon-energy technologies for building heating. Aiming at the problem that the operating cost and investment cost of geothermal heating systems are still high, the conventional geothermal heating system coupled with energy storage for office building heating is studied in this paper. Four operational strategy models of the coupled system are established based on time-of-use electricity prices. A genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal value of each decision variable using minimization of levelized cost of heat (LCOH) as the objective function. The influences of electricity and equipment prices on the optimal values of the decision variables are discussed. Four operation strategies are investigated. If only operating cost is considered in the optimization, comparison shows that the best operation strategy is the one giving high priority to use the energy storage tank for heating during the peak electricity period. However, if the investment cost is further considered in the optimization, the best operation strategy is the one using the energy storage tank for heat load peak-regulating. In addition, based on the minimization of LCOH, an optimal energy storage ratio is found for each scenario, and suitable conditions of using energy storage tank are discussed. The geothermal heating system coupled with energy storage can have a good performance when the peak-valley electricity price difference is higher than CNY 0.566/kW·h (USD 0.0847/kW·h)+ or the energy storage tank price is lower than CNY 900/m3 (USD 134.64/m3). The results obtained from this study prove that the cost of geothermal heating systems can be effectively reduced by choosing an optimal operation strategy and using an energy storage device with an optimal energy storage ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy leads us in an important direction in the development of clean energy, and the comprehensive utilization of hydrogen energy is crucial for the low-carbon transformation of the power sector. In this paper, the demand for hydrogen energy in various fields is predicted based on the support vector regression algorithm, which can be converted into an equivalent electrical load when it is all produced from water electrolysis. Then, the investment costs of power generators and hydrogen energy equipment are forecast considering uncertainty. Furthermore, a planning model is established with the forecast data, initial installed capacity and targets for carbon emission reduction as inputs, and the installed capacity as well as share of various power supply and annual carbon emissions as outputs. Taking Gansu Province of China as an example, the changes of power supply structure and carbon emissions under different scenarios are analysed. It can be found that hydrogen production through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy can reduce carbon emissions but will increase the demand for renewable energy generators. Appropriate planning of hydrogen storage can reduce the overall investment cost and promote a low carbon transition of the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas reservoirs discovered in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin generally have high temperatures (up to 172.22 °C) and high pressures (up to 171.74 MPa). If using the PVT laboratory to get the gas compressibility factor, data from the laboratory are so little that it will not satisfy the demands of reservoir engineering calculations. There are many empirical correlations for calculating the Z-factor; however, these correlations give large errors at high gas reservoir pressures. The errors in estimating the Z-factor will lead to large errors in estimating all the other gas properties such as gas formation volume factor, gas compressibility, and gas in place. In this paper, a new accurate Z-factor correlation has been developed based on PVT data by correcting the high-pressure part of the most commonly used Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson Correlation. Multivariate nonlinear regression is used to establish the independent variable function of pseudo-critical temperatures and pressures. By comparing it with the PVT data, the DPR correlation is continuously corrected to be suitable for ultra-deep gas reservoirs with HTHP. The new correlation can be used to determine the Z-factor at any pressure range, especially for high pressures, and the error is less than 1% compared to the PVT data. Then, based on the corrected Z-factor, the Cullender-Smith method is used to calculate the bottom hole pressure in the middle of the reservoir. Finally, the Z-factor under reservoir conditions of well H2 is predicted and the Z-factor chart at different temperatures is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the uneven distribution of water resources, there are many water diversion projects around the world, such as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, especially in some plain areas. To transfer water from low to high areas, large low-head pumps have been widely used. The transition process of the pumping station is mainly caused by the sudden change in the flow velocity and pressure of the fluid in the pipeline of the pumping station system caused by the start-up and shutdown processes. The previous research has mainly been based on the one-dimensional characteristic line method. However, due to the characteristics of the low-lift pumping station, the flow passage is short and irregular, and the calculation results often cannot guarantee the accuracy of the calculation. In addition to some faults in the actual operation process, in some pumping stations, accidents or operation-scheduling faults are caused by transient processes, such as a high degree of water hammer, the inability to initiate backward flow, the shutdown load rejection runaway exceeding the standard, and decreased hydraulic efficiency. To avoid transition process failures in the newly designed pumping stations and the modified pumping stations, it is necessary to carry out a research review of the three-dimensional transition process of large low-lift pumps. Especially with the development of computing technology, CFD numerical simulation technology has become the main research method for analyzing the pump transition process. The research on the transition process is mainly based on the combination of numerical simulations and experiments. The reliability of a numerical simulation is verified by an experiment. A numerical simulation can measure some parameters that cannot be measured by an experiment. Dynamic mesh technology has become the main technical means for using CFD numerical simulation to study the three-dimensional transition process, and the secondary development of computing software has become the main trend of future development. This paper analyzes and summarizes the research status of the start–stop transition process of large low-lift pump stations and provides a reference for the protection of the start–stop transition process of pump stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graptolite-rich shale is the main layer of shale gas resources in the southern marine sedimentary basin. Recently, shale gas resources were discovered in the Ordovician marine graptolite-rich strata in the Ordos Basin. The graptolite shale in the study area is different from the marine graptolite shale in the Yangtze plate in southern China, and further exploration is needed. This paper presents core samples of the graptolite-rich shale of the Pingliang Formation in the southwest Ordos Basin as research objects. The graptolite genus and graptolite shale characteristics were studied using core observation, electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and geochemical analysis. We determined the role of the sedimentary environment and thermal maturation of graptolite shale in hydrocarbon formation and explored the possibility of hydrocarbon generation. Many graptolite epidermises provide buried organic matter. The quiet sea and low-energy marine environment create favorable conditions for preserving organic matter. The tectonic process resulted in the evolution stage in the oil generation window. Different types of pores formed the spaces of hydrocarbons. Therefore, the shale of the Pingliang Formation has shale oil exploration potential, which complements the shale gas in the northwestern margin of the basin, and provides new venues for shale oil and gas exploration in northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial development cannot be separated from policy guidance and support. Scientific evaluation and analysis of wind power industrial policies can promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry, which has great significance to accelerate the green and low-carbon transformation of energy and achieve the double carbon target. In this paper, based on 66 wind power industrial policies from 2010 to 2021 in China, the policy texts were coded and classified into policy tools. By combining the text mining technology with the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model, 10 groups of evaluation index systems were established to evaluate the industrial policies quantitatively. The results show that the use of the three types of policy tools is unbalanced. Among them, environmental policy tools are used most frequently while supply and demand policy tools are relatively few. According to the PMC score, the overall situation of wind power industrial policy has certain scientific qualities. However, there are few policy texts for ordinary residents in terms of policy recipients, and there are shortcomings in technical support and talent construction. In addition, the three types of policy tools have certain limitations in different aspects. Based on the existing problems, we put forward suggestions for policy improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overhead line ice-shedding causes line breakage and results in electrical faults occurring between transmission lines, which seriously affects the safe operation of the power grid. In this paper, a risk assessment method for ice-shedding on 500 kV compact overhead lines is proposed. Two ratios were used to assess the discharge risk and mechanical failure risk of a line. A 500 kV compact overhead line in southern China was taken as an example, the proposed risk assessment method was used to carry out a risk assessment of the ice-shedding line with an ice thickness of 15 mm, and the suppression effects of different spacer arrangement schemes on the ice-shedding line were analyzed. The results showed that the impact coefficient of the conductor reached 1.88, the maximum jump height of the lower phase conductor reached 22.596 m, and the interphase clearance of the conductor decreased sharply when the lower phase conductor of 500 kV case line underwent full-span ice-shedding synchronously. The ice-shedding line displayed both a discharge risk and a mechanical failure risk. When interphase spacers were installed at L/3 from both ends of the span for the upper-left phase and the lower phase, the upper-right phase, and the lower phase, the impact coefficient of the line became 1.76, which was lower than the recommended value of 1.8; there was no mechanical failure risk; and the maximum jump height became 10.266 m. This study verified the effectiveness of this spacer arrangement scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG) with lower precision but higher cost advantage is typically selected according to working conditions and engineering budget. Thermal drift is the main factor affecting FOG precision. External thermal calibration methods by algorithms can effectively weaken the influence of thermal drift. This paper presents a thermal calibration method of a two-dimensional N-order polynomial (TDNP) and compares it with artificial neural network (ANN) methods to determine a software FOG thermal calibration method for landslide displacement monitoring. The TDNP thermal calibration coefficient matrix was established, and the thermal calibration capability of the TDNP method with different orders N was evaluated on the basis of error analysis. The ANN model with 1 to 18 hidden neural layers was established on the basis of LM, BR, and SCG algorithms to choose a suitable ANN. Finally, the mean absolute errors of FOG thermal calibration through the TDNP with different orders and the LM were compared. This method was applied in the Huangtupo landslide area, China. The results highlight that the TDNP method with order 5 had better performance and satisfied the requirements of landslide displacement monitoring. The research results can compensate for the lack of adaptability of the FOG thermal calibration method in landslide displacement monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability and inhomogeneity of solar energy limits the development of solar heating systems (SHS) in many fields. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of SHS, this paper takes three typical cities (Xi'an, Dunhuang, Lhasa) as the research object, studies the operation state of SHS in student dormitory buildings, and puts forward a corresponding optimization strategy. The research shows that the reduction of water supply temperature will improve the operation efficiency and energy saving effect of a spontaneous combustion heat pump and that there is an optimal volume of heat storage water tank (HSWT), which can make the energy saving effect of SHS run better. The optimization of the SHS shows the water supply temperature is 35 °C, and the optimal volume of HSWT is 15 m3 in the "Resource-general area (Ⅲ)" represented by Xi'an, 25 m3 in the "Resource-rich area (Ⅱ)" represented by Dunhuang, and 40 m3 in the "Resource-richer area (Ⅰ)" represented by Lhasa. With the increase in the abundance of solar energy resources in the region, the optimal volume of HSWT also increases. Meanwhile, the solar energy contribution rate of the three regions in descending order is 61.3% (Lhasa), 32.8% (Dunhuang), and 25.9% (Xi'an). After optimization, the contribution of SHS increased by about 5%. The research results will help improve the efficiency of SHS in cold areas of China and make the system more efficient and energy efficient during operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central North China Plain (NCP) is one of the rapidly developing regions in China which has a great potential for ground source heat pump (GSHP) system applications. However, the ground thermal property, which is a prerequisite for GSHP system design, has been insufficiently investigated. In this paper, the ground thermal conditions including ground temperature and thermal conductivity are characterized in three representative hydrogeological regions in the NCP area: the piedmont alluvial plain, the central alluvial plain, and the coastal plain. Results show that the geothermal gradient below 40 m in depth in this area ranges from 0.018 °C/m to 0.029 °C/m. Although the thermal conductivity measured by soil samples differs slightly among the three regions, parameters in the piedmont plain have a larger variability than in the central and coastal plain due to the significant heterogeneity of the lithology. Thermal conductivity measured by the thermal response test (TRT) ranges between 2.37 and 2.68 W/(m·K) in the piedmont plain and varies between 1.35 and 1.94 W/(m·K) in the central and coastal plain, indicating that the piedmont plain has a higher potential for shallow geothermal exploitation than other two sub-areas. Comparing the TRT with laboratory measurements, the thermal conductivity obtained by the TRT is greater than that of the lab measurements in the piedmont plain due to the TRT outputs including the effects of groundwater flow. Therefore, the TRT is highly recommended to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of the ground in the piedmont plain, while laboratory and field tests are both suitable methods for the determination of thermal conductivity in the central and coastal plains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the insufficient consideration of medium and long-term wind power contract power in short-term dispatch, long-term planning and real-time consumption of wind power cannot be effectively undertaken, resulting in a large amount of abandoned wind power. A way to improve the wind power absorption capacity has become an urgent problem to be studied. According to the characteristics of the market and dispatching in the process of wind-fire integration construction, this paper constructs a wind power consumption model that connects the mid- and long-term transaction power decomposition and short-term dispatch. Considering the unit output characteristics and maintenance, the monthly contract electricity is decomposed into daily electricity, and the nesting of medium and long-term transactions and short-term scheduling is realized; the second stage is a short-term multi-objective optimal scheduling model considering the decomposition of contract electricity and the output of non-bidding units to improve the real-time consumption of wind power. Finally, a province in northwest China is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, people all around the globe have seen its effects, including city closures, travel restrictions, and stringent security measures. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic extend beyond people's everyday lives. It impacts the air, water, soil, and carbon emissions as well. This article examines the effect of energy and the COVID-19 pandemic on China's carbon dioxide emissions in light of the aforementioned context, using the daily data from 20 January 2020 and ending on 20 April 2022. Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model for empirical analysis, the findings indicate that COVID-19 pandemic confirmed cases and renewable energy advance environmental sustainability due to their negative effects on carbon dioxide emissions, whereas fossil fuel energy hinders environmental sustainability due to its positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, these results are also supported by the results of the frequency domain causality test and the Markow switching regression. In light of these results, there are several policy implications, such as vaccination, renewable energy utilization, and non-renewable energy alternative policies, which have been proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahu Oilfield is the largest tight glutenite oilfield in the world, and the upper Wuerhe formation is an important succeeding exploration horizon. However, the upper Wuerhe formation in the Mahu 1 zone has a high clay content, which can lead to serious wellbore collapse. Meanwhile, the horizontal well logging is not corrected. These factors lead to the inconsistency between the logging interpretation results and the oil test results. The interpretation precision of the clay content, water saturation, and porosity, which are crucial to reservoir evaluation, is very low. In this paper, a workflow of logging curve correction using multiple methods is proposed. The multiple linear fitting is used to correct boreholes, and then histogram frequency distribution matching is used to standardize multi-well logging curves. Finally, the optimization method is used to build a volume model based on skeleton analysis, and the results are calibrated with core analysis results. Horizontal well density logs are corrected using adjacent vertical well logs. The interpretation results of clay content, water saturation, and porosity with high precision are obtained. The reservoir interpretation is more in line with the oil test results than the original interpretation. The clay content distribution is more reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LVDC buildings use a low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system for energy transmission and integrate photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage (BES) and the utility grid as building energy resources. This technology can reduce energy loss in conversion to a certain extent and increase renewable energy compared with traditional AC distribution systems. Under the national goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, LVDC buildings have been proven to be a new approach to energy conservation and emission reductions, and have been applied in engineering in China. However, the construction methods and integrated technologies of those projects are not clear, and technical barriers and policy constraints for the engineering application of LVDC buildings are not systematically discussed yet. This paper presents the latest study of LVDC building engineering applications the advantages and drawbacks of LVDC development in China. First, relevant policies and standards which support the development of LVDC building industries are summarized. More than 60 practical LVDC projects are investigated, and the application characteristics and the technology status of building types, and their capacity and design methods, etc., are analyzed. The attitudes of stakeholders toward LVDC buildings are surveyed to determine the policy direction according to the demands of this technology, with reference to building practitioners who intend to engage in LVDC projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luzhou area in the southern Sichuan Basin has experienced multiple tectonic movements, forming a complex fault system; the activity has an important impact on the enrichment of shale gas in this area. In order to reveal the influence of the fracture system on the differential enrichment of shale gas, this paper takes the southern Sichuan Basin as the research object. The structural evolution process and fracture development characteristics of the different tectonic units in Luzhou area of southern Sichuan were characterized by conducting a seismic profile analysis, structural recovery using a back-stripping method, and core hand specimen description. We clarified the control effect of the structural deformation and fracture on the differential enrichment of shale gas, and we established a differential enrichment model of shale gas in the Luzhou area. The results show that: (1) The Luzhou area has undergone the transformation of a multi-stage tectonic movement. There are many sets of detachment structures in the longitudinal direction, and the plane structural form is a thin-skin fold-thrust belt composed of wide and narrow anticlines in the north–south direction. (2) The faults in the study area are affected by the Himalayan tectonic movement. The high-angle reverse faults are developed, and the number of large faults is small. The second and third faults are mainly developed. The second faults are only developed at the high position of the structure, which has a significantly destructive effect on shale gas reservoirs, while the third and fourth faults have no significant destructive effect on shale gas reservoirs. (3) In the study area, the types of cracks are categorized into transformational shear cracks, bed-parallel shear cracks, intraformational open cracks, lamellation cracks, shrinkage cracks, and abnormal high-pressure cracks. The thickness of the shale rock mechanical layer, brittle mineral content, and organic matter content jointly control the crack development degree in the shale of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation. (4) The uplift erosion, structural deformation, and fracture development caused by the structural evolution have affected the preservation of shale gas, resulting in the differential enrichment of shale gas reservoirs in the region. Based on the enrichment factors of shale gas, we established a differential enrichment model of shale gas in typical structural units and optimized the favorable enrichment areas, which are important contributions for guiding shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current legal and policy system of renewable energy in China has set up a framework of policy instruments, which provides an important foundation for dealing with climate change and promoting the healthy development of the renewable energy industry with the goal of "carbon neutrality" and "emission peak". However, the current policy instruments cannot meet the needs for rapid development of the renewable energy industry. This paper investigates, analyzes, and concludes the status of renewable energy development along with related policy instruments in different renewable energy sources by literature and points out the problems of current policy instruments, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures. Moreover, from the perspective of energy consumption market transformation, the authors carried out an analysis of China's challenges of policy instruments, pointing out that China's renewable energy policy instruments have the potential to take one step further in the areas of the regulatory system, legal system and legal security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a global perspective, carbon emissions are a global problem that needs to be solved urgently. At present, 61% of countries have committed to achieving net zero emissions. Compared with industry and construction, the transportation sector has become the focus and challenge for countries to achieve carbon neutrality due to the characteristics of strong mobility, scattered emission sources, and complex social behaviors. Therefore, the issue of carbon emissions in the transportation industry has become the focus of academic attention. This paper first calculates the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of the regional transportation industry through the super-efficiency SBM model and then evaluates its regional differentiation characteristics through the Theil index, which has important practical significance for reducing regional carbon emissions. The results show that the national transportation CEE average value is 0.612, a relatively low level. The spatial distribution of China's transportation CEE shows an obvious characteristic of "east highest and west lowest". The regional differences in the transportation industry CEE are larger than those between regions. The differences in the transportation industry CEE among the eastern, central, and western regions are on the downward trend as a whole, and intra-regional differences are greater than inter-regional. The intra-regional differences cause the overall differences in transportation industry CEE; the eastern region contributed the most to the Theil index, while the central contributed the least. The biggest factor affecting the transportation industry CEE is the regional energy structure, and the smallest factor is the per capita GDP. This research has important reference significance on the target of carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern China is vigorously promoting cogeneration and clean heating technologies. The accurate prediction of building energy consumption is the basis for heating regulation. In this paper, the daily, weekly, and annual periods of building energy consumption are determined by Fourier transformation. Accordingly, a period-based neural network (PBNN) is proposed to predict building energy consumption. The main innovation of PBNN is the introduction of a new data structure, which is a time-discontinuous sliding window. The sliding window consists of the past 24 h, 24 h for the same period last week, and 24 h for the same period the previous year. When predicting the building energy consumption for the next 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h, the prediction errors of the PBNN are 2.30%, 3.47%, and 3.66% lower than those of the traditional sliding window PBNN (TSW-PBNN), respectively. The training time of PBNN is approximately half that of TSW-PBNN. The time-discontinuous sliding window reduces the energy consumption prediction error and neural network model training time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deterioration trend prediction of hydropower units helps to detect abnormal conditions of hydropower units and can prevent early failures. The reliability and accuracy of the prediction results are crucial to ensure the safe operation of the units and promote the stable operation of the power system. In this paper, the long short-term neural network (LSTM) is introduced, a comprehensive deterioration index (CDI) trend prediction model based on the time–frequency domain is proposed, and the prediction accuracy of the situation trend of hydropower units is improved. Firstly, the time–domain health model (THM) is constructed with back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and condition parameters of active power, guide vane opening and blade opening and the time–domain indicators. Subsequently, a frequency-domain health model (FHM) is established based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), approximate entropy (ApEn), and k-means clustering algorithm. Later, the time–domain degradation index (TDI) is developed according to THM, the frequency-domain degradation index (FDI) is constructed according to FHM, and the CDI is calculated as a weighted sum by TDI and FDI. Finally, the prediction model of LSTM is proposed based on the CDI to achieve degradation trend prediction. In order to validate the effectiveness of the CDI and the accuracy of the prediction model, the vibration waveform dataset of a hydropower plant in China is taken as a case study and compared with four different prediction models. The results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other comparison models in terms of predicting accuracy and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of intelligent equipment and technologies such as robots and unmanned vehicles is an important part of the construction of intelligent mines, and has become China's national coal energy development strategy and the consensus of the coal industry. Environment perception and instant positioning is one of the key technologies destined to realize unmanned and autonomous navigation in underground coal mines, and simultaneous location and mapping (SLAM) is an effective method of deploying this key technology. The underground space of a coal mine is long and narrow, the environment is complex and changeable, the structure is complex and irregular, and the lighting is poor. This is a typical unstructured environment, which poses a great challenge to SLAM. This paper summarizes the current research status of underground coal mine map construction based on visual SLAM and Lidar SLAM, and analyzes the defects of the LeGO-LOAM algorithm, such as loopback detection errors or omissions. We use SegMatch to improve the loopback detection module of LeGO-LOAM, use the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to optimize the global map, then propose an improved SLAM algorithm, namely LeGO-LOAM-SM, and describe its principle and implementation. The performance of the LeGO-LOAM-SM was also tested using the KITTI dataset 00 sequence and SLAM experimental data collected in two coal mine underground simulation scenarios, and the performance indexes such as the map construction effect, trajectory overlap and length deviation, absolute trajectory error (ATE), and relative pose error (RPE) were analyzed. The results show that the map constructed by LeGO-LOAM-SM is clearer, has a better loopback effect, the estimated trajectory is smoother and more accurate, and the translation and rotation accuracy is improved by approximately 5%. This can construct more accurate point cloud map and low drift position estimation, which verifies the effectiveness and accuracy of the improved algorithm. Finally, to satisfy the navigation requirements, the construction method of a two-dimensional occupancy grid map was studied, and the underground coal mine simulation environment test was carried out. The results show that the constructed raster map can effectively filter out outlier noise such as dynamic obstacles, has a mapping accuracy of 0.01 m, and the required storage space compared with the point cloud map is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The research results enrich the SLAM algorithm and implementation in unstructured environments such as underground coal mines, and help to solve the problems of environment perception, real-time positioning, and the navigation of coal mine robots and unmanned vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the relationship between energy price and green energy innovation in China, and first studies the impact of energy price on China's green energy innovation, then further investigates the moderating role of energy price distortion in the price–innovation relationship, especially in the context of lagging energy marketization level in the process of China's transition from planned economy to the market economy. Based on the data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2017, this paper provides a measurement of green energy innovation capacity through the number of "alternative energy production" and "energy conservation" patents. Our results show that energy price has a significantly positive impact on China's green energy innovation, no matter the number of green energy patent applications or the number of green energy patent grants is used as the proxy of green energy innovation capacity. However, there exists heterogeneity related to the influence of energy price on green energy innovation. Specifically, energy price has a noticeable role in promoting green energy innovation in central and western China, but not in eastern China. Further research results show that energy price distortion significantly reduces the inducing effect of energy price on green energy innovation. Meanwhile, the distortion degrees of energy price in the central and western regions of China are significantly lower than that in the eastern region, which explains to a large extent why the inducing effect of energy price on innovation is more prominent in the central and western regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of China's 284 prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2020, this study employs spatial econometric and geographically weighted regression models to systematically analyze the influencing factors and their spatial–temporal heterogeneity of urban transport carbon emissions. The findings reveal the following: (1) GDP per capita, population, urban road area, and private car per capita are important factors causing the increase in urban transport carbon emissions, while the improvement of urban density, public transportation effectiveness, and government environmental protection can mitigate emissions and promote low-carbon development in urban transportation. (2) The worsening impact of GDP per capita on urban transport carbon emissions shows a decreasing trend over time, forming a spatial gradient pattern of gradually increasing from southwest to northeast. However, a similar effect of population increase during the research period, which currently displays an increasing spatial differentiation from north to south in sequence. (3) As another key deteriorating urban transport carbon emission, the influencing degree of private car per capita has gradually decreased from 2006 to 2020 and represented certain spatial gradient patterns. (4) Although the urban road area is favorable to urban transport carbon reduction in the early stage, it gradually begins to change in an unfavorable direction. The urban density is the contrary, i.e., the increase in that begins to play a positive role in promoting the development of low-carbon transportation among more cities. In addition, the influence coefficient of the former also presents an increasing distribution characteristic from south to north. (5) The reduction effect of public transportation effectiveness and government environmental protection on transport carbon emissions are both gradually prominent, where the former also shows space inertia of "increasing gradient from north to south and from north to northeast". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to global climate change, China has committed to peaking carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, commonly known as the "30–60 Dual Carbon". Under the background of "30–60 Dual Carbon", this article takes the electric power industry, which is the main industry contributing to China's carbon emission, as the research object, explores the time and peak value of the carbon peak of the electric power industry, and analyzes whether carbon neutrality can be realized under the peak method, so as to get the carbon neutrality path of the electric power industry and serve as the theoretical basis for the formulation of relevant policies. The Environmental Kuznets Curve inspection and the relationship analysis are carried out, then the system dynamics model is constructed, the carbon emissions from 2020 to 2040 are simulated, and the peak time is predicted. Three different scenarios are set to explore the path of electricity carbon neutralization under the premise of a fixed peak. It is shown that Gross Domestic Product per capita index factors have the largest positive contribution, and thermal power share index factors have the largest negative contribution to electricity carbon emissions. Based on the current efforts of the new policy, carbon emissions can achieve the peak carbon emissions' target before 2030, and it is expected to peak in 2029, with a peak range of about 4.95 billion tons. After the power industry peaks in 2029, i.e., Scenario 3, from coal 44%, gas 9% (2029) to coal 15%, gas 7% (2060), where the CCUS technology is widely used, this scenario can achieve carbon neutrality in electricity by 2060. Adjusting the power supply structure, strictly controlling the proportion of thermal power, optimizing the industrial structure, and popularization of carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology will all contribute to the "dual carbon" target of the power sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The share of electricity consumption by urban and rural residents in China's overall electricity consumption is very close to that of the tertiary sector, which has become an important driver of China's electricity consumption growth. At the same time, due to the mismatch between China's regional resource endowments and the level of regional development, the regional supply and demand situation for electricity varies. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the regional differences in residential electricity consumption and the factors affecting it, and accordingly adopt targeted and feasible measures to regulate residential electricity consumption. This article includes data from 285 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2019, and adopts a "three lines" method of region-partitioning (Qinling–Huaihe line, Huhuanyong line, and Shanhaiguan line) to divide four regions. We used spatial econometric models to examine residential electricity consumption and its influencing factors in China from the standpoint of regional heterogeneity. The results show that there is significant regional heterogeneity in residential electricity consumption in China, and the difference between the north of the Shanhaiguan line and other areas is significant. Moreover, there is a positive spatial correlation in the per capita domestic electricity consumption of urban residents, and each influencing factor has obvious regional heterogeneity, among which household appliances are the significant influencing factor. Based on the regional heterogeneity of residential electricity consumption, management measures should be formulated according to local conditions, and the supply of electricity should be ensured by strengthening multidimensional initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we developed a three-stage monthly time-of-use (TOU) tariff optimization model to address the concerns of confusing time period division, illogical price setting, and incomplete seasonal element consideration in the previous TOU tariff design. The empirical investigation was conducted based on load, power generation, and electricity pricing data from a typical northwest region in China in 2022. The findings indicate the following: (1) In producing the typical net load curves, the employed K-means++ technique outperformed the standard models in terms of the clustering effect by 4.27–26.70%. (2) Following optimization, there was a decrease of 1900 MW in the maximum monthly abandonment of renewable energy, a decrease of 0.31–53.94% in the peak–valley difference, and a decrease of 2.03–17.27% in the monthly net load cost. (3) By taking extra critical peak and deep valley time periods into account, the average net load cost decreased by 10.36% compared with conventional peak–flat–valley time period division criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs an open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with oil to investigate the transmission mechanism and impact effects of oil price fluctuations driven by different factors on China's macroeconomy using quarterly data from 1996 to 2019. The results show that the international crude oil supply-driven oil price decline promotes positive output growth in the short run through the positive cost effect of the supply channel, and the production regulation cost will dampen the incentive to invest in the new energy sector in the long run. Domestic economic development demand-driven oil price increases act on the demand channel, driving output and oil prices to fluctuate in the same direction, generating a negative real balance effect on the economy through the interest rate channel. The oil-specific demand driven by foreign nominal interest rate shocks is transmitted through the exchange rate channel, triggering imported inflation, lower aggregate demand, and lower output. Different sources of oil price fluctuations have different transmission mechanisms and thus differential effects. For this reason, based on the root causes of oil price fluctuations, policy recommendations to deal with international oil price fluctuations in the new situation are proposed at the supply level, demand level, and international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cretaceous condensate gas reservoir in Yakela is in a fan delta system in which the river channel swings frequently and the contact relationships between sandbodies are complicated both vertically and horizontally. Therefore, making the sandbody architecture clear is becoming the most urgent demand in locating the remaining oil. However, conventional well correlations and fine interpretation do not apply in this area due to the large-spacing of wells and the lack of reliable seismic data. In this paper, we analyzed the vertical characteristics of sandbody architecture including the type and thickness of architectural elements and their contact relationships based on well data, then simulated the lateral and planar distribution probabilities via a database containing a large number of dimension parameters from relevant architectural elements using Monte Carlo simulation. This simulation provides reasonable and efficient estimation of inter-well sandbody distribution. The workflow and data we present can be applied to similar clastic reservoir modeling and simulations, especially for areas with insufficient well and seismic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2020, this paper employs the panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model to investigate the dynamic relationship between a green economy and energy utilization level. The results show that: (1) the green economic development level and energy utilization level of 30 provinces in China have been continuously enhancing in recent years, the increase in green economic development level is higher than energy utilization level, and the geographical characteristics of both levels are significant, decreasing from East to West; (2) the causal relationship between the green economy and the energy utilization level has passed the Granger test; the two have formed a relatively high-level balanced relationship over a long period, showing a benign and orderly development trend; (3) the green economy generates a positive pulse response on energy utilization level in the initial period, but the impulse response weakens in the period of lag 1, entailing the relationship needs to be further strengthened in the long term; (4) in the process of continuous enhancement of energy utilization level, it is difficult to drive economic benefits due to high input costs in the initial stage, but it can form a two-way interaction relationship with a green economy as time goes by. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's green credit has mostly been invested in new energy areas with positive environmental externalities in recent years, while coal power enterprises have been neglected. This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model among government, coal power enterprises, and banks to clarify the key factors and mechanisms for coal power enterprises undergoing green transformation. The research results show that: Firstly, to realize the spontaneous green transformation of coal power enterprises, spontaneous profitability must be achieved before the removal of policy incentives, which is reflected in the continuous increase in electricity price, carbon emission trading price, and decrease in green transformation cost. Secondly, the green credit adjustment factor cannot determine whether a company chooses to undertake green transition, but it provides a valuable window of green transition for companies. When the relative benefits of green transformation projects are greater than the relative costs, coal power enterprises will undergo green transformation spontaneously. Thirdly, lower green credit interest rates are not better. An optimal green credit interest rate exists, that allows coal power enterprises to obtain the longest transition window in which to achieve spontaneous profitability for green transition projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pipeline transportation of crude oil has great advantages over traditional oil transmission methods, in terms of economic and environmental protection. The main costs in the oilfield surface system are the fuel costs for heating the crude oil during transportation and the electricity costs for the pumping units. In the northeast of China, where winter temperatures are extremely low and the oil has a high freezing point and high viscosity, higher temperatures, and pressures are required to transport crude oil. With machine learning widely used in many industries and achieving better results, the digital management of oil pipelines has stored a large amount of production and operation data, which has laid the foundation for the research of oil pipeline process calculation using machine learning methods. In this paper, a crude oil pressure drop calculation of an oil pipeline in Northeast China is carried out based on a neural network. For pipeline pressure drop calculation, the back propagation neural network (BP) pressure drop calculation model and particle swarm optimization for back propagation neuron network (PSO-BP) pressure drop calculation model are established. Two models were used to calculate and compare the measured data, and the average absolute error of the PSO-BP model was the smallest, which was 0.015%. Compared with the BP model, the average relative error is reduced by 13.16%. Therefore, The PSO-BP pressure drop calculation model has high accuracy and is of practical significance for predicting pipeline pressure drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borehole cataloguing is an important task in geological drilling. Traditional manual cataloguing provides the stratification of underground boreholes based on changes in core lithology. This paper proposes a novel borehole cataloguing method using a drilling process monitoring (DPM) system. This DPM cataloguing method stratifies a borehole according to the drilling speed through the rock. A 102 m borehole was drilled and cored in Baota district, Yan'an city, Shaanxi Province, China. The rock-breaking response parameters of the drill bit displacement, drill rod rotation speed and inlet pipe and outlet pipe oil pressures were monitored throughout the drilling process, and the drilling depth-penetration rate curve during the net drilling process was obtained. The changes in drilling speed show that the DPM cataloguing can identify the depths of the layer interfaces of the borehole and describe the stratification. The interface depth values obtained by DPM have little difference from the interface depth values obtained by manual cataloguing, and the errors are between −0.04% and 4.29%. From the DPM stratification results, the engineering quality evaluation of the rock mass can be realized without coring. DPM is fast, convenient, accurate, can greatly improve the efficiency of existing catalogues, and can be applied to scientific research in any underground space. DPM is a measurement-while-drilling technology. According to DPM data, the operating state of a drilling rig and the parameter changes while drilling can be obtained in situ and in real time throughout the drilling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's largest coal consumer, China's coal consumption in 2021 was 2934.4 million tons of standard coal. Thermal coal occupies an important position in the coal market and industry system, as an important raw material in the power industry, steel industry and other industries. The price of thermal coal in 2021 was at its highest level in a decade, and reached a historical level of about 2587.5 yuan per ton in October 2021. In the same month, the government intervened in the thermal coal price, which fell 51.9% by the end of the year under the influence of the policy. In previous studies, there has been little research on thermal coal and the impact of the variable "policy" on the thermal coal price. Thus, this paper analyzed the factors that affect the price fluctuation of thermal coal, and the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the thermal coal price. The cointegration test and forecast-error variance decomposition (FEVD) are adopted in this study. Our results show that the impact of policy uncertainty on the thermal coal price gradually increases over time, but the impact of policy uncertainty on price is negative and not as strong as expected. On the contrary, inventory and other energy prices have a greater positive impact on the price of thermal coal. The results of this study are of significance for the prediction of thermal coal prices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal and organic-rich shale in the Yan'an Formation in the southwestern margin of the Ordos Basin are widely developed, which is an important fact for oil and gas exploration in China that has been widely explored for a long time. In this paper, detailed sequence division and sedimentary environment analyses of the Yan'an Formation in the Pengyang area on the southwestern margin of the Ordos Basin were conducted using field outcrops, drilling cores, logging, wavelet transform and organic geochemistry. The results showed that the succession consists of some units with distinctly different characteristics. Based on the petrographic assemblage and transform wavelet characteristics, the Yan'an Formation in this area can be divided into a long-term cycle, five medium-term cycles, and eleven short-term cycles, among which coal and carbonaceous shale were mainly developed in the short-term cycles I2, III1, III2, V1 and V2. Coal and organic-rich mud shale have been developed in the Yan'an Formation and plant debris in mudstone and coal is common, indicating the development of swamps and shallow water-covered depressions in this area. The sandstones showed parallel bedding, cross-bedding and scours, thus indicating fluvial deposits. The saturated hydrocarbon gas chromatographic parameters of mud shale showed that the pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio is 2.24–6.22, the Ph/nC18 ratio is 0.15–0.93, and the Pr/nC17 ratio is 0.97–2.78, supporting the finding that the organic matter has mainly originated from terrestrial sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual electricity trade scheduling is the basis of long-term power generation scheduling. In recent decades, the ratio of new energy generation in China has increased annually, and the electricity market has operated under the "market electricity" and "planned electricity" double track mode in recent years. However, the existing annual electricity trade scheduling methods are extensive and cannot adapt to the new situation of "market electricity" and large-scale new energy generation. The annual scheduled energy of the power units is set as a decision variable, and a novel annual energy scheduling optimization model based on Gini coefficient of fairness is presented in this paper. In this model, "market electricity" capacity is conversed monthly, considering peaking reserve demand and monthly characteristics of new energy generation. The fairness constraint set based on Gini coefficient is introduced into the optimization model to solve various fairness problems. Simulation results show that the introduction of the Gini coefficient and the optimization model considering the monthly conversion of marketing electricity capacity can obtain more accurate and reasonable electricity distribution results, and the peaking demand can be considered more fairly and effectively. The proposed method provides a feasible solution to the annual electric energy scheduling for dual-track operation country such as China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a fuel cell stack is affected by the operating temperature of the stack. The thermal management subsystem of a multi-stack fuel cell system (MFCS) is particularly significant for the operating temperature control of each stack in the MFCS. To study the influence of different topologies of a MFCS thermal management subsystem, this paper proposes and establishes two different topologies. Firstly, the integrated topology is proposed. Secondly, seven component models, namely the mixer, thermostat, radiator, tank, pump, bypass value, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack temperature models, are described in detail. Finally, the performance of the two topologies of the MFCS thermal management subsystem under two working conditions, steady (200 A) and variable (China heavy-duty commercial test cycle, C-WTVC), is compared. Furthermore, there are two evaluating indicators, including the stability duration and deviation of the operating temperatures of the single stack in the MFCS. Results show that when the MFCS operates under steady working conditions, the integrated topology is superior in operating temperature control accuracy ( Δ T < 0.5   K ), while the distributed topology is superior in the adjustment process ( t   ≤   100   s ). Moreover, when the MFCS operates under variable working conditions, the distributed topology is superior in operating temperature control accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas resources in the Sanhu area of the Qaidam Basin have great potential, but there are few studies on biogas from shale, especially on the accumulation conditions of shale biogas. The study of biogas accumulation conditions of quaternary shale in the Sanhu area is of great significance to the theory of biogas accumulation and the guidance of exploration and development. This paper takes Quaternary shale in the Sanhu area as the research object. It is analyzed from multiple perspectives of shale hydrocarbon generation conditions, reservoir conditions, as well as hydrodynamic and structural conditions. Through the experiments of soluble organic carbon analysis and porosity and permeability analysis, the accumulation conditions of shale biogas reservoirs are clarified. The results show that the quaternary shale has a high soluble organic carbon content and high salinity formation water, which is conducive to late methane biochemical generation. Quaternary shale has the characteristics of high porosity and low permeability, mainly developing intergranular pores and intragranular pores. The large pore volume and specific surface area provide a lot of storage space for free gas and adsorbed gas, and the reservoir conditions are good. Under the structural characteristics of high in the south and low in the north and the action of formation hydrodynamics, biogas migrated from the south and deep to the north of the basin. The north slope is the main biogas-rich zone. On the whole, the quaternary shale in the Sanhu area has the characteristics of continuous hydrocarbon generation and dynamic accumulation, which has huge resource potential and exploration and development value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas generation is the result of organic matter degradation under the effects of biodegradation and thermal degradation. Early Cambrian black shales in the Upper Yangtze Region are rich in organic matter and have shown great shale gas potentiality in recent years. Nevertheless, the enrichment mechanism and distribution of organic matter in these black shales between different sedimentary settings, such as intra-platform basin, slope, and deep basin, are still poorly understood. In this paper, based mainly on elemental geochemistry, a comprehensive study of the marine redox conditions, primary productivity, sedimentation rate, terrigenous input, hydrothermal activity, and water mass restrictions was conducted on the Early Cambrian Niutitang black shale in the Upper Yangtze Region. Our data showed that an intra-platform basin received a higher terrigenous input and that it deposited under more restricted conditions than the slope and deep basin settings. The primary productivity in the slope and deep basin settings was higher than that in the intra-platform basin setting. In the intra-platform basin, the productivity increased from its inner part to its margin. For the slope and deep basin settings, the high paleoproductivity generated large amounts of organic matter and its preservation was synergistically affected by the redox conditions. In contrast to the slope and deep basin, the preservation of organic matter in the inner part of the intra-platform basin was mainly controlled by redox conditions because the paleoproductivity in it was much lower than in the slope and deep basin settings. The intra-platform basin margin was the most favorable area for accumulating organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of China's economy, China has become the world's largest carbon emitter. China not only has an obvious growth rate of industrial carbon emissions but also the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions is hovering at a high level. The development of China's agricultural economy has largely come at the expense of high emissions. Currently, under the background of global warming and difficulty in controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the development of low-carbon agriculture is an important way to realize the harmonious development of the ecological environment and economic growth and to promote the sustainable development of agriculture. The agricultural production efficiency is the main factor affecting the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions. Based on provincial panel data of China from 2010 to 2019, this paper establishes an indicator system and uses the super-efficiency SBM model to measure agricultural production efficiency. The regional agricultural carbon emissions were estimated using carbon-emission-related agricultural production activities. In order to study the nonlinear relationship between agricultural production efficiency and agricultural carbon emission intensity in the narrow sense, this paper uses a threshold regression model with agricultural carbon emissions as the threshold variable. Based on the analysis of China's agricultural production efficiency and agricultural carbon emissions from 2010 to 2019, an empirical test is conducted through a threshold regression model. The results show an "inverted U-shaped" relationship between agricultural production efficiency and agricultural carbon emission intensity. In areas with high agricultural production efficiency, the improvement of production efficiency can suppress the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions; in areas with low agricultural production efficiency, the improvement of production efficiency increases the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions. Finally, based on the research conclusions, this paper provides feasible suggestions and countermeasures for China's agricultural carbon emission reduction and improvement of agricultural production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing severity of climate change, the power industry, as one of the main sources of carbon emissions, is playing an extremely important role in the process of low-carbon energy transformation. The purpose of this paper is to try to find a general method to solve the optimal path for the low-carbon evolution of the power supply structure so as to meet the challenges faced by the low-carbon transformation of the power industry in the future. This paper first uses the capacity coefficient index (CCI) to represent the power generation ability of different technologies and proposes a forecasting method for the CCI of renewable energy generation. In this paper, a two-layer optimization model considering multiple constraints is established and solved using the MPC method. The results show that China's installed capacity of renewable power could account for more than 50% in 2030, while the carbon emissions will decrease after reaching a peak in 2023. On the premise of ensuring sufficient reserve adjustment capacity of thermal power units, increasing the proportion of renewable energy generation is an important way to realize emission reduction in the power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutrality is one of the most important goals for the Chinese government to mitigate climate change. Coal has long been China's dominant energy source and accounts for more than 70–80% of its carbon emissions. Reducing the share of coal power supply and increasing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in coal power plants are the two primary efforts to reduce carbon emissions in China. However, even as energy and water consumed in CCUS are offset by reduced energy consumption from green energy transitions, there may be tradeoffs from the carbon–energy–water (CEW) nexus perspective. This paper developed a metric and tool known as the "Assessment Tool for Portfolios of Coal power production under Carbon neutral goals" (ATPCC) to evaluate the tradeoffs in China's coal power industry from both the CEW nexus and financial profits perspectives. While most CEW nexus frameworks and practical tools focus on the CEW nexus perturbation from either an external factor or one sector from CEW, ATPCC considers the coupling effect from C(Carbon) and E(Energy) in the CEW nexus when integrating two main carbon mitigation policies. ATPCC also provides an essential systematic life cycle CEW nexus assessment tool for China's coal power industry under carbon-neutral constraints. By applying ATPCC across different Chinese coal industry development portfolios, we illustrated potential strategies to reach a zero-emission electricity industry fueled by coal. When considering the sustainability of China's coal industry in the future, we further demonstrate that reduced water and energy consumption results from the energy transition are not enough to offset the extra water and energy consumption in the rapid adoption of CCUS efforts. However, we acknowledge that the increased energy and water consumption is not a direct correlation to CCUS application growth nor a direct negative correlation to carbon emissions. The dual effort to implement CCUS and reduce electricity generation from coal needs a thorough understanding and concise strategy. We found that economic loss resulting from coal reduction can be compensated by the carbon market. Carbon trading has the potential to be the dominant profit-making source for China's coal power industry. Additionally, the financial profits in China's coal power industry are not negatively correlated to carbon emissions. Balance between the carbon market and the coal industry would lead to more economic revenues. The scenario with the most rapid reduction in coal power production combined with CCUS would be more sustainable from the CEW nexus perspective. However, when economic revenues are considered, the scenario with a moderately paced energy transition and CCUS effort would be more sustainable. Nevertheless, the ATPCC allows one to customize coal production scenarios according to the desired electricity production and emission reduction, thus making it appropriate not only for use in China but also in other coal-powered regions that face high-energy demands and carbon neutrality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]