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This is both a historical overview of reader devices of electronic documents and a description of the current technology characterized by the so called “electronic paper”. Gyricon technologies are analysed as well as the electrophoretic screens and devices that use the electrowetting principle. A wide variety of file formats compatible with the different kinds of reader devices are shown, as well as the problems derived from reader incompatibility. The more outstanding models available in the market and their services are also described. A reflection is proposed about the different usages and their effectiveness, document dissemination, and the expectations that the e-readers have created regarding future development. Nowadays these devices make the reading of electronic documents easier and more comfortable.

This paper studies the social structure of Spanish and Latin American communication researchers through the representation and analysis of three coauthorship networks at the national, institutional, and individual level. Such networks are built from papers indexed in the ‘Communication’ category by Web of Science and published between 2000 and 2019 by authors attached to a Spanish or Latin American institution (n = 5,040). The goal is to characterize the structural features of each network, identify the most central actors, and illustrate the most relevant relationships among nodes. The results show that the most central country is Spain, followed by the USA and other European nations. Among the Latin American states, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are placed at the most relevant nodes. Latin American collaboration is preferentially addressed to the USA, especially since 2015. Regarding institutions, Spanish public universities in Madrid and Catalonia achieve the highest degrees of centrality. However, the most central Latin American institutions are private universities. The most relevant authors are Spanish researchers until 2015, when they are replaced at the top by Latin American scholars. Collaboration at both the individual and institutional levels shows a deep regional tendency, while the internationalization of researchers and universities is only more visible since 2015. This work identifies a tendency towards internal cohesion at different network levels as the number of connected nodes grows in each period. We conclude that a proper Spanish-Latin America community of communication researchers does not exist. Resumen Se aborda la estructura social de la comunidad española y latinoamericana de investigadores en Comunicación. Para ello se representan y analizan las redes de coautorías en tres niveles: naciones, instituciones y autores. Estas redes se construyen a partir de los artículos de revistas indexadas en la Web of Science categorizadas dentro del área “Communication” y publicados entre 2000 y 2019 por autores con afiliación a un centro español o latinoamericano (n = 5.040). Se busca así caracterizar estructuralmente cada red, identificar los actores más centrales y delimitar las relaciones más relevantes entre los nodos y medir la cohesión de la red, así como trazar la evolución de las coautorías en el período analizado. Los resultados muestran que el país más central es España, seguido por Estados Unidos y otras naciones europeas. Entre los estados latinoamericanos, Brasil, Chile y México ocupan los lugares más relevantes. La colaboración de Latinoamérica se dirige preferentemente hacia Estados Unidos, especialmente a partir de 2015. En cuanto a las instituciones, las universidades públicas madrileñas y catalanas destacan por su centralidad. Por el contrario, las universidades latinoamericanas más centrales son centros privados. Respecto a los autores, los más centrales son especialmente investigadores españoles, pero a partir de 2015 son reemplazados en los puestos más relevantes por autores latinoamericanos. No obstante, la colaboración, tanto institucional como individual, es marcadamente regional. La internacionalización de individuos e instituciones sólo se hace más visible a partir de 2015. Se identifica una tendencia a la cohesión interna de las redes en sus distintos niveles en tanto que aumenta el número de nodos conectados entre sí. Se concluye que no existe una comunidad propiamente hispano-latinoamericana de investigación en Comunicación.

Although there are many models for ranking higher education institutions, the SCImago Institutions Rankings methodology stands out for its ability to present quantitative and qualitative indicators of scientific output. Besides Total number of published papers, several indicators are concerned with quality dimensions of published papers, such as International collaboration, Scientific leadership or High quality publications . However, official rankings are provided solely on the basis of one indicator: Output (total number of published papers ). This paper presents a statistical I-distance method that integrates all the indicators into one value, which therefore represent a rank and show which of the input indicators is the most important for the process of ranking. Our results clearly showed that Excellence with Leadership occupies the most significant spot.

One of the products of Thomson-Reuters is the list of highly cited researchers, which became more important when it was incorporated into the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities . Scores on the Shanghai Ranking HiCi indicator are related to the number of highly cited researchers (HCR) by university. In the 2013 edition, methodological changes have been made in listing highly cited authors. The main aim of this paper is to analyze these changes and the new HCR distribution by country. The paper also lists the new HCR from Spain. At the national level, Spain increased its global representation to 2.52% and at the institutional level 23 universities are scored on the HiCi indicator, helping to configure a new map of research excellence. The paper concludes with a preliminary assessment of the impact of the new lists on the position of Spain’s universities in the Shanghai ranking .

This paper summarizes new trends and advances in Knowledge Organization from the perspective of linked open data (LOD). Although this is particularly important to galleries, libraries, archives and museums, the so-called GLAM community, it is of more general relevance, and part of the value of LOD lies in its adoption beyond that community. LOD includes descriptive metadata and vocabulary encoding schemes that are being “skosified” (encoded in the SKOS format) or rendered in OWL (the web ontology language) and made available not only “on” the web, but “for” the semantic web. The paper highlights a few exemplary initiatives in the field. The paper also introduces the HIVE (Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabularies Engineering) framework and discusses the HIVE-ES (Espana) extension for Spanish language vocabularies, leading to a more global approach for linked open vocabularies (LOV).

During the last decade, the Internet, and the social networks in particular, have gained relevance as spaces for interaction and socialization. The multiplication and penetration of social media, as well as the volume and intensity of interactions, have led to a migration of the public sphere towards these platforms. In this (apparently neutral) virtual context, where social networks contribute to the construction or amplification of social relations, the Internet is configured as a space of inequality where power relations and patriarchal practices are reproduced, amplified by the sensation of anonymity and its disinhibiting effect. This paper analyzes the presence of hate speech and misogyny in the Twitter conversation around 50 Spanish women with public visibility online and in the real world, belonging to diverse professional fields: science, communication, culture, sports, business, and politics. Based on an automated search for insults and other hate terms, a content analysis of the direct interactions and indirect mentions received by these women on this social platform over a period of 1 year was carried out. The results of this study highlight the toxicity of the Twittersphere for female users. Thus, 15% of direct interactions and 10% of indirect interactions directed at these women included some kind of insult or disqualification, although not necessarily of a sexist or misogynist nature. This violence is especially evident against women representatives of those areas with greater visibility and social influence such as communication and politics. Resumen En la última década, internet y, en concreto, las redes sociales, han cobrado relevancia como espacios de interacción y socialización. La multiplicación y penetración de las redes sociales, así como el volumen e intensidad de las interacciones, han propiciado un desplazamiento de la esfera pública hacia estas plataformas. Este contexto virtual aparentemente neutro, donde las redes sociales ayudan a la construcción o amplificación de las relaciones sociales, se configura como un espacio de desigualdad donde se reproducen las relaciones de poder y prácticas patriarcales, amplificadas por la sensación de anonimato y su efecto desinhibidor. El presente trabajo analiza la manifestación del discurso del odio y misoginia en la conversación en Twitter en torno a 50 mujeres españolas, con proyección pública en la Red y fuera de la Red, pertenecientes a diversos ámbitos profesionales: ciencia, comunicación, cultura, deporte, empresa y política. A partir de la búsqueda automatizada de insultos y otros términos de odio, se ha analizado el contenido de las interacciones directas y menciones indirectas que recibieron estas mujeres en esta plataforma social a lo largo de un año. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la toxicidad de la tweetesfera para las usuarias. Así, el 15% de las interacciones directas y el 10% de las indirectas dirigidas a estas mujeres integran algún tipo de insulto o descalificación, aunque no necesariamente de carácter sexista o misógino. Una violencia que se hace especialmente patente contra las mujeres representantes de las áreas de mayor visibilidad e influencia social como la comunicación y la política.

The journalism being taught at universities in Spain is undergoing intensive changes as a result of the dual pressure exerted by the impact of digitisation in two specific aspects. The first is the journalistic system itself (business models, professional routines, information consumption, etc.). The second aspect involves the teaching guidelines established as a result of the implementation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Focusing on the latter issue, the current debate regarding the orientation of journalistic education is calling for this aspect not to be relegated or limited to training in technical skills, which are constantly being renewed by technological developments of the digital environment. On the contrary, journalism education must also take into account other skills that foster the achievement of critical thinking, which is fundamental for the exercise of the journalistic profession. However, in the face of an increasingly digitised, competitive labour market, journalism studies and their training programmes also have a duty to provide the skills and competencies demanded by this market. In this paper, we have conducted a systematic review of some of the experiences of innovative teaching that have been successfully carried out in Journalism degrees taught in Spain for this purpose (service-learning, project-based learning, content curation, and edublogs, among others). These experiences reflect the involvement of university professors in providing comprehensive education for future journalists, with a strong emphasis on the intensive use of the digital resources currently available.

Global rankings help boost the international reputation of universities, which thus attempt to achieve good positions on them. These rankings attract great interest each year and are followed attentively by stakeholders in higher education. This paper investigates the trajectory of Spanish universities in the ARWU and THE rankings over the last 5 years using the dynamic biplot technique to study the relationship between a multivariate dataset obtained at more than one time point. The results demonstrate that Spanish universities achieve low positions on international rankings when analyzed using this multivariate and dynamic approach. Indeed, only a small percentage occupy good positions in both studied rankings and stand out in terms of some of the indicators, whereas most achieve weak scores in the global context. Spanish universities should attempt to improve this situation, since the prestige resulting from a good position on these lists will always be beneficial in terms of the visibility of both the universities themselves and the whole Spanish university system.

The objective of this study was to provide the global community of interested scholars with an updated understanding of digital humanities in Spain, in terms of researchers and research centres, disciplines involved and research topics of interest, trends in digital resources development, main funding bodies and the evolution of their investment since the early nineties. One of the characteristics that differentiates this study from previous approaches is the information used to carry out the research. It combines large datasets of publicly available data from trusted sources with a handpicked selection of records grouping information scattered over the Web. Most of the evidence detected by other studies has been numerically confirmed. At the same time, the new metrics and values established constitute a reference base for monitoring the future evolution of the discipline, and thus favour comparisons. Half of the researchers were found to be affiliated to only nine institutions, whereas the other half of them were scattered across 84 locations. Department affiliation showed a varied pattern of the different degrees of specialization in each institution. Although the major historic role played by Philology was confirmed, the rising interest of other areas of the Humanities and Social Science produces a wider picture, which helped to identify five large clusters of research topics, centred on major disciplines. The quantitative analysis of funding, a dimension almost unexplored in the Humanities, proved to be a valuable way to assess the discipline and its historical evolution. In fact, it revealed interesting trends that led to our proposal of a three-phase periodization in the consolidation of digital humanities in Spain. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations regarding how to deal with issues that could harm the future development of this research area and the role that Spanish researchers can play in the international context. The whole dataset analysed in this publication can be downloaded athttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893546 A part of this dataset has been also analysed for this posterhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4256689

The study of think tanks in Spain has been growing in the last few years with an equally increasing number of social and grassroots movements. This article offers content analysis results from a selection of eight Spanish think tanks in the digital press during a seven-year period, adding new conclusions to previous literature for the same period. Not only does this research explore the appearance on the media, but also the type of mentions and authorship of the articles and blogs included in the digital press, contributing to a deeper study of think tanks. The objective of this study is to analyse the limited presence of Spanish think tanks in media outlets and whether their appearance is ideologically motivated. The article built a constructed week sampling and followed a content analysis methodology to gather quantitative and qualitative elements from the selected sampling (n=1,101). The paper concludes that the presence of think tanks in the Spanish digital press is limited, causing not only a lack of knowledge of their existence but also raising questions about how they try to impact on the policymaking process.

This paper first reviews the advantages and disadvantages associated with both pre-coordination and post-coordination in classification. It then argues that we can have the advantages of both if we couple a post-coordinated (synthetic) approach to classification with a user interface that privileges the word order in search queries. Several other advantages of such an approach to classification and search are reviewed. It better captures the nature of a work (or object), addresses important issues with respect to social diversity, and facilitates user queries. It produces subject strings that resemble sentence fragments; this serves to clarify the meaning of terms within the subject string, and makes subject strings more comprehensible since humans typically think in sentences. These various benefits are then illustrated in the classification of works of music. It is shown that many important characteristics of works of music are best handled by such a system. These are generally poorly addressed, or not addressed at all, by existing approaches to the classification of music.

In the context of digitization of photographs and other documents with graphical value, cultural heritage organizations need to give a guarantee that the stored digital image is a faithful representation of the physical image both at the physical level and the perceptual level. On the physical level, image quality can be measured objectively in a simple way by applying certain physical attributes to the image, as well as by measuring how distorting images affects the performance of the attributes. However, on the perceptual level, image quality should correspond to the perception that a human expert would experience when observing the physical image under certain determined and controlled conditions. In this paper we address the problem of image quality assessment (IQA) in the context of cultural heritage digitization by applying machine learning (ML). In particular, we explore the possibility of creating a decision tree that mimics the response of an expert on cultural heritage when observing cultural heritage images.

We provide a content analysis of the research published on advertising creativity in Spanish communication journals of the first and second quartile of the In-Recs index (2011 edition): Analisi (from 1980 to 2012), Comunicar (from 1993 to 2012), Comunicacion y sociedad (from 1988 to 2012), Doxa (from 2003 to 2012), Questiones publicitarias (from 1993 to 2012), Revista latina de comunicacion social (from 1998 to 2012), Tripodos (from 1996 to 2012), and Zer (from 1996 to 2012). The authors analysed 3406 papers to determine the level of interest in advertising creativity evidenced in these scientific journals. Only 0.20% of the studies analyzed focused on advertising creativity.

Since its launch several years ago, Europeana has continued to improve the quantity and quality of its content, attempting to offer new services and differentiate itself from the more popular search engines. The Assets project has contributed to this goal by developing innovative content-based search technologies and services, improving existing functionality, and designing more user-friendly interfaces. This paper describes in detail some of the new services that were implemented in a replica of the Europeana website. A user evaluation process was conducted in several European countries, with a total of 51 usability tests performed. The results reveal the benefits and drawbacks of the portal. The identified problems were systematically prioritized. In the final phase of the project, a redesign resolved 74% of all usability incidents. The result is a number of features that enhance the original Europeana portal, giving the user more and better search tools.

The text analyses the emergence of digital publications designed for the new portable devices with touchscreen. If in the last 30 years the universe of written text went through a mutation from paper to screens, now we are seeing a further stage of this process that recombines these interfaces, the old devices dialogue with the new ones and texts reside in new ‘species’ of hybrid media. The arrival of the emagazines is analysed from a perspective that integrates semiotics of interfaces and media ecology.

All trends seem to indicate that, to survive in a virtual environment, mass media need to incorporate some operational principles specific to the social media. This paper focusses on how the traditional Media are implementing 2.0 tools, incorporating to their know-how a new way of interaction with users based on collaborative participation and users- generated content. Some Spanish media, such as Elpais. com for online press and RTVE.es for the audiovisual sector, represent different strategies where users are connected with each other; they share ideas, information, entertainment and projects. However, when using 2.0 tools users and media should know they are facing potential legal risks, especially related to intellectual property, personal data protection, privacy, reputation and right to publicity.

The objective of this paper is the assessment of the comprehensibility in museum panels, considering that they are addressed to all audiences and written in standard language. The indicators proposed in the scientific bibliography on comprehensibility are compiled. Subsequently, their application to the museum panels is analyzed. A corpus is built with the texts of panels from six museums and the difficulty of the panels is evaluated by means of classical metrics and tests on users’ perception. The ability of these classic metrics to predict the difficulty for the user is computed with automatic learning methods. Linguistic and term familiarity indicators have been added to improve the accuracy of the assessment. The most effective way to predict the degree of comprehensibility is a hybrid model of classical, linguistic and term familiarity indicators.

This paper discusses the current state of computerization of health information in Spain, where the priorities include the establishment of an electronic medical record that integrates all information about patients, makes it universally accessible and ensures the ethical use and confidentiality of the information as well as the privacy of individuals. To implement this change, it is imperative to combine the existing information systems of different health areas that perform in isolation. Although the Spanish government has launched an online health project to achieve this goal, there are still difficulties due to the lack of resources and infrastructure and a few barriers between the Spanish autonomous communities that must be overcome.

This case study describes a technical-professional press in online media publishing, and the evolution of this sector from the beginnings of internet as a channel for information and publicity to the present. New online advertising formats have been added, always conditioned by advertising campaigns conducted in paper publications, and new strategies as evolving for the future, as they develop new profiles, position themselves, and compete openly with other organizations with similar characteristics.

Corporate competition is based less on differences in the products they offer than on a company’s ability to differentiate itself through the management of what are called intangible assets: corporate image, brand, reputation, etc. A renewed emphasis on managing intangible assets is required, with two fundamental phases: image assessment at a specific point in time and proper management of the corporate image to optimize the company’s position in the minds of the general public. Attention to corporate image is essential for midsize organizations that have not yet understood or are just beginning to understand that tangible differentiation is not enough to establish competitive advantages in an increasingly globalized market. This paper addresses the value-added importance that documentation has (or should have) as companies manage their intangible assets, especially the corporate image. It also discusses the importance of organizations assuming documentation as part of managing their work. In particular, we focus on the role of documentation in the “assessment” of the image through the image audit. This first phase is completed with the “management” phase, including development of a series of documents, programs and manuals that require a significant review effort so that in the long term the organization can obtain benefits in terms of added value.

With the increasing number of web sites, the time spent by users reviewing the results also increases. In addition, the nature of web content is semantically heterogeneous and oriented to people who will be able to understand it. Frequently the results from search engines do not correspond to the expected topic. One approach to improve the results is to match the content of the web pages with a formal vocabulary on the topic (ontology) and with the informal vocabulary (common terms of the topic but not in the ontology). This paper describes a web search method that takes advantage of ontologies to reduce the search area of certain topics. With this approach the relevance of search engine results is enhanced by filtering the content through the integration of domain ontologies, the WordNet thesaurus, and a hierarchical similarity measure. Thus, the improvement on the relevance of results reduces the time required to review such results.

When the Latin America and the Caribbean Social Sciences Network of Virtual Libraries was created 10 years ago, it was an easy decision to work with open software because the Latin America and the Caribbean Social Science Council (Clacso), an academic network with 195 member institutes located in 21 countries, promotes the use of open software and open access to communicate and exchange research results in digital formats. The development and daily operations of this cooperative digital library are described, including Greenstone for the reading room with advanced search capacity and Plone for the graphical interface; both allow decentralized content management with 9.000 full text publications (books, journal articles, working documents, papers) and databases.

In 2006 Hwang’s fraudulent papers published in Science on stem cell research re-opened the debate on scientific misconduct. Taking this as a starting point, some reflections are put forward on the dimension of fraud in science. The singularity of Hwang’s case, due to its scientific, social and media impact, is examined as a consequence of the persuasion mechanisms systematised in the so-called Routes of Scholarly Lying. Furthermore, the reasons for publishing fraudulent research, the inefficiency of peer review for detecting it, and the various mechanisms for managing and eradicating it, are presented., En 2006 el fraude cometido por Hwang en dos trabajos publicados en Science acerca de la investigación sobre células madre (stem cells) volvió a abrir el debate sobre las prácticas deshonestas en el mundo de la ciencia. A partir del mismo se reflexiona sobre las dimensiones del fraude en la ciencia y se analiza la singularidad del caso Hwang por su impacto científico, social y mediático como consecuencia de los mecanismos de persuasión sistematizados en la denominada Rutas de la mentira científica. Asimismo, se presentan las causas que conducen a la publicación de investigaciones fraudulentas, la ineficacia del arbitraje científico para detectarlas y los diversos mecanismos existentes para su gestión y erradicación.

*** This paper considers the identity crisis affecting many information professionals, due to the arrival of new technologies, tensions between people with and without a degree, economic restrictions and low social esteem. It is not enough to identify the problems, but also to propose solutions: with the arrival of new technologies the role of the professional has not changed; new graduates must recognise the role played by non-graduates in the development of libraries and other information centres at the same time they themselves are enriching the profession; information professionals must adapt to these new times of neo-liberalism without forgetting that the benefits of public libraries must be measured in social terms; and they must strive to explain what they do so that society and its leaders will value their work.

Las primarias republicanas de 2016, marcadas por las intervenciones de Trump y las confrontaciones dialécticas entre los contendientes, quedaron reflejadas en Twitter. La red social se convirtió en el espacio donde los candidatos pudieron expresar sus puntos de vista y compartir con sus potenciales votantes tanto sus preocupaciones como las cuestiones sobre las que pivotaría su programa electoral si resultaban elegidos. Este trabajo analiza los tweets publicados por los cuatro candidatos mejor posicionados en las encuestas de Iowa (Ben Carson, Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio y Donald Trump), cuyo caucus marca el comienzo de las primarias y suele funcionar como medidor fiable de lo que va a ser la carrera presidencial, en los meses previos al inicio del proceso y examina los puntos sobre los que sustentaron sus campañas y las líneas que trazaron sobre temas clave para el electorado republicano, entre otras cuestiones. Los resultados introducen algunas de las principales promesas con las que el ganador de las primarias convenció a los votantes estadounidenses para alcanzar la Presidencia. AbstractThe 2016 Republican primaries, marked by Trump’s controversial remarks and the dialectical confrontations between contenders, were mirrored on Twitter. This social network became the arena in which the candidates were able to express their views on different aspects and share with their potential voters both their concerns and the issues that would be the core of their electoral program if they were elected as the republican nominee. This paper analyzes the tweets published by the four best positioned candidates in the Iowa polls (Ben Carson, Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio and Donald Trump), whose Caucus marks the beginning of the presidential primaries and whose results usually indicate how the presidential race is going to evolve, in the months prior to the beginning of the process and examines the main elements on which their respective campaigns were based and the ideological lines traced by each one on key issues for the Republican electorate, among other issues. The results introduce some of the electoral promises with which the winner of the primaries convinced the US voters to reach the Presidency.

This paper shows the evolution of the first internet search engines, indexes and service providers towards their conversion into portals. Thesecan be grouped into three classifications: general, vertical, and corporate. Some distinguishing characteristics of portals are analyzed as well as the reasons behind their existence in internet. Also discussed are the main elements which favour their success, including: generation of contents, creation of virtual communities, promotion of user loyalty and development of e-commerce.

Genette introduced and defined the concept of paratext in 1987, and applied studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this methodological approach. However, reviewing the scientific literature shows a lack of studies of a paratext that is essential to the promotion of reading on social networks: public virtual epitext. The first aim of this paper is to review and analyze the scientific literature about virtual epitext. Next, we propose lines of research to advance the promotion of books and reading on social networks. Finally, we show the need to broaden the virtual epitext concept in order to analyze internet-related changes in the dissemination of books and reading.

The aim of this paper is to analyse which production values are more determinant regarding the audience’s quality perception with respect to different types of entertainment television genres. In order to develop this study, we have taken into account production values such as the creative and technical quality, the host, the set and the content. The main source of data for this empirical study is an original survey. The target population consisted of the Spanish population and the sample was designed to be representative. The results show that in spite of the emergence of the connected TV –resulting from the convergence of television and the internet–, which is profoundly changing the audiovisual market, the cornerstone of their business remains the same: content quality.

With the development of information and communication technologies, particularly with regards to the Internet, the needs of the public and the ways in which they can access information have changed. The Web is changing the role of traditional libraries and that of librarians, and we see how the future of libraries is questioned more and more every day. In this paper, we discuss the need to redefine public library services and to understand libraries as social centres rather than cultural ones. Public libraries must strive to become meeting points for learning and social inclusion. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to assume new work profiles and to shape and redefine the workforce of librarians. Only in this way will the public library be able to have social impact and validity as a relevant service in current society.