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Governments around the world have started adopting circular economy policies with the aim of transitioning production and consumption systems to be more circular. This transition requires a holistic approach to overcome a multitude of interdependent challenges. To understand how the State of Victoria, Australia is transitioning to a circular economy, this paper uses a systems thinking approach to analyse the current ecosystem. Using data from multiple sources, Causal Loop Diagrams to depict sub-systems were developed and validated through focus group workshops. We found that there is a heavy reliance on the resource recovery and recycling sector, both at industry level and policy interventions. Common misconceptions that circular economy is an advanced recycling strategy was found to be a major barrier for the transition. Policies to overcome these misconceptions and developing accepted circularity indicators focusing on the design stage and upfront considerations of downstream end of life impacts would enable a holistic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fishery supply network (FSN) is a complex system involving different stakeholders interacting through various processes, which presents challenges for monitoring and management. The network approach enables a comprehensive understanding of FSNs by analyzing interactions and dynamics among actors and processes, facilitating effective management. A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted to identify the contributions and advances that the network approach has triggered in FSN studies. An upward trend in papers published yearly over the past twenty years was identified, focusing on system dynamics, traceability, management, market influences, environmental impacts, and governance. Advancements include understanding how relationships between actors influence system performance and highlighting stakeholder involvement's critical role in collaborative solutions. The main limitations identified are data collection and availability, the infrequency of linking social and ecological systems, and the complexity of building dynamics models. Despite these challenges, the network approach is indispensable for better understanding FSNs and driving sustainable management and conservation initiatives. Finally, we propose five best practices for FSN studies, including 1) mapping actors or processes, 2) enhancing data collection, 3) network modeling, 4) scenario evaluation, and 5) ethical considerations. Also, several recommendations for future research on FSNs are discussed. • The study of fisheries supply networks involves complex interactions. • Monitoring and data collection are major challenges for fisheries supply networks. • Network approach improves understanding of fisheries supply networks. • Studies of fisheries supply networks have increased over the last two decades. • Dynamics, traceability, and management are emphasized in the studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detrimental impact of natural disasters on inequality is evident, yet their influence on the inequality of carbon emissions remains underexplored. Addressing this gap is crucial, as understanding the relationship between natural disasters and carbon inequality can inform more equitable climate policies. To this end, we performed an econometric investigation on the impact of natural disasters on carbon inequality, based on a global dataset covering 140 countries during 2000–2020. The system generalized method of moments model is utilized, and we also delve into the heterogeneous analysis, as well as the mediating and the moderating effects. Our numerical analysis yields four key findings. First, natural disasters are stumbling blocks to carbon inequality eradication, which means that natural disasters are not conducive to mitigating carbon inequality, but rather amplify it. Second, this adverse effect is more pronounced in low-income countries. Third, government ineffectiveness not only heightens carbon inequality but also intensifies the negative impact of natural disasters, demonstrating a synergic effect. Fourth, energy infrastructure and renewable energy development are two channels that link natural disasters with carbon inequality. These findings underscore the necessity of targeted policy interventions to mitigate carbon inequality and reduce the adverse consequences of natural disasters. • This paper investigates the impact of natural disasters on carbon inequality. • Natural disasters deteriorate the situation of carbon inequality. • Natural disasters show a stronger effect on increasing carbon inequality in low-income countries. • Government ineffectiveness further reinforces the positive impact of natural disasters on carbon inequality. • Natural disasters indirectly affect carbon inequality through inhibiting energy infrastructure and renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of climate, biodiversity, and pollution crises has prompted international and national institutions to move beyond the prevention and mitigation of damages and to design policies aimed at promoting ecological restoration. In this paper, we address this emerging policy challenge by presenting experimental evidence on individuals' propensity to contribute to restoration activities. Specifically, our design links a common pool resource game to a public good game to investigate how previous resource exploitation influences restoration decisions. We find that history matters since subjects who participate in resource depletion show a different behavior as compared to subjects who are only called to restore it. Specifically, while the former are subject to behavioral lock-ins that influence the success of restoration, the latter are more prompt to restore the more the resource is depleted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the relative importance of natural and human factors in shaping public awareness of climate change. I compare the predictive efficacy of natural factors, represented by air temperature deviations from historical norms, and human factors, encompassing noteworthy political events focused on environmental policies and movements led by environmental activists, in forecasting the salience of climate change topic over weekly and annual horizons using regional European countries' data. The salience of climate change is proxied by the Google search intensity data. The activists' movements are measured by weekly Friday for Future strikes. The best-performing predictor in the short term (weeks), is the size of activists' strikes and in the longer term (years), positive deviations of maximum air temperature from historical norms and political meetings focused on environmental policies. The inter-regional spatial relations, when taken into account, significantly improve the forecasts of the future public interest in climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate challenge can be modelled as a multiplayer prisoner's dilemma where ecological action – e.g., purchasing an electric car or adopting sustainable life-styles – is costly in terms of economic resources, time, and effort. The prisoner's dilemma structure of the game implies that, even though the social benefit is maximized – and every player would be better off – with everyone taking ecological actions, the strategy profile with no player taking action is a Nash equilibrium, assuming players have purely self-regarding preferences. In this paper we analyse how this ecological dilemma is affected by people's perceptions. Using the European Social Survey, we study how urgent the climate threat is perceived by respondents and their beliefs about other countries' actions. Theoretical predictions suggest that the former increases, while the latter does not affect individual willingness to act ecologically when introducing heterogeneity about the effect of worry on intrinsic motivations. Our empirical findings however show that both factors positively affect willingness to act. We interpret the positive effect by arguing that intrinsic motivations are also affected by other people action and show that the effect is weaker as social capital increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of institutions in decoupling economic growth from environmental impacts, employing the Varieties of Capitalism framework. It finds that Northern European countries have achieved more significant decoupling than other Western OECD countries since the 1980s, as measured by the Ecological Footprint of Consumption. Differences in corporatism, as well as the amount and type of public social expenditures, are hypothesized to play a crucial role in explaining this pattern. Multiple regression analysis reveals that larger proportions of GDP allocated to universal social expenditures — not contingent on work status — are robustly associated with stronger decoupling. This suggests that the considerable investments of Northern European countries in universal social benefits have been key for effectively reducing the environmental impacts associated with economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability to agrometeorological disasters threatens agricultural production and food security, which calls for urgent risk mitigation measures. Previous studies have widely focused on constructing composite indices of agricultural vulnerability and projecting agricultural losses under changing climate. Only a few authors have delved into the patterns of mitigation practices in reducing agricultural vulnerability and enhancing the functioning of agricultural systems. To fill this research gap, our study assesses the spatial-temporal characteristics of agricultural vulnerability with respect to meteorological disasters (including droughts, floods, hail, low temperatures, and frost) from 2000 to 2021 across 31 regions (including 22 provinces, 4 direct-administered municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions) in China. Identifying a dynamic trend of agricultural vulnerability and making use of a regime-switching framework, a Markov regime-switching model is employed to examine the changing regimes underlying the link between agricultural vulnerability and crop yields. More importantly, regime-switching roles of four different mitigation practices (i.e., irrigation, reservoir capacity, soil loss control, and drainage systems) in moderating agricultural vulnerability are evaluated using panel threshold regressions. Our results show that: 1) The link between agricultural vulnerability and crop yields differs across regions, and regime-switching phenomena behind this link can be detected. 2) Irrigation systems, water reservoirs, and soil loss control can be effective tools for mitigating agricultural vulnerability. 3) With the above three measures, detrimental impacts of agricultural vulnerability on agricultural production can be reduced significantly when certain thresholds are hit. 4) Non-linear relationships between mitigation measures and crop yields require authorities to pay considerable attention to determining the effective scales of mitigation measures. Overall, this paper shall contribute to understanding the moderating role of risk mitigation measures in alleviating agricultural vulnerability and increasing crop yields, thereby providing insights into designing strategies and policies for sustainable agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fishery encompasses various interconnected systems, including ecological, socioeconomic, and governing systems. Managing fisheries requires the simultaneous consideration of all these systems, making it a challenging endeavor. To address these challenges, fisheries bioeconomic models have emerged as a crucial tool. They are particularly valuable in the context of small-scale fisheries, which are often complex, overlooked and poorly understood. Thus, this paper presents a dynamic multispecies and multigear bioeconomic model that can illuminate the ecological, economic, and social dimensions of small-scale fisheries under different management scenarios. The model was applied to a small-scale fisheries system in Southern Brazil that has as a notable feature a cooperative fishing behavior between dolphins and fishers. Three scenarios were explored: the base scenario (status quo), the optimal management scenario, and the constrained optimal management scenario. The model outputs demonstrated a clear tradeoff between labour effort, species conservation, and economic rent. Shifting from the base to an optimal management scenario would result in a labour employment reduction within the system but concurrently yield higher stock levels, economic rent, and wages. These results illustrate how our model can explore critical management scenarios across the multiple dimensions of fisheries systems. In essence, this research offers a novel contribution in the form of a bioeconomic model tailored for small-scale fisheries involving multiple species. • Trade-off between labour effort, species conservation, and economic rent was found • Optimal management reduce labour employment but yield higher stock levels • Model can explore management scenarios across multiple dimensions of systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and with a substantial potential of carbon storage, agriculture and food (agri-food) systems play a two-fold role in achieving the Paris goal of well below 2 °C of global warming. Against this background, this paper assesses the mitigation potentials, economic effects, co-benefits and trade-offs of biophysically feasible transitions of the Austrian agri-food system. By combining biophysical accounting with a comparative-static multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model, we assess both supply- and demand-side driven transition scenarios. These scenarios entail substantial changes in the Austrian agri-food system, mitigating between 70 and 110% of GHG emissions relative to the reference pathway in 2050, with lower emission intensities from agricultural practices and enhanced sinks through afforestation. Two out of three scenarios lead to economy-wide costs of up to 1% of gross domestic product. Despite these small changes at the macroeconomic scale, output effects within the Austrian agri-food sectors are substantial, with primary production and manufacturing of plant-based products emerging as winners in terms of sectoral revenue, while animal-based primary production and manufacturing lose. The agri-food system transitions considered create health co-benefits, but reveal trade-offs between mitigation potentials, biodiversity conservation and economic effects. • We combine a biophysical and a CGE model to assess agri-food system transitions. • A mix of supply- and demand-side measures mitigates up to 110 % of sector emissions. • Substantial revenue shifts in agri-food sectors, with GDP effects between −1.0 and + 0.2 %. • Transitions create co-benefits and trade-offs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative information technology such as a Carbon Footprint Tracking App can contribute to achieve global climate targets like the 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement. This is particularly relevant for countries with strong socio-economic development, which often have high individual carbon footprints but also possess the technological advancements to help mitigate these emissions. This paper explores how carbon footprint feedback and goal-oriented appeals affect consumers' carbon emissions. Focusing on interventions in the food and mobility domains, this research distinguishes the impact of self-related and society-related goals across these focal domains and examines spillover effects on heating and other household activities. Using a Carbon Footprint Tracking App in a longitudinal experimental study with 210 participants over three waves, the following key findings emerge. First, goal activation affects carbon emissions differently across consumption domains. Second, while the obtained evidence points to spillover across domains, the appeals' effectiveness within the same domain is contingent on individual goal prioritization. In particular, behavioral interventions need to target specific goals within each domain, particularly normative and moral goals in the food domain, and hedonic and cost-related goals in the mobility domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does exposure to tropical cyclones affect fertility? This paper addresses this question by constructing a panel dataset from geolocated micro-data about the fertility history of mothers along with their local exposure to tropical cyclones for a sample of six developing countries for the 1985–2015 period. We then estimate the causal effect of tropical cyclone shocks on women's likelihood of giving birth. We find evidence that tropical cyclone exposure has a significantly negative effect on motherhood. A cyclonic wind exposure between 60 and 117 km/h (resp. at least of 118 km/h) decreases the probability of giving birth by 7.8 (resp. 7.0) points a year after exposure. We also observed that the magnitude of the effect varies with the degree of cyclonic exposure associated with the mothers' living environment and the number of children ever born. In particular, the fall in the likelihood of giving birth is lower for mothers living in cyclone-prone areas and for those who already have children. Alternative specifications of our baseline model provide further insights: (i) recent past exposure to cyclones was associated with a lower decrease in fertility when exposed once again; and (ii) no evidence of non-linearities was observed in the effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in drilling technology promise significant benefits from extraction of unconventional gas. At the same time, the deployment of this technology creates serious concerns about the negative effects it may have on agriculture and on the environment. This paper applies a behavioural approach to explore possibilities for improved negotiation outcomes between unconventional gas developers and host landowners using economic experiments in the laboratory. The paper specifically focuses on the role that security bond could have in resolving some of the conflicts surrounding unconventional gas development. The empirical findings from the economic experiments show that a security bond deposited by a developer prior to the commencement of the gas extraction can result with improved negotiation outcomes between developers and host landowners. Our findings suggest that the security bond is effective because it mitigates the effects of loss averse behaviour by landowners that do not hold sub-surface extraction rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of fishing rights are used to address the problem of overfishing. The three most commonly used are limited entry system, individual quotas and territorial use rights in fisheries. Substantial transaction costs can be involved in the establishment and maintenance of fishing rights, including definition costs, enforcement costs and coordination costs. This paper compares these fishing rights by examining the three types of transaction costs they may incur. The comparison is conducted through an analysis of the success and failure of their applications in different regions (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and South Africa). The main findings of this research suggest that, firstly, there is no panacea for fishery problems and the three types of fishing rights have different advantages and disadvantages in reducing transaction costs. Secondly, sometimes a mixture of the different fishing rights has the potential to create better protection than a pure regime. Thirdly, governmental intervention is crucial for overcoming residual externalities of fishing rights. This paper synthesises the literature which examines fishing rights individually by providing a comparison between these fishing rights. An analytical framework for comparison is established by linking the discussion of fishing rights with the transaction costs literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the effects of public policies on the occurrence of natural disasters related to extreme rainfall. By using a unique and geolocated database on natural disasters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, I test whether variables related to public policies - e.g. forest cover and urban infrastructure - affect the occurrence of natural disasters, conditional on the existence of extreme rainfall. Results point to a significant role for public policies in order to mitigate effects of extreme weather events. More specifically, results point to an important role for urban infrastructure, as proper sewage and waste collection, and forest cover in reducing the impacts of extreme rainfall. Moreover, I discuss how these heterogeneous effects have distributional consequences and can be linked to the Environmental Justice literature. Finally, this paper reinforces the idea that adaptation policies to disasters are essential in reducing local vulnerabilities and can yield distributional and fiscal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a probabilistic model for assessing corporate sustainability performance. The need for probabilistic approaches to sustainability measurement is on the rise. Existing approaches to measuring strong sustainability, which emphasize the non-substitutability of resources, overwhelmingly focus on the national- or regional-levels. Few “strong” sustainability models explicitly address performance at the company level. The model proposed in this paper is also unique in that it addresses situations where the variables used to measure performance are dependent on one another. Existing approaches focus on independent variables. The model is provided in a generalized form and offers a straightforward approach to assessing the sustainability performance of corporations. Also discussed in the paper are some managerial and academic implications of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological economics has long claimed distributive justice as a central tenet, yet discussions of equity and justice have received relatively little attention over the history of the field. While ecological economics has aspired to be transdisciplinary, its framing of justice is hardly pluralistic. Feminist perspectives and justice frameworks offer a structure for appraising the human condition that bridges social and ecological issues. Through a brief overview of the uptake of feminist perspectives in other social sciences, this paper outlines an initial justice-integration strategy for ecological economics by providing both a point of entry for readers to the vast and diverse field of feminist economic thought, as well as a context for the process of disciplinary evolution in social sciences. We also critique ecological economics' toleration of neoclassical mainstays such as individualism that run counter to justice goals. The paper concludes with a call for ecological economics practitioners and theorists to learn from other social sciences and elevate their attention to justice, to open possibilities for more dynamic, interdisciplinary, community-oriented, and pluralistic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a combination of the contingent valuation method (CVM) and value transfer (VT) to estimate the value of non-market benefits associated with the achievement of good (marine) environmental status (GES) as specified in the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) for Atlantic member states. The increased use of geographic information systems in VT means that many VT exercises now include spatial elements such as distance decay and population density. This paper explores impact of distance decay on welfare estimates as well as the impact from the modifiable area unit problem (MAUP) when population density is included as an explanatory variable. These issues can have a large effect on a VT estimate. In this study the overall value for achieving GES for Atlantic member states varied between €2.37billion and €3.64 billion. It was found that the different distance decay specifications changed values between −3% and 82% with a mean absolute difference of 25% and by adjusting the spatial scale in an effort to overcome the MAUP changed aggregate values between 13% and 25% with a mean of 17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates residents’ perception of quality of life in cities; to do this, the paper uses the capability approach proposed by Sen. In his work, Sen defines capabilities as the opportunities or possibilities individuals have while functionings are a subset of achievements among a wider set of achievable goals. The capability approach offers a theoretical framework with which to explain how individual perception of quality of life in cities develops. In the present work, the residents’ perception of quality of life depends on personal characteristics, the presence of amenities (manmade and natural), and the actual use of those amenities. Residents of an Italian town were surveyed via face-to-face structured interviews. The main findings indicate that residents’ perception of quality of life in cities is highly dependent on the choices people can actually make. These choices are strictly connected with the accessibility to services, individual allocation of time, and the social interactions people enjoy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have compared the profitability of organic and conventional producers, but present very conflicting results. Although in the majority of these papers selection bias due to observables is accounted for, the possibility of selection based on unobservables has been largely overlooked. In this paper, we compare these two types of producers using a large and unique data of about 4.2 million family farmers in Brazil. Standard propensity score matching techniques are used together with the procedure recently developed by Oster (forthcoming) to address concerns about omitted variables. Our results confirm the working hypothesis that organic producer's profits are lower than conventional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospects for long-term sustainability depend on whether, and how much, we can absolutely decouple economic output from total energy and material throughput. While relative decoupling has occurred – that is, resource use has grown less quickly than the economy – absolute decoupling has not, raising the question whether it is possible. This paper proposes a novel explanation for why decoupling has not happened historically, drawing on a recent theory of cost-share induced productivity change and an extension of post-Keynesian pricing theory to natural resources. Cost-share induced productivity change and pricing behavior set up two halves of a dynamic, which we explore from a post-Keynesian perspective. In this dynamic, resource costs as a share of GDP move toward a stable level, at which the growth rate of resource productivity is typically less than the growth rate of GDP. This provides a parsimonious explanation of the prevalence of relative over absolute decoupling. The paper then presents some illustrative applications of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research from economics and psychology suggests that behavioral interventions can be a powerful climate policy instrument. This paper provides a systematic review of the existing empirical evidence on non-price interventions targeting energy conservation behavior of private households. Specifically, we analyze four nudge-like interventions referred to as social comparison, commitment devices, goal setting, and labeling in 44 international studies comprising 105 treatments. This paper differs from previous systematic reviews by solely focusing on studies that permit the identification of causal effects. We find that all four interventions have the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption of private households, yet effect sizes vary immensely. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of impact evaluations before rolling out behavioral policy interventions at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voluntary standards and certification schemes aim to play an important role in the creation of a more sustainable production of agricultural commodities in the South. In this paper, we contend that most studies on the sustainability of these certifications take the objectives of voluntary standard-setting and certifying arrangements as the reference point, thereby implicitly accepting a problem definition that is not necessarily aligned with the needs, interests and preferences of the smallholder producers in a developing context. Based on the results of a four years research project on coffee and palm oil smallholders and certifications in Indonesia, this paper questions the transformative capacity of the standards and certifications regarding a more sustainable agricultural production. This capacity is located at the interface of the global demands, which are channeled down from the top of the value chain, and the local context where local producers take their decisions. Based on the empirical research it is argued that voluntary standards and certifications pave the way for a more sustainable agricultural production, but are not necessarily the right way forward to a more systemic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances the idea that socio-ecological inquiry could benefit more by analyzing the dynamics between states of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency (SAS), instead of viewing them as distinct branches of inquiry. The paper identifies three weaknesses in the literature: postulating scarcity, normative opposition of SAS, and conceptual entanglement. In bridging these, the paper proposes a unified agenda for SAS studies. This agenda includes: (a) a definition of the cases (population) of SAS; (b) a causal map of the determinants of SAS; (c) an outline of key strategies individuals employ to handle SAS. This agenda relies on the language of probability to systematize SAS studies. This approach subsumes the allocation problem of neoclassical economics within a super-set of problems. Recalibrating socio-ecological inquiry to research the dynamics of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency will not only cast new light on old problems, but also discover new problems that traditionally have been reserved for neoclassical economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) philosophies has given rise to some improvements in decision-making with greater attention being given to the relationship between upstream choices and downstream consequences. However, the limits of IWRM also need to be recognised, especially the demands on water planners seeking to balance multiple objectives across multiple sites. This paper scrutinises the need for superordinate integrated decisions when property rights are already well-defined and tradeable. By using simplified examples derived from the Australian milieu, we also consider cases where the property rights are less-well defined and trade is not an easy option. The examples demonstrate that efficient decisions can arise without a superordinate water utility making integrated plans but the scale of decisions does matter, as does the measurement of the attributes of water in question. The paper also shows the necessity for understanding and linking institutional scope, hydrological influences and ecological responses whenever IWRM is purportedly seeking to simultaneously bring about ecological gains. Vesting integrated decisions in water utilities on the basis of their revenue-raising capacity is also briefly scrutinised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental goods and bads are accumulated and unequally distributed along the coal supply chain, producing environmental injustices where actors deployed values and representations of coal to either resist or legitimize its extraction and consumption. This paper analyzes those valuation languages along the coal chain and their relationships with the territory where coal is extracted and burned. The paper examines and compares the coal chains between Colombia-Netherlands and Colombia-Turkey, assessing the various dimensions of the ecological distribution conflicts. The coal chain is analyzed through different layers and scales. To identify the valuation languages along both coal chains, semi-structured interviews and secondary data analysis were conducted. Discourse analysis methodologies were used to determine the frequency and relevance of the valuation languages. Results show that multiple valuation languages appear, which are peculiar to each country and to the economic and political contexts in which the different stages of coal chain are embedded. Environmental justice actions taken along the coal chain with the focus on acknowledging these multiple valuation languages are also discussed. In conclusion, the analysis reveals that these actions depend on the willingness of social actors to give up or negotiate their valuation languages or on the power to impose them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes and questions the standard welfare economics assumption of anthropocentric welfarism , i.e., that only human well-being counts intrinsically. Alternatives where also animal welfare matters intrinsically are analyzed both theoretically and empirically. The general public's ethical preferences are measured through a survey of a representative sample in Sweden, and the responses from a clear majority suggest that animal welfare should indeed carry intrinsic weight in public decision making. Current legislation in many countries is consistent with this. A brief review of moral philosophy on animal welfare indicates that a large majority of philosophers believe that animal welfare should count intrinsically. It is moreover demonstrated that it is theoretically and practically possible to generalize welfare economics in order to give intrinsic value also to animal welfare. The paper concludes that there are strong reasons to (sometimes) generalize welfare economics in order to take animal welfare into account directly, i.e., in addition to effects through individual utilities. The practical implications of doing so are likely to be more important over time as the scientific methods of measuring animal welfare are gradually improving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding which drivers and barriers exist in the development of a circular economy (CE) is a relevant and timely endeavour. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this debate by analysing evidence regarding the different factors helping and hampering the development of a CE. Specifically, this paper focuses on the eco-innovation (EI) pathway towards a CE, and tries to coordinate available but fragmented findings regarding how “transformative innovation” can foster this transition while removing obstacles to sustainability. Drawing upon a new corpus of both academic and non-academic literature, this work offers a framework for analysis, as well as an evidence-based survey of the challenges, for a green structural change of the economy. We argue that the combination of the innovation systems' view with the more recent “transformation turn” in innovation studies may provide an appropriate perspective for understanding the transition to a CE. Ultimately, the paper aims to capitalise on these insights to contribute to the design of policy guidelines and organisational strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint research between economists and hydrologists increasingly contributes to optimising the economic value gained from water, while safeguarding its social and environmental values. The application of hydro-economic analysis to mining regions, however, is limited. This paper examines why this is the case and how to confront it. The paper focuses on identifying and describing features of large-scale mines and mine regions that are challenging to analyse such as: magnitude of capital involved, time-scale and remoteness of projects, inherent environmental risks, and strong negative perceptions about mining's impacts on water. These characteristics may limit the applicability of established hydro-economic concepts and methods, thus risk-based metrics are discussed as complementary tools. We also contend that further research and development in water-related ecosystem services should be a priority, in order to better quantify trade-offs between the economic benefits of water use by mining and competing users, including environmental flows. Case studies of mining regions in Chile, Madagascar and Sweden are summarised to illustrate some of the issues raised. While data limitations are an obstacle, new and extended case studies are required to explore how the challenges may be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically explores the linkage between the economic opportunities and climate adaptation and other antecedents in cities. Our dependent variable includes the economic opportunities identified by the cities; our independent variables are the adaptation plans, adaptation actions, climate change risks, incentive types, and incentivized stakeholders. To explore the effects of climate change risks, adaptation plans, adaptation actions, incentive types, and incentivized stakeholders, we used polychoric factor analysis and logistic regression analysis. The results show that a city's climate change adaptation plan and GDP have significant positive relationships with the economic opportunities present in the cities. Meanwhile, climate change risks also have a positive relationship with economic opportunities. Furthermore, economic opportunities present in cities have a negative relationship with three variables: one group of climate actions and two groups of stakeholders. This paper also further discusses the possible effects of incentives in the case of climate change in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to introduce an urban planning methodology which enables planners to select projects, which fit the main goal of the city and develop a resilient strategy structure, based on the selected projects. The planning process is demonstrated by the development of a resilient city strategy – in this case, by the city of Pécs. The main goal of a city (in the case of Pécs: to become a sustainable city) determines policy directives and the functional areas involved, whilst the strategic goals and sub-goals of the functional areas influence projects. These projects generate impact flows, which provide the basic data for Ecological Network Analysis to measure the basic resilience of the strategy structure. It is known from ecological systems that neither totally redundant nor highly efficient systems are sufficiently resilient. ENA allows an optimisation procedure to be undertaken. As a result, a complex iterative model is devised, suitable to elaborate a resilient strategy structure. This paper shows that efforts to achieve sustainability can be used to organize resilient structures. The study applies this locally – where city strategy pursues sustainable aims – and globally, where existing global knowledge will be organized into a resilient structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a practice theoretical conceptualization of commons. The first part of the paper asks the question how a convincing conceptualization of commons could look like. Despite of the increased attention to the concept of the commons different notions thereof exist. Ostrom and her colleagues often define commons as common pool resources, a specific type of good. The underlying classification is based on different degrees of excludability and subtractability. In the paper this is criticized for disregarding the importance of the social processes at hand. It is argued that instead of being a type of good, commons need to be conceptualized taking the relevant social dimensions into account. Commons are hence conceptualized as the social form of (tangible and/or intangible) matter that is determined by commoning. Commoning creates commons. In the second part the social practices of commoning are argued to be voluntary and inclusively self-organized activities and mediation of peers who aim at satisfying needs. The abstractness of the proposed conceptualization allows to aim at the core of the practices, at finding a way to find the common characteristics or dimensions of these practices, without defining away their ever specific way of being and becoming in the concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of ‘focal organisations’ in stimulating eco-innovation at the locus of greatest environmental impacts within a consumption and production system (CPS). Focal organisations by definition have considerable power in these systems. We combine insights from the innovation studies literature with the sustainable/green supply chain literature to explore how focal organisations exercise this power in pursuit of system-wide sustainability. Through a case study of the milk CPS in the UK, we illustrate different strategies of the focal organisations to stimulate incremental eco-innovation along existing trajectories. We also show how, despite focal organisation support, radical eco-innovation is inhibited by inherent path dependencies and other institutional dimensions of the CPS. By demonstrating the complementarities of positioning the case study findings within two synergistic literatures, this paper contributes theoretically by extending and elaborating eco-innovation studies. It also has a practical utility for policy makers seeking to chart a path to more sustainable CPS by relying on focal organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of resource requirements in developed countries after the 2008 crisis seemed to indicate that there is a process of dematerialization. This paper analyses dematerialization in a group of developed countries and the effects of the economic cycle on resource use. The aim is to determine whether dematerialization can be linked to the effects of the economic crisis or, on the contrary, is independent of the economic context. To do this, a descriptive part is proposed in which the existence of dematerialization over the last 50 years is analysed. Subsequently, a model is estimated in which the effect of recessionary, low-growth and normal growth periods on the consumption of material resources is contrasted. The raw material input is used as an indicator of the use of material resources, which makes it possible to link each country to all the resources it requires for the normal functioning of its economy, regardless of where they are consumed. Among the main results, it can be noted that reductions in resource consumption occur in periods of recession and low growth, while for growth above 2% there is no dematerialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual water trade (VWT) is the trade of water 'embodied' in a product. This paper explores the extent to which bilateral tariffs, World Trade Organization (WTO), and Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) reshape the trade of water across nations and alleviate water scarcity issues. To achieve this goal, we built a panel database on blue (irrigation water) and green (rainwater) VWT among paired trading countries from 1998 to 2002. Using a standard gravity model, we study how the bilateral tariff and WTO/ RTA affect the intensity of blue and green VWT. The results indicate that, on average, a 1% tariff reduction increases the green virtual water trade by 0.219%. In most waterstressed countries, a 1% reduction in tariffs increased blue VWT by 0.416% and green VWT by 0.424%. By crops, we find that tariffs had a negative effect on VWT for the less water-intensive crops, but a positive effect or no effect on the more water-intensive crops. We further find in the most water-stressed countries, RTA facilitated VWT. As a climate mitigation strategy, water-scarce countries can increase VWT, thus reducing the production of water-intensive crops, by lowering tariff rates independently or through trade agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how the notion of degrowth directs our focus as researchers, which leads us to deliberate on the consequences of empirically placing degrowth 'in the world.' We propose to rethink methodological questions about how phenomena are put into relation with notions of degrowth (or not) – and our own role as researchers in this process. Mobilizing the concept of diffraction, we argue that careful attention must be paid to what notions of 'degrowth' do in/to our research practices, including their role in researchers' selecting, thinking and talking about social phenomena – as well as the material and discursive practices encountered in fieldwork. This is illustrated through engagement with two studies, which undertook research on a housing community in Manchester (United Kingdom) and eco-social entrepreneurs in Stuttgart (Germany). Analyzing these cases with a diffractive lens, we show how an attunement to difference allows for attention to be paid to the 'translation' and 'operationalization' of degrowth in (research) practice. This orientation, we suggest, can help scholars with the inevitable negotiations intrinsic to the choice of how and whether to engage with and understand degrowth in empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite indicators are widely used to represent sustainability or its underlying dimensions. Nonetheless, an alignment between the multiple choices made during their construction and the underlying conceptual framework is often lacking. This reduces the relevance of the composite indicator. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical implications of the choices made during the construction of strong sustainability indices, particularly focusing on reflecting environmental sustainability and the limited substitution capacity between different types of capitals. The theoretical perspective is complemented through an uncertainty analysis of the Strong Environmental Sustainability Index and the Sustainable Human Development Index in which the quantitative implications of choices made in the indicator selection, normalisation, weighting and aggregation processes are assessed. The results show that different choices significantly affect country scores. Given the conceptual implications of these choices in relation to strong sustainability, we conclude that the choices made during the construction of a composite indicator need to be aligned with the underlying conceptual framework. In a context in which a growing number of composite indicators is produced every year, it becomes of utmost importance to make sure that those that percolate to the decision-making process monitor what they are intended to monitor. • Choices in sustainability indices are not aligned with the conceptual framework. • The conceptual implications of different choices are described. • The practical implications of different choices are quantified using SESI and SHDI. • The results show that different choices significantly affect country scores. • The choices made need to be aligned with the underlying conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a simple diagnostic check for face validity assessment of willingness to pay (WTP) estimates derived from choice experiments (CEs). The check is based on a threshold value for WTP that is related to the highest cost attribute level, which can be used to assess plausibility of estimated WTP. If the threshold value is exceeded, WTP estimates are considered to overshoot. This may be due to issues with (i) the design of the CE and/or (ii) respondents' behavior deviating from assumptions underpinning CEs. Applying the check to a sample of publications, this paper provides evidence on the incidence and magnitude of overshooting of WTP in the agricultural and environmental CE literature. Based on a random sample of publications including 304 observations representing individual studies and population samples, the results show that overshooting of WTP is widespread, with 65% of observations exceeding the overshooting threshold value. An exploratory analysis to identify factors associated with overshooting of WTP across studies reveals that study design factors, and in particular the design of the cost attribute, play an important role. We recommend that researchers apply the diagnostic check for the design of choice experiments and to motivate further scrutiny of choice experiment results. • We present a simple check of plausibility of WTP estimates from choice experiments (CEs). • We apply the check to a large sample of choice experiment studies. • We find that 65% of studies fail the face validity check: WTP "overshoots". • Overshooting points to concerns with study design or respondent behavior. • The check should be used for CE design and to scrutinize CE results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade-induced carbon transfer generates significant impacts on global carbon emissions, leading to carbon inequality (CI). This paper introduces a novel indirect metric, the trade-induced domestic carbon share (TDCS), designed to quantify economies' carbon benefits from international trade. Based on data from 17 manufacturing sectors in 66 major economies, this study compares the impact of developed and developing economies' participation in global value chains (GVCs) on TDCS, offering insights into trade-related carbon inequality. Our analysis reveals that GVCs participation by developed economies generally decrease their TDCS, in contrast to an increase in developing economies, thereby exacerbating carbon inequality. Notably, backward participation in GVCs reduces TDCS across all economies, whereas forward participation in GVCs results in increased TDCS in developing economies but a decrease in developed ones. Additionally, our study indicates that developed economies enhance their position in both forward and backward GVCs but experience a decline in the ratio of domestic value added (DVAR). In contrast, developing economies strengthen their forward GVCs position and DVAR but weaken their backward GVCs position. These findings offer new perspectives on carbon inequality in international trade and provide valuable guidance for policymakers in devising industrial trade and carbon reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to address the consequences of growth-oriented economics through efficiency-oriented strategies have been ineffective, while sufficiency strategies and absolute reduction of consumption face implementation challenges. The role of money in the reduction of consumption is complex and largely an unclear phenomenon. In this paper, we critically review the concept of money in sufficiency research, categorize its appearance in solutions and problems, and map out the sufficiency aspects of money in a suggested framework. Our results show two conflicting perspectives among scholars. Many developed solutions in sufficiency literature are money-dependent and aim to refine current organized economic activities towards sustainability goals. In contrast another group of solutions suggest avoiding money and all money transactions for pursuing sufficiency. On the basis of a critical review and qualitative analysis, this work evaluates assumptions and interpretations in the field, suggests a framework for assessing sufficiency aspects of money and contributes to efforts in the area of operationalization of sufficiency by questioning money from a conceptual perspective. • The role of money in reducing consumption and promoting strong sustainability is complex. • Purchasing power, profit, distribution of wealth, and monetary system are the aspects of money relevant to sufficiency. • In sufficiency research, money appears both as an enabler of solutions and a source of problems. • To overcome barriers, a system of money-avoiding solutions that support each other at all levels is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between income, and wealth inequality and the ecological footprint in France, Netherlands, United States, and United Kingdom from 1962 to 2021. Based on theoretical considerations, we allow the relationship to vary over time. Our analysis provides some support for income inequality influencing ecological footprints, specifically through carbon emissions. Yet, we do not observe a significant effect on non‑carbon footprints. Notably, the link between income inequality and carbon emissions shifted from negative in the 1960s to positive from the late 1980s onwards. Over all our findings imply that economic inequality's impact on the environment is likely limited and context dependent. • We test the relationship between economic inequality and the ecological footprint. • The results indicate a weak relationship that varies over time. • Inequality only affects the carbon footprint and not the non‑carbon footprint. • Changes in consumption patterns may partially explain the time varying effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing debate on complementary currencies' (CCs) contribution to a transition towards resilient and sustainable economies. As part of this debate, this paper investigates which factors lead to significant acceptance and sufficient growth of a CC from a bottom-up perspective, i.e., based on its members' decisions. First, we identify the benefits and costs driving firms' use of CCs and find four factors that constitute a trade-off: credit gains, reciprocity expectations, coordination costs, and intrinsic motivations. Second, we use an agent-based model to explore how these elements determine CCs' success as a network. Our key finding is that the coupling of intrinsic motivation with preferential attachment – a phenomenon where members are more likely to transact with each other rather than with outsiders – may be the key to growth and acceptance: these results suggest that intrinsic motivation provides an incentive to join the network, but preferential attachment is the emerging economic rationale that drives firms' acceptance of CCs. The identified trade-off and the theory of intrinsic motivation-preferential attachment provide new avenues to investigate under what conditions CCs contribute to resilient economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the performance of conventional and organic fruit farms in Spain, using a set of base indicators to assess their economic and environmental performance on a per hectare basis. Composite indicators are also calculated to measure the overall economic and environmental performance of both production systems. Comparisons are made using propensity score matching to minimize the non-randomization biases caused by structural differences between the samples of conventional (n = 552) and organic (n = 127) fruit farms sourced from the Spanish Farm Accountancy Data Network (RECAN). The results based on per hectare metrics point to modest changes in the performance of farms that converted to organic farming. This is mainly because most converted farms were former conventional farms characterized by lower profitability and less intensive input use, consequently minimizing the effects of the conversion process. Nevertheless, the conversion outcomes exhibit a degree of variability depending on the specific type of fruit production. Economic gains are only discernible in the case of nut farms, whereas fruit and tropical fruit farms tend to yield the most favorable results per hectare from an environmental perspective. • Changes in per hectare performance are assessed when fruit farms convert to organic. • A complete set of economic and environmental base and composite indicators is used. • A matching procedure is implemented to obtain unbiased difference estimators. • Small changes are found in the per hectare performance of farms after conversion. • Mixed results depending on the type of fruit production subsector considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern economies rely on economic growth for stability and prosperity. Further, periods of stagnation and recession are currently associated with poor health and wellbeing outcomes for citizens. However, 50 years of research indicates that this state of dependency is ecologically unsustainable. It is therefore critical that we better understand the growth dependency of our economies and welfare systems, and how to overcome it. In this paper we first offer a working definition of growth dependency, clarifying its core dimensions. Next, taking the UK's adult social care sector as a case study, we argue that growth dependencies emerge in the welfare state as a result of three distinct dynamics: 1) growth in manifest needs; 2) labour productivity growth; 3) the pursuit of economic rents. Lastly, we propose a novel, sector-led framework for identifying, analysing and transforming growth dependencies. We make the case that the growth dependency of the welfare state is not inevitable, but is instead the product of specific social, economic and structural factors that can be disrupted and transformed, if we can find the political will to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Social Metabolism (MuSIASEM) is used to investigate the metabolic profile of 28 world countries. The years considered are 1995 and 2007 and the socio-economic and environmental data included in the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) are used to provide consistent comparisons between countries. The analyses are performed by considering the entire society (Level N), the household and the paid sectors (Level N-1) and the different economic sectors (Level N-2). The main results show that, despite the differences existing between countries, the increasing energy throughput and per-capita consumption contributed to change the metabolic profile of the countries considered in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adds to the food, health and sustainability literature by examining the content, merits, and limitations of a frame-based approach to assist consumers on the path to a healthy and sustainable diet, focusing on reducing conventional meat consumption. The paper combined literature on frames with literature on meat consumption. It showed that meat eating was connected to the frames that guide consumer choices through sensory-based associations (savory, satisfying) and conceptual interpretations of meals and social situations. It also showed that the science-based health and sustainability arguments in favor of a diet change do not sufficiently reach consumers or are too difficult for them to comprehend. To reach consumers, therefore, it is crucial to develop bridging frames that work as push factors away from routine meat eating, or pull factors that encourage the consumption of primarily plant-based protein and special meat types. These frames (recipes, point-of-sale information) should build on the familiar culinary principles of variety, balance, and moderation, offer a moderate amount of novelty, and enable consumers to make positive sensory associations and coherent interpretations of healthy and sustainable protein dishes. A potential limitation of a frame-based approach is that it requires much attention to detail and context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]