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Multifruit juicers are designed, constructed and improved to be able to process pineapples, oranges and watermelons efficiently. Little juice manufacturers need both a small and efficient device for juice extraction for being economically concurrent compared to big corporations. The authors of the represented paper aim to present the experimental device for juice extraction, its effectiveness, and functional. This device was created using the compressive and compressive shear forces conveyed by an auger conveyor system as a working power. The juicer consists of a hopper, a screw conveyor shaft, a filter screen, a juice outlet, gearbox housing, and a motor. The analysis of the component design enabled the authors to use the data in order to identify the sizes, manufacture and assemble the machine. The authors have made a lot of tests to detect the efficiency and functionality of the presented device. Tests of the device productivity were carried out using watermelons loaded into the device both peeled and unpeeled. Percentage of juice yield, juice extraction efficiency and extraction losses were used as performance indicators. Productivity analysis results revealed that a fruit type and peel condition reliably influenced productivity indicators at the value of 1%. The percentage of juice yield from peeled and unpeeled watermelons constituted 89.5% and 89.7%, respectively. Extraction efficiency constituted 96.6% for peeled watermelons and 97.1% for unpeeled ones. Extraction losses amounted to 2.9% and 2.6% correspondingly. The proposed device is easy to use and maintain, therefore, it will perfectly suit the needs of small fruit juice manufacturers and can help to get economic efficiency to the small manufacture, Разработаны, сконструированы и усовершенствованы мультифруктовые соковыжималки для эффективной обработки ананасов, апельсинов и арбузов. Чтобы быть экономически конкурентными по сравнению с крупными корпорациями небольшие производители соков нуждаются в компактном и эффективном соковыжимающем устройстве. Авторы представленной работы ставят своей целью представить экспериментальное соковыжимающее устройство, его эффективность и функциональность. Это устройство было создано с использованием в качестве полезной мощности сжимающих и сдвиговых сил, передаваемых системой шнекового транспортера. Соковыжималка состоит из накопителя, вала шнекового транспортера, сетчатого фильтра, выпускного отверстия для сока, корпуса редуктора и двигателя. Анализ конструкции компонентов позволил авторам использовать полученные данные для определения размеров, изготовления и сборки аппарата. Авторами проведено множество испытаний для определения эффективности и функциональности представленного устройства. Испытания производительности устройства проводились с использованием очищенных и неочищенных арбузов, загружаемых в устройство. В качестве показателей эффективности использовали процент выхода сока, эффективность выжимания сока и потери при выжимании. Результаты анализа производительности показали, что тип фруктов и состояние кожуры существенно влияют на показатели производительности на уровне 1 %. Процент выхода сока из очищенных и неочищенных арбузов составил 89,5% и 89,7% соответственно. Эффективность выжимания составила 96,6 % для очищенных арбузов и 97,1 % для неочищенных. Потери при выжимании составили 2,9 % и 2,6 % соответственно. Предлагаемое устройство простым в использовании и обслуживании, поэтому оно прекрасно подойдет для нужд небольших производителей фруктовых соков и может поспособствовать повышению экономической эффективности малого производства, Розроблені, сконструйовані і вдосконалені мультифруктові соковижималки для ефективної обробки ананасів, апельсинів і кавунів. Щоб бути економічно конкурентними в порівнянні з великими корпораціями невеликі виробники соків потребують компактного і ефективного соковижимального пристрою. Автори представленої роботи ставлять собі за мету представити експериментальний соковижимальний пристрій, його ефективність і функціональність. Цей пристрій був створений з використанням в якості корисної потужності стискаючих і зсувних сил, що передаються системою шнекового транспортера. Соковижималка складається з накопичувача, вала шнекового транспортера, сітчастого фільтра, випускного отвору для соку, корпусу редуктора і двигуна. Аналіз конструкції компонентів дозволив авторам використати отримані дані для визначення розмірів, виготовлення і збірки апарату. Авторами проведено багато випробувань для визначення ефективності і функціональності представленого пристрою. Випробування продуктивності пристрою проводилися з використанням очищених і неочищених кавунів, що завантажувалися в пристрій. В якості показників ефективності використовували відсоток виходу соку, ефективність вижимання соку і втрати при вижиманні. Результати аналізу продуктивності показали, що тип фруктів і стан шкірки істотно впливають на показники продуктивності на рівні 1%. Відсоток виходу соку з очищених і неочищених кавунів склав 89,5% і 89,7% відповідно. Ефективність вижимання склала 96,6% для очищених кавунів і 97,1% для неочищених. Втрати при вижиманні склали 2,9% і 2,6% відповідно. Запропонований пристрій простий у використанні і обслуговуванні, тому він прекрасно підійде для потреб невеликих виробників фруктових соків і може посприяти підвищенню економічної ефективності малого виробництва

The design of a thermal-radiation single-drum roll dryer with a combined method of heat supply, application and cutting of the dried layer of raw materials was developed. The dryer allows obtaining a powder fraction of a semi-finished product with a solids content of 3...5%. Such a design solution will make it possible to obtain a high-quality semi-finished product due to low-temperature drying. The effective viscosity of the studied pastes produced by blending apple, sea buckthorn, black chokeberry, beet and pumpkin purees was determined. Adding different percentages of raw materials to apple paste increases the effective viscosity by 9...18%. According to the results of the organoleptic evaluation, the sample with the following composition turned out to be the best: apple – 30%, sea buckthorn – 20%, black chokeberry – 15%, beet – 15% and pumpkin – 20%. The drying time of the blended paste with a solids content of 45% at a temperature of 65°C and different layer thicknesses of application to the working surface (8, 6 and 4mm) is 75, 60 and 56min, respectively. All the samples of pastes have a reddish-purple color with a wavelength of 610.5...614.5nm and a tone purity of 66.5...78.8%. The wavelength of the dried fraction is 495...615.3nm with a tone purity of 34.3...34.8%, from bluish-red to bluish-purple. The brightness of the samples after drying decreases within 3...4%. The obtained color change values and drying time of the samples confirm the possibility of using the improved dryer to obtain high-quality vegetable semi-finished products of the dried fraction. The experimental data will be useful in design calculations and testing of the developed dryer in order to obtain its maximum efficiency

This paper addresses the issue of developing a computerized system for processing information in the construction of the trajectory of an unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV), a remotely-piloted aviation system (RPAS), or another robotic system. Resolving this task involves the neural network learning algorithms based on the mathematical model of movement. The construction of such a trajectory between two specified destinations has been considered that provides for the possibility of bypassing static and dynamic obstacles. The specified trajectory is divided into several smaller parts. The possibility of restructuring when changing the position of obstacles in space has been considered. A UAV flight control algorithm has been developed, which implies training a neural network for bypassing obstacles of different sizes. To predict the development of the situation when an object moves between two specified points in space, it is proposed to use the Q-Learning algorithm. It has been shown that the smallest number of steps required for moving along a specified trajectory is 18, the largest is 273 steps. In case of distortion during data transmission, the training of the neural network makes it possible to reduce the possibility of collision with obstacles by improving the accuracy and speed of information transfer between the on-board computer and operator. A system of the video support to moving objects was modeled; dependence charts of the normalized frame size at different parameter values were built. Using the charts makes it possible to determine the function of the maneuver intensity. Existing neural network learning methods such as CNN and LSTM were compared. It has been proven that the success rate reaches 74 % when using CNN only, while it amounts to 92 % at the hybrid application of CNN+LSTM. The simulation results have demonstrated the high efficiency of the developed algorithm

This paper reports a method of protection against zero-day attacks using SandBox technology based on the developed analytical model with a probabilistic ranking of information system states. The model takes into consideration the conditions of a priori uncertainty regarding the parameters of the destructive flow on the system, accounting for the typical procedures of the network SandBox. The proposed model of information system states makes it possible to analyze and track all possible states, as well as assess the level of security in these states, and the probability of transitions into them. Thus, it is possible to identify the most dangerous ones and track the activities that caused the corresponding changes. The fundamental difference between this model and standard approaches is the weight coefficients that characterize not the intensity of random events but the intensity of transitions between states. Direct implementation and application of the proposed analytical model involved the technology of multilevel network "SandBoxes". The difference from other popular anti-virus tools is the use of a priori mathematical threat assessment, which makes it possible to detect influences that are not considered threats by classical systems until the moment of harm to the system. The combination with standard security tools makes it possible to separately analyze files that are too large in size, whether they enter the system not through a common gateway controlled by the network "SandBox" but from the external media of end-users. The implementation of the developed analytical model has made it possible to improve the level of protection of the corporate network by 15%, based on the number of detected threats. This difference is explained by the inability of classical software to detect new threats if they are not already listed in the database of the program, and their activity is not trivial

Steganography is the science of hiding secret data inside another data type as image and text. This data is known as carrier data; it lets people interconnect secretly. This suggested paper aims to design a Steganography Biometric Imaging System (SBIS). The system is constructed in a hybridization manner between image processing, steganography, and artificial intelligence techniques. During image processing techniques the system receives RGB foot-tip images and preprocesses the images to get foot-template images. Then a chain code is illustrated for personal information within the foot-template image by Least Significant Bit (LSB). Accurate recognition operation is performed by artificial bee colony optimization (ABC). The automated system was tested on a live-took about ninety RGB foot-tip images known as the cover image and clustered to nine clusters that authorized visual database. The Least Significant Bit method transforms the foot template to a stego image and is stored on a stego visual database for further use. Features database was constructed for each stego footprint template. This step converts the image to quantities data and stored in an Excel feature database file. The quantities data was used at the recognition stage to produce either a notification of rejection or acceptance. At the acceptance choice, the corresponding stego foot-tip template occurrence was retrieved, it is corresponding individual data were extracted and cluster position on the stego template visual database. Indeed, the foot-tip template is displayed. The suggested work consequence is affected by the optimum feature selection via the artificial bee colony optimization usage and clustering, which declined the complication and subsequently raised the recognition rate to 93.65%. This rate competes out the technique over others’ techniques in the field of biometric recognition

Assessment of intellectual property is an important process of commercialization of scientific and technical developments of enterprises of all forms of ownership. This is carried out to determine the value of intellectual property objects (IPO) in connection with the transfer of ownership (purchase, sale) to the corresponding object, the conclusion of a license agreement for the IPO use, accounting for IPO in accounting, contributed to the authorized capital, etc. Under such conditions, the problem of IPO underestimating significantly reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of enterprises. At the same time, the uniqueness of many types of intellectual assets and the impossibility of their visual assessment determine the expediency of systematizing methodological approaches to assessing the value of intellectual property assets to ensure an objective assessment of the value of intellectual property. This will help increase the profitability and business value of the enterprise. The aim of research is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions and substantiate practical recommendations for improving information and methodological support for assessing the value of intangible assets, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents and the availability of the necessary information. Based on the results of the study, methodological approaches to determining the value of intangible assets are systematized. According to the financial statements, the value of intangible assets of the leading enterprises of Ukraine and their share in the total value of assets were analyzed. The features of the assessment of intangible assets in accordance with accounting standards have been determined, a methodological approach to the assessment of the value of intellectual property has been developed, it allows to reasonably choose a method for assessing IPO based on the analysis of available information. It is proved that the lack of objective information on the value of IPO significantly reduces the value of assets of Ukrainian enterprises in comparison with the leading companies in the world, reduces their investment attractiveness and does not contribute to economic development

This paper considers the task of constructing a linear model of the object studied using a robust criterion. The functionality applied, in this case, is correntropy. That makes it possible to obtain estimates that have robust properties. The evaluation algorithm is a multi-step procedure that employs a limited number of information measurements, that is, it has limited memory. The feature of the algorithm is that the matrices and observation vectors involved in estimate construction are formed in the following way: they include information about the newly arrived measurements and exclude information about the oldest ones. Depending on the way these matrices and vectors are built (new information is added first, and then outdated is excluded, or the outdated is first excluded, and then a new one is added), two estimate forms are possible. The second Lyapunov method is used to study the convergence of the algorithm. The conditions of convergence for a multi-step algorithm have been defined. The analysis of the established regime has revealed that the algorithm ensures that unbiased estimates are obtained. It should be noted that all the estimates reported in this work depend on the choice of the width of the nucleus, the information weighting factor, and the algorithm memory, the task of determining which remains open. Therefore, these parameters' estimates should be applied for the practical use of such multi-step algorithms. The estimates obtained in this paper allow the researcher to pre-evaluate the possibilities of identification using a multi-step algorithm, as well as the effectiveness of its application when solving practical tasks

This paper considers the structural-parametric synthesis (SPS) of neural networks (NNs) of deep learning, in particular convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which are used in image processing. It has been shown that modern neural networks may possess a variety of topologies. That is ensured by using unique blocks that determine their essential features, namely, the compression and excitation unit, the attention module convolution unit, the channel attention module, the spatial attention module, the residual unit, the ResNeXt block. This, first of all, is due to the need to increase their efficiency in the processing of images. Due to the large architectural space of parameters, including the type of unique block, the location in the structure of the convolutional neural network, its connections with other blocks, layers, computing costs grow nonlinearly. To minimize computational costs while maintaining the specified accuracy this work set tasks of both the generation of possible topology and structural-parametric synthesis of convolutional neural networks. To resolve them, the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) has been proposed. Parameter configuration was implemented using a genetic algorithm and modern gradient methods (GM). For example, stochastic gradient descent with momentum, accelerated Nesterov gradient, adaptive gradient algorithm, distribution of the root of the mean square of the gradient, assessment of adaptive momentum, adaptive Nesterov momentum. It is assumed to use such networks in the intelligent medical diagnostic system (IMDS), for determining the activity of tuberculosis. To improve the accuracy of solving the classification problem in the processing of images, the ensemble structure of hybrid convolutional neural networks (HCNNs) has been proposed in the current work. The parallel structure of the ensemble with the merged layer was used. Algorithms of optimal choice and integration of features in the construction of the ensemble have been developed

One of the pressing areas that is developing in the field of information security is associated with the use of Honeypots (virtual decoys, online traps), and the selection of criteria for determining the most effective Honeypots and their further classification is an urgent task. The main products that implement virtual decoy technologies are presented. They are often used to study the behavior, approaches and methods that an unauthorized party uses to gain unauthorized access to information system resources. Online hooks can simulate any resource, but more often they look like real production servers and workstations. A number of fairly effective developments are known that are used to solve the problems of detecting attacks on information system resources, which are based on the apparatus of fuzzy sets. They showed the effectiveness of the appropriate mathematical apparatus, the use of which, for example, to formalize the approach to the formation of a set of reference values that will improve the process of determining the most effective Honeypots. For this purpose, many characteristics have been formed (installation and configuration process, usage and support process, data collection, logging level, simulation level, interaction level) that determine the properties of online traps. These characteristics became the basis for developing a method for the formation of standards of linguistic variables for further selection of the most effective Honeypots. The method is based on the formation of a Honeypots set, subsets of characteristics and identifier values of linguistic estimates of the Honeypot characteristics, a base and derived frequency matrix, as well as on the construction of fuzzy terms and reference fuzzy numbers with their visualization. This will allow classifying and selecting the most effective virtual baits in the future.

This paper has analyzed the equation of motion in terms of stresses (Navier), as well as its two special cases for an incompressible viscous current. One is the Stokes (Navier-Stokes) equation, and the other was derived with fewer restrictions. It has been shown that the Laplace equation of linear velocity can be represented as a function of two variables ‒ the linear and angular speed of particle rotation. To describe the particle acceleration, all motion equations employed a complete derivative from speed in the Gromeka-Lamb form, which depends on the same variables. Taking into consideration the joint influence of linear and angular velocity allows solving a task of the analytical description of a turbulent current within the average model. A given method of analysis applies the provision of general physics that examines the translational and rotational motion. The third type of mechanical movement, oscillatory (pulsation), was not considered in the current work. A property related to the Stokes equation decomposition has been found; a block diagram composed of equations and conditions has been built. It is shown that all equations for viscous liquid have their own analog in a simpler model of non-viscous fluid. That makes it easier to find solutions to the equations for the viscous flow. The Stokes and Navier equations were used to solve two one-dimensional problems, which found the distribution of speed along the normal to the surface at the flow on a horizontal plate and in a circular pipe. Both solution methods produce the same result. No solution for the distribution of speed along the normal to the surface in a laminar sublayer could be found. A relevant task related to the mathematical part is to solve the problem of closing the equations considered. A comparison of the theoretical and empirical equations has been performed, which has made it possible to justify the assumption that a rarefied gas is the Stokes liquid

The study focuses on the extent to which the technological factor affects economic growth and analyzes its role in enhancing socio-economic differentiation. We develop a methodology for ranking countries according to the level of their technological effectiveness using the specific index. Correlation and regression analysis is used to identify technological factors in economic development. Approbation of the approach took place on the example of the United States and China. The data obtained demonstrate that the increase in R&D costs and the export of high-tech products has a positive effect on economic growth. R&D spending provides 31.6 % to 41.9 % of GDP growth for the United States and China, respectively. Exports of high-tech products support GDP growth at the level of 2.7 % to 4.7 %. The research findings confirm that the technological factor encourages economic development through more efficient allocation of resources, the spread of innovations and the growth of high-tech exports. Regression models have proved this relationship. China ranks first in the index of technological effectiveness and is followed by the United States and Japan. Such countries as Kazakhstan, Brazil and Ukraine are lagging significantly behind some technologically advanced European nations (Romania, Poland, Bulgaria), as well as Turkey and Mexico. Analysis of data from a sample of 30 countries showed that technological differentiation is a direct cause of overall inequality. To bridge this technological gap, it is expedient to develop the existing technological potential in a consistent manner, while concentrating efforts on high-tech sectors capable of strengthening the foundation of the economy, Исследование направлено на оценку силы влияния технологического фактора на экономический рост, анализируется его роль в усилении социально-экономической дифференциации. Предложена методика ранжирования стран по уровню технологичности на основе соответствующего Индекса. Путем корреляционно-регрессионного анализа выделяются технологические факторы экономического развития. Апробация подхода проходила на примере США и Китая. Полученные данные демонстрируют, что увеличение затрат на НИОКР и экспорта высокотехнологичной продукции положительно отражаются на экономическом росте. Затраты на НИОКР обеспечивают от 31,6 % до 41,9 % прироста ВВП для США и Китая соответственно. Экспорт высокотехнологичной продукции поддерживает прирост ВВП на уровне от 2,7 % до 4,7 %. Согласно результатам доказано, что технологический фактор способствует экономическому развитию за счет более эффективного распределения ресурсов, распространения инноваций и роста высокотехнологичного экспорта. Регрессионные модели подтвердили эту взаимосвязь. По Индексу технологичности Китай находится на первой позиции рейтинга, далее следуют США и Япония. Такие страны как Казахстан, Бразилия, Украина значительно отстают по уровню технологического развития от ряда стран Европы (Румынии, Польши, Болгарии), Турции и Мексики. Анализ данных по выборке 30 стран показал, что технологическая дифференциация является непосредственной причиной общей неравномерности. Для преодоления технологического разрыва рекомендуется последовательно развивать имеющийся технологический потенциал, направляя усилия на высокотехнологичные сектора, которые способны укрепить фундамент экономики., Дослідження спрямоване на оцінку впливу технологічного чинника на економічне зростання, аналізується його роль у посиленні соціально-економічної диференціації. Запропоновано методику ранжирування країн за рівнем технологічності на основі відповідного Індексу. Шляхом кореляційно-регресійного аналізу виділяються технологічні фактори економічного розвитку. Апробація підходу проходила на прикладі США і Китаю. Отримані дані демонструють, що збільшення витрат на НДДКР та експорту високотехнологічної продукції позитивно відбивається на економічному зростанні. Витрати на НДДКР забезпечують від 31,6 % до 41,9 % приросту ВВП для США і Китаю відповідно. Експорт високотехнологічної продукції підтримує приріст ВВП на рівні від 2,7 % до 4,7 %. Згідно з результатами доведено, що технологічний фактор сприяє економічному розвитку за рахунок більш ефективного розподілу ресурсів, поширення інновацій та зростання високотехнологічного експорту. Регресійні моделі підтвердили цей взаємозв'язок. За Індексом технологічності Китай знаходиться на першій позиції рейтингу, далі йдуть США і Японія. Такі країни як Казахстан, Бразилія, Україна значно відстають за рівнем технологічного розвитку від ряду країн Європи (Румунії, Польщі, Болгарії), Туреччини та Мексики. Аналіз даних по вибірці 30 країн показав, що технологічна диференціація є безпосередньою причиною загальної нерівномірності. Для подолання технологічного розриву рекомендується послідовно розвивати наявний технологічний потенціал, спрямовуючи зусилля на високотехнологічні сектори, які здатні зміцнити фундамент економіки

Several models of programmed flight have been constructed to perform calculations on flight path optimization in designing tactical and anti-aircraft-guided missiles. The developed models are based on the determination of interrelated programmed values of altitude and the flight path angle depending on the range which have a differential relationship. The combination of flight altitude and flight-path angle programs allows the users to simulate the steady flight of a guided missile to the calculated endpoint using the methods of proportional control. Good correspondence of the developed models to the physics of flight was shown by assessing the quality of approximation of the developed models of flight paths of anti-aircraft guided missiles obtained using other known models. The obtained approximation error was less than 5% which indicates a good correspondence of the developed models to the physics of flight. Compliance of the developed models of programmed flight with the intended purpose and the advantage over the most common known models were proved by optimizing the flight paths of the anti-aircraft-guided missile. In most of the considered calculation cases, the value of the objective function was improved to 2.9%. The flight path was optimized using a genetic algorithm. The developed models have a simple algebraic form and a small number of control parameters are presented in a ready-to-use form and do not require refinement for a concrete task. This allows them to be implemented in design practice without spending much time to speed up the calculation of optimal design variables and optimal flight paths of tactical and anti-aircraft-guided missiles

This paper reports the analysis of the methods for estimating the technical condition of the subgrade underneath a constructed railroad track or road during its operation. The study results have proven that the issue related to monitoring and controlling high-quality compaction of a heterogeneous subgrade remains relevant and requires the construction of reliable experimental methods for assessing the subgrade degree of compaction. A procedure for determining the compaction of subgrade in the laboratory has been devised, based on inertial microcomputer technologies, which makes it possible to assess the degree of compaction of subgrade soils depending on the propagation rate of an impact's elastic waves. An experimental study has been performed into the propagation rate of elastic waves across a homogeneous subgrade made of coarse-grained sand and a heterogeneous subgrade made of coarse sand with a layer of clay in the middle of the prism. The study results established that the propagation rate of an elastic wave in a heterogeneous subgrade accepts a lower value than the rate of wave propagation in a homogeneous subgrade. Through the dynamic interpretation, by using a discriminant statistical analysis, the characteristic features have been defined in the distribution of accelerations in the body of the homogeneous and heterogeneous subgrade, depending on the degree of compaction, which would make it possible to monitor the state of the subgrade during operation. As the degree of the subgrade soil compaction affects the technical condition of roads

Carbon thin films on SKD11 steel were deposited by 40 kHz frequency plasma sputtering technique using a waste of battery carbon rods in argon plasma, and their mechanical properties were investigated by various target-substrate distances (1 cm, 1.7 cm, 2 cm, and 2.4 cm). The power used is 340 watts, the vacuum time is 90 minutes, and the gas flow rate is 80 ml/minute. The deposition time of carbon in plasma sputtering is 120 minutes with the initial temperature (temperature during vacuum) of 28 oC and the final temperature (the temperature after plasma sputtering) is 300 oC. The hardness value of SKD11 steel deposited with carbon thin films on SKD11 with target-substrate distance was tested using the Vickers microhardness test. Testing the thickness of the carbon thin films on the SKD11 steel substrate was carried out using a Nikon type 59520 optical microscope. Qualitative analysis of the thickness of the carbon thin films on the SKD11 steel substrate at a scale of 20 μm is shown by an optical microscope. Qualitatively, the thin film at a distance of 1.7 cm looks the brightest and thickest than other distance variations. Based on the Vickers microhardness test and Nikon type 59520 optical microscope, at the distance of 1 cm to 1.7 cm, the average thickness and hardness increased from 10,724 μm (286.6 HV) to 13,332 μm (335.9 HV). Furthermore, at the variation of the distance from 1.7 cm to 2.4 cm, the average thickness and hardness continued to decrease from 13.332 μm (335.9 HV) to 7.257 μm (257.3 HV). The possibility of interrupting atoms colliding with argon atoms in inert conditions increases at a long distance, thus causing the deposition flux on the SKD11 steel substrate to decrease, Тонкие углеродные пленки на сталиSKD11 осаждали методом плазменного напыленияcчастотой 40 кГц с использованием отработанных аккумуляторных углеродных стержней в аргоновой плазме, исследованы их механические свойства при различных расстояниях мишень-подложка (1 см, 1,7 см, 2 см и 2,4 см). Используемая мощность составляет 340 Вт, время разрежения–90 минут, расход газа–80 мл/мин. Время осаждения углерода при плазменном напылении составляет 120 минут при начальной температуре (температура во время вакуума) 28оС и конечной температуре (температура после плазменного напыления) 300оС. Значение твердости сталиSKD11, осажденной с тонкими углеродными пленками наSKD11 с расстоянием мишень-подложка измеряли методом Виккерса. Измерение толщины тонких углеродных пленок на подложке из сталиSKD11 проводили с использованием оптического микроскопаNikon59520. С помощью оптического микроскопа показан качественный анализ толщины тонких углеродных пленок на подложке из сталиSKD11 в масштабе 20 мкм. Качественно тонкая пленка на расстоянии 1,7 см выглядит наиболее яркой и толстой, чем на других расстояниях. На основании метода Виккерса и данных оптического микроскопаNikon59520 на расстоянии от 1 см до 1,7 см средняя толщина и твердость увеличились с 10,724 мкм (286,6 HV) до 13,332 мкм (335,9 HV). Кроме того, при изменении расстояния от 1,7 см до 2,4 см средняя толщина и твердость продолжали уменьшаться с 13,332 мкм (335,9 HV) до 7,257 мкм (257,3 HV). Возможность прерывания столкновения атомов с атомами аргона в инертных условиях увеличивается на большом расстоянии, что приводит к уменьшению потока осаждения на подложку из сталиSKD11, Тонкі вуглецеві плівки на сталі SKD11 осаджували методом плазмового напилення c частотою 40 кГц з використанням відпрацьованих акумуляторних вуглецевих стрижнів в аргоновій плазмі, досліджені їх механічні властивості при різних відстанях мішень-підкладка (1см, 1,7см, 2см і 2,4см). Використовувана потужність становить 340 Вт, час розрідження – 90хвилин, витрата газу – 80мл/хв. Час осадження вуглецю при плазмовому напиленні становить 120хвилин при початковій температурі (температура під час вакууму) 28°С і кінцевій температурі (температура після плазмового напилення) 300°С. Значення твердості сталі SKD11, осадженої з тонкими вуглецевими плівками на SKD11 з відстанню мішень-підкладка вимірювали методом Віккерса. Вимірювання товщини тонких вуглецевих плівок на підкладці зі сталі SKD11 проводили з використанням оптичного мікроскопа Nikon 59520. За допомогою оптичного мікроскопа показаний якісний аналіз товщини тонких вуглецевих плівок на підкладці зі сталі SKD11 в масштабі 20мкм. Якісно тонка плівка на відстані 1,7см виглядає найбільш яскравою і товстою, ніж на інших відстанях. На підставі методу Віккерса і даних оптичного мікроскопа Nikon 59520 на відстані від 1см до 1,7см середня товщина і твердість збільшилися з 10,724мкм (286,6HV) до 13,332мкм (335,9HV). Крім того, при зміні відстані від 1,7см до 2,4см середня товщина і твердість продовжували зменшуватися з 13,332мкм (335,9HV) до 7,257мкм (257,3HV). Можливість переривання зіткнення атомів з атомами аргону в інертних умовах збільшується на великій відстані, що призводить до зменшення потоку осадження на підкладку зі сталі SKD11

This paper has proposed a program analysis method over the current state of the workspace of an anthropomorphic manipulator using the Mathcad software application package (USA). The analysis of the manipulator workspace helped solve the following sub-tasks: to calculate the limits of the grip reach, to determine the presence of "dead zones" within the manipulator workspace, to build the boundaries of the manipulator workspace. A kinematic scheme of the manipulator typically provides for at least five degrees of mobility, which is why in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system the work zone boundaries represent the surfaces of a complex geometric shape. The author-devised method makes it possible to construct the projections of the boundaries of the manipulator's work zone onto the coordinate planes in the frame of reference associated with the base of the robot. Using Mathcad's built-in features makes it possible to effectively solve the above sub-tasks without wasting time developing specialized software. The Mathcad software application package provides for the possibility of a symbolic solution to the first problem of the kinematics of an industrial robot, that is, the program generates analytical dependences of the coordinates for special point P (pole) of the grip on the trigonometrical functions of the generalized coordinates. The resulting analytical dependences are used for kinematic and dynamic analysis of the manipulator. Special features in constructing mathematical models when using the Mathcad software application package have been revealed. Simulating the manipulator movement taking into consideration constraints for kinematic pairs, the drives' power, as well as friction factors, makes it possible to optimize the parameters of the manipulator kinematic scheme. An example of the analysis of the working space of an anthropomorphic manipulator with five degrees of mobility has been considered. The reported results could be used during the design, implementation, modernization, and operation of manipulators.

Based on the modern ideas about environmental protection, this paper reports a study into the utilization of water-treated waste from heavy metals (using copper(II) compounds as an example) for the manufacture of ceramic building materials. The examined clay minerals from local deposits and the optimal conditions for their heat treatment (at 1,100°C) have been proposed for the sorption removal of pollutants of inorganic origin from wastewater. The use of wastewater after its treatment makes it possible to address several tasks at the same time: to protect the environment from pollution by technological wastewater, as well as to reuse wastewater in order to resolve the issue of water scarcity. Ceramic building materials were manufactured based on water purification waste (in the amount of 5%) and clay raw materials. Their structural-mechanical and physicochemical characteristics have been comprehensively studied. Sintering processes begin at lower temperatures, which is why, with an increase in the annealing temperature to 1,000°C and higher, their strength rapidly decreases. In the temperature range of 600‒1,100°C, there are possibilities to apply ceramic technology to immobilize heavy metals in ceramic matrices. The prospect of utilizing water purification waste in the technological process of manufacturing inorganic ceramic materials has been shown. The safety of the building materials, manufactured by leaching pollutants from the ceramic samples using various aggressive environments (leaching to 6.4%, 0.083mg·cm2/day) has been investigated. The high strength and degree of the copper ion fixation in the structure of polymineral clay have been confirmed while secondary environmental pollution is almost absent

This paper has theoretically substantiated and experimentally established the intensity of thermal radiation at burning and sublayer extinguishing of alcohols with environmentally acceptable aerosols. An installation has been improved that determines the effectiveness of sublayer extinguishing with fire-extinguishing aerosols; a procedure that has been devised for determining the intensity of thermal radiation implies equipping it with an additional heat flow meter HFM–01 at a distance of 30 and 60mm. The task to establish the intensity of thermal radiation when burning alcohols and its impact on the process of sublayer extinguishing of alcohols with aerosols has been solved. The dependence of sublayer extinguishing efficiency on thermal radiation implies that the fire extinguishing aerosol completely shields the surface of the combustible liquid against its action. The result of this study has established that the intensity of thermal radiation at a distance of 60 and 30mm from the surface of an alcohol flame with an area of 234cm2ranges from 0.8 to 4.7kW/m2; the intensity of burning and, accordingly, radiation, maximizes on seconds 30‒40 of burning. It has been found that the intensity of thermal radiation for ethanol decreases with the addition of an aerosol with an intensity of up to 0.2g/s, and decreases even more at the intensity of supply from 1.2g/s. With a further increase in the intensity of aerosol supply, the radiation intensity begins to decrease, probably due to a decrease in the rate of combustion. In this case, the flame first decreases in size up to 2times, and then, after 2‒3seconds, it goes out. The use of fire-extinguishing aerosol for the sublayer extinguishing of alcohols ensures the effect of several factors that synergize and reduce the intensity of evaporation, burning, and, accordingly, thermal radiation

The graphical dependence of the washing capacity of ethanol-containing soapstock on the concentration in an aqueous solution and the temperature of interaction with the polluted material has been determined. It is proposed to use a 40% aqueous solution of ethanol-containing soapstock in the hand cleaning paste technology. This soapstock solution has a washing capacity of 92–98% at the temperature of interaction with the polluted material of 25–40°C. The regularity of the effect of the structurant content on the consistency of hand cleaning paste was investigated using an approximating polynomial. This made it possible to substantiate the effective concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (0.4...0.6%) and cetysltearyl alcohol (1.8...2.0%) in the formulation. The obtained regression equation is useful for adjusting the content of structurants in the formulation, depending on the consumer's requirements for the viscosity of the developed detergent. A comparison of the quality indicators of the developed hand cleaning paste based on ethanol-containing soapstock with a sample of similar “Primaterra Automotive” commercial hand cleaning paste was carried out. The quality indicators of the developed paste are as follows: effective viscosity at 20...22°С – 32.0Pa∙s; foaming capacity – 23mm, foam stability – 62.0%; washing ability – 92.0%. It was determined that these quality indicators do not differ significantly in the developed detergent and commercial analogue. The data obtained indicate the prospects of processing ethanol-containing soapstock into the hand cleaning paste based on natural surfactants. The developed detergent due to the content of ethanol, glycerin and hydrogen peroxide has antiseptic properties, which is a competitive advantage among analogues. Such utilization of ethanol-containing soapstock makes the process of oil neutralization environmentally safe and economically viable

This paper proposes a method to experimentally study the stressed state of the metallic structure of an overhead crane when using running wheels of different designs. The study employed a functioning electric, supporting, double-girder overhead crane with a capacity of 5tons and a run of 22.5m. Strain gauges assembled in a semi-bridge circuit and connected to the analog-digital converter Zetlab210 (Russia) were used to determine the girder deformations at the time of hoisting and moving cargoes of different masses. The cargo was lifted and displaced under the same conditions, on the regular wheels of a cargo trolley and the wheels with an elastic rubber insert. The girder deformation diagrams were constructed. The subsequent recalculation produced the stressed state's dependences at each point of cargo movement when using both regular wheels and the wheels with an elastic rubber insert. Also established were the dependences and the duration of oscillations that occur over the cycle of cargo lifting and moving. The experimental study cycle included cargo lifting in the far-left position by a trolley, moving the cargo to the far-right position, and returning the trolley with the cargo to its original position. It should be noted that the application of a new, modernized design of the running wheels of a cargo trolley with an elastic rubber insert effectively dampen the oscillations in the metallic structure of the crane. The experimental study's results helped establish an 18% reduction in stresses in the girder of the overhead crane, as well as a decrease in peak vibrations, by 20seconds, at the same cycles of cargo hoisting and moving. In addition, using wheels with an elastic rubber insert reduces the period of oscillation damping at the end of the cycle of cargo movement, by at least 30%.

An important role in the market of transport services belongs to container transportation. Railroads, especially under the conditions of increased competition from road transport, must respond quickly to the needs of the market and the growing demand for container transportation, including interstate traffic. Demand for container transportation can vary significantly during the year, which testifies to the expediency of introducing removable equipment on universal railroad freight cars that are involved in the deliveries of containers. This paper reports the design of a removable frame structure for a universal platform that could carry two 20-ft or one 40-ft container. The proposed technical solution does not require changes in the structure of the car and changes in its model; with a decrease in the demand for container transportation, it would allow this car to be used for its main purpose. According to the current methodology, the efforts that operate on the frame during the transportation of containers have been determined. The strength of the proposed structure was estimated by a finite-element method. The maximum stresses arising in the proposed structure are 164.4 MPa; they occur in the corners of the stops attached to the stand-up staples of the platform. The resulting stress values do not exceed the allowable ones. The results of calculating the removable equipment indicate its sufficient strength. Requirements for placing cargo on the rolling stock assume a mandatory check to fit the dimensions, which confirmed that the container hosted by the frame does fit them. The proposed structure makes it possible to abandon disposable fastening parts, improve the safety of container transportation, and increase competitiveness in the container transportation market.

Preparing cows for milking is one of the most important operations. Not only the speed of milk production but also the quality of milk depends on the level of the work performed. One of the most effective ways to mechanize the preparation of cows for milking implies the development of a special mechanical brush that cleans and stimulates the teat skin. As a result, there is no need to use additional foam detergents and napkins to cleanse and disinfect teats. A device has been designed for cleansing teats with two rotating brushes. Theoretical studies of the interaction of cleansing elements of the device for mechanical removal of pollutants from the udder teats in the course of milking operation were carried out. Assuming constancy of the modulus of elasticity, shape and roughness of teats, linear and angular velocities of brushes, nap stiffness, and homogeneity of physical and mechanical properties of contaminants on the teat, dependence of force Feof the mechanical device on length l of the cleansing element and its speed ω was established. Under the condition that force Feof the mechanical device is smaller than force Fpwhich causes pain but greater than the force retaining pollutants (adhesion), values of the main design and technological parameters of the developed device were determined: l=8mm, ω=106rpm. As a result of production tests, it was found that when using the developed device, the daily milk yield of the experimental group of cows exceeded that of the control group by an average of 1.1times which has made it possible to obtain a supplement of 132.5kg of milk. Along with this, there was a 0.19% increase in milk fat content in the experimental group compared to the control group. The number of microorganisms decreased 2.2times and the number of contaminant particles decreased 4.6times

The effect of a simultaneous change in the degree of filling a chamber with load κbrand in the content of the crushed material κmbgron the efficiency of the self-oscillatory grinding process has been estimated. Using a method of numerical modeling based on the results of experimental visualization of the flow has helped establish an emergent dynamic effect of the sharp increase in the self-oscillatory action of two-faction loading at a joint reduction in κbrand κmbgr. A significant decrease in the passive quasi-solid loading motion zone has been detected, as well as an increase in the active pulsation zone and a growth of dilatancy. The manifestation of the effect is enhanced by the simultaneous interaction of increasing the scope of self-oscillations and weakening the coherent properties of particles in a loose large fraction under the influence of the particles of fine fraction. A significant decrease in the values of the inertial loading parameters has been established: maximum dilatancy υmax, the relative scale of self-oscillations ψRυ, the maximum share of the active part of κfammax, and the generalized complex degree of dynamic activation Ka. A 2.65-time growth of υmaxwas detected, ψRυincreased by 5times, κfammax‒ by 4.36times, Ka‒ by 18.4times, at a joint decrease in κbrfrom 0.45 to 0.25, in κmbgr‒ from 1 to 0. The synergistic technological effect of a sharp decrease in the specific energy intensity Еo/Еshas been established, as well as an increase in the relative performance Co/Csin the self-oscillatory grinding, due to a significant increase in the dynamic action of loading, which is exacerbated by the joint interaction of reduced κbrand κmbgr. The process of the self-oscillatory grinding of cement clinker has been investigated. A 62% reduction in Еo/Еsand a 125% increase in Co/Cswere detected at a joint decrease in κbrfrom 0.45 to 0.25, in κmbgr‒ from 1 to 0.125. The established effects make it possible to substantiate the parameters for the energy-efficient self-oscillatory process of grinding in tumbling mills with a conventional structure

Brake failure is always possible due to several factors that are difficult to control, such as a slight leak in the brake hose due to an impact or a rat bite. In the latest research, the development of a brake performance detection tool has been started, but how to detect a brake temperature more efficiently on the brakes of large vehicles has not been specified. Given the significant impact of losses due to brake failure and accidents that are still occurring, this research plays an important role. It must be completed immediately so that accident cases can be reduced. The object of this research is where the position of the maximum brake temperature occurs? How to measure brake temperature is more practical? What sensor is optimal in detecting a brake temperature? The research method is carried out in a systematic stage that ends with an experimental method. This study indicates that the maximum temperature is relative to the entire friction area between the canvas and the drum brake. The most efficient sensor placement is in the hole in the drum brake cover so that installation is more practical and the brakes are not disturbed by the sensor’s presence. The optimal sensor is a thermocouple sensor because it is more stable to vibrations and more resistant to mud disturbances than infrared sensors. When using a thermocouple sensor, the temperature detection results must be corrected. The correction factor can be made with the equation y=10.3670+1.3205x–0.0003x2, where y is the actual temperature displayed, and x is the input temperature from the thermocouple sensor’s initial detection. Accurate brake temperature detection results will be developed as a signal for detecting brake faults in real-time to avoid brake failure. Finally, the safety of public transportation can be improved. Keywords: brake fault, traffic accident, brake temperature, temperature measurement, drum brake

Bioethanol is a renewable energy that can replace gasoline, which will run out in the future. This study investigates the influence of magnetization of bioethanol fuel on the fuel combustion temperature in the combustion chamber of a gasoline motor. The fuel used is bioethanol with a composition of E0 (pure gasoline), E10 (10 % bioethanol+90 % gasoline), E20 (20 % bioethanol+80 % gasoline), E30 (30 % bioethanol+70 % gasoline), E40 (40 % bioethanol+60 % gasoline). The fuel passed through the magnet with a magnetic variation of 647.15 Gauss, 847.25 Gauss, 1419.57 Gauss. The temperature sensor used is a K-type thermocouple. The temperature sensor was inserted in the combustion chamber to measure the combustion chamber temperature. The thermocouple data were recorded in Microsoft Excel on a computer using the LabVIEW program via NI-USB 9213 interface. The temperature data recorded is 400 data/second. The results obtained without exposure to the magnetic field, the lowest peak temperature of 577.1998 °C at E40 and the highest peak temperature of 582.1786 °C at E0. The higher the bioethanol content, the lower the temperature of fuel combustion to the low bioethanol viscosity. The increasing magnetic field strength will increase the combustion temperature; hence the fuel burned quickly and the combustion process is more perfect. The result obtained with the magnetic field exposure, the lowest peak temperature of 577.8347 °C is at E40. The highest peak temperature of 587.36 °C is at E0. The use of a magnetic field in the bioethanol fuel mixture can increase the combustion temperature so that the fuel molecules move freely and the fuel is more easily mixed with oxygen. As more fuel is burned, the combustion of the fuel becomes complete. Keywords: combustion chamber temperature, bioethanol, gasoline engine, magnetic field, ther-mocouple, LabVIEW

This paper reports a study into the effect of mineral fillers such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, microsilica, and nano dispersed alumina on the structure formation and water resistance of gypsum. The theoretical models of gypsum stone structure with mineral fillers have been built and described, taking into consideration the sign of the surface charge of gypsum crystals and filler particles. In accordance with the developed models, the fillers enable the formation of a dense structure of gypsum stone as a compositional material with a large number of electro-heterogeneous contacts. With this structure, the gypsum dihydrate crystals are maximally protected from contact with water and dissolution. The electron microscopic study of the gypsum stone with mineral fillers has been carried out, which has confirmed that the rational ratio of gypsum to slag ensures the densest structure of the stone. The dependences of the strength of gypsum stone in the dry and water-saturated condition and a water resistance factor (softening) on the content of slag, micro-and nano dispersed filler, a water-hardened ratio, have been experimentally established. The introduction of a rational amount of microfiller with a negative surface charge (microsilica) has increased the water resistance ratio by 0.2‒0.4 amounting to a value of 1. The introduction of a rational amount of micro-filler with a positive surface charge (nano dispersed alumina) has improved the water resistance ratio by 0.8 amounting to a value of 0.9. The established mechanism that forms the gypsum stone structure with fillers would make it possible to develop the compositions for a mineral binder based on gypsum, which could be used under wet operational conditions

Utilization of heat from gases leaving the waelz process is a promising way to increase its energy efficiency and environmental safety. Taking into account the gas dustiness, the most rational is the use of a loop air heater, which is a multi-pass and multi-section heat exchanger with a complex mixed scheme of coolant movement. In modern conditions, when the methods and means of calculation of such devices are simplified, the task of obtaining improved methods and means of calculation, determining the efficiency and reliability of their work is relevant. Two mathematical models of the process of heat transfer and hydroaerodynamics in a multi-pass tubular air heater with a cross-circuit of coolants are used. The developed models for the loop air heater are based on the main methods of thermal calculation: a simpler method of correction factor to the average logarithmic temperature pressure and a discrete P-NTU method, which allows obtaining local thermal characteristics of the surface. Diagrams of distribution of heat transfer coefficients, heat transfer, local temperatures of flue gases, air and pipe walls are constructed. The influence of dust and dust particle size on heat transfer is determined. When the flue gas dust is 50g/Nm3and with a dust particle size of 1μm, the heat transfer coefficient increases by 12%. The application of the air heater design with different schemes of coolant movement is substantiated. The developed universal methods allow determining the thermal productivity of heat exchangers and obtaining the distribution of local temperature characteristics on the heating surface. It is also possible to identify places of possible overheating of the heat exchange surface and the course of corrosion processes, taking into account the design of recuperators, operating conditions, operating modes and different schemes of coolant movement

The development of technology has increased the need for composite materials, where the technology of composite materials with naturalfiberreinforcement is growing.The existence of naturalfiberis very abundant, and it has not been fully utilized. Until now, the use ofcoconutfiberwas still limited to the furniture and household handicraft industries.Coconutcoirfiberhas the potential as a raw material for composite materials. The lack ofstrengthof the bonds is due to the hydrophobicfiber, and thefibersurfaceis less rough, and dirty. This study evaluates the coirsurfacecharacteristic of thefiberand its bounding with the polyester matrix after being treated bylimestonewater. The scanning electron microscope was used for observingfibersurfaces andsurfacematrix.Thewettabilitytest to observefibersurfaceenergy was performed.Interfaceshearstrengthto evaluate the bonds between fibers and matrix was determined.Coconutcoir fibers were immersed inlimestonewater, with a 5% percentage oflimestoneand time variations of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20hours. The scanning microscope electron observations of fibers show that thefibersurfacetends to be clean, rough, and grooved. The highestsurfaceenergy was obtained at 40.74mN/m during thelimestonewaterimmersion for 8hours. The highest value of theinterfaceshearstrengthbetween thefiberand the matrix is 3.80MPa during 8-hour immersion, 0, 4, 12, 16, and 20-hour immersion, respectively, 3.02, 3.09, 3.52, 3.47, and 4.40MPa. The results showed that coirfiberwithlimestonewaterimmersion for 8hours had a clean, rough, and groovedsurfaceso that the bond between thefiberand matrix was better. This research shows thatlimestonewatercan be used as afibertreatmentmedium whichwasnatural

The nutritional value of food is one of the most important factors that determine the health of the population. In the macaroni market, dietary and functional products, fortified macaroni products and products of high nutritional value occupy a small segment that does not exceed 1%. In this regard, the development of an assortment of pasta with increased nutritional value, with a directionally changed chemical composition, is relevant. In the pasta industry, an increase in the nutritional and biological value of products is achieved through the introduction of non-traditional types of raw materials and special food additives into the recipe. To reduce the deteriorating effect of corn and amaranth flour on the pasta properties of flour from durum wheat, ionized water was used with a concentration of ions of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000units/cm3 and ozone of 2mg/l. It was found that ionized water has a positive effect on the properties of gluten and the quality of pasta with the addition of corn and amaranth flour. It was determined that the best quality of pasta is achieved when using ionized water with an ion concentration of 3,000units/cm3 and ozone 2mg/l and at dosages of amaranth flour 17.5%, corn flour – 20% to pasta flour. Summing up the results of the experimental study, the amount of prescription components for the production of pasta with high nutritional and biological value was optimized, Пищевая ценность продуктов питания является одним из важнейших факторов, определяющих здоровье населения. На рынке макарон диетические и функциональные продукты, обогащенные макаронные изделия и продукты с высокой пищевой ценностью занимают небольшой сегмент, не превышающий 1 %. В связи с этим актуальной является разработка ассортимента макаронных изделий с повышенной пищевой ценностью с направленным изменением химического состава. В макаронной промышленности повышение пищевой и биологической ценности продуктов достигается за счет введения в рецептуру нетрадиционных видов сырья и специальных пищевых добавок. Для снижения негатиного влияния кукурузной и амарантовой муки на свойства макарон из муки из твердых сортов пшеницы использовали ионизированную воду с концентрацией ионов 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 ед/см3 и озона 2 мг/л. Установлено, что ионизированная вода положительно влияет на свойства клейковины и качество макаронных изделий с добавлением кукурузной и амарантовой муки. Выявлено, что наилучшее качество макаронных изделий достигается при использовании ионизированной воды с концентрацией ионов 3000 ед/см3 и озона 2 мг/л и при добавлении амарантовой муки 17,5%, кукурузной муки 20% к макаронной муке. По результатам экспериментального исследования было оптимизировано количество рецептурных компонентов для производства макарон с высокой пищевой и биологической ценностью, Харчова цінність продуктів харчування є одним з найважливіших факторів, що визначають здоров'я населення. На ринку макаронів дієтичні та функціональні продукти, збагачені макаронні вироби та продукти з високою харчовою цінністю займають невеликий сегмент, що не перевищує 1%. У зв'язку з цим актуальною є розробка асортименту макаронних виробів з підвищеною харчовою цінністю з спрямованою зміною хімічного складу. У макаронній промисловості підвищення харчової та біологічної цінності продуктів досягається за рахунок введення в рецептуру нетрадиційних видів сировини і спеціальних харчових добавок. Для зниження негатиного впливу кукурудзяного і амарантового борошна на властивості макаронів з борошна з твердих сортів пшениці використовували іонізовану воду з концентрацією іонів 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000од/см3 і озону 2мг/л. Встановлено, що іонізована вода позитивно впливає на властивості клейковини і якість макаронних виробів з додаванням кукурудзяного і амарантового борошна. Виявлено, що найкраща якість макаронних виробів досягається при використанні іонізованої води з концентрацією іонів 3000 од/см3 і озону 2мг/л і при додаванні амарантового борошна 17,5%, кукурудзяного борошна 20% до макаронного борошна. За результатами експериментального дослідження було оптимізовано кількість рецептурних компонентів для виробництва макаронів з високою харчовою та біологічною цінністю

The quality of reception, as well as the processing and demodulation of the input signal in the telecommunication systems' networks, are closely related to the quality indicators in the functioning of one of the subsystems of these networks, namely a phase synchronization system. This work has directly considered the issues related to improving the performance and reducing the transitional component of the phase error generated by transition processes in the combined synchronization system. A mathematical model has been built that makes it possible to synthesize a disrupted link in the synchronization system of a telecommunication network meeting the condition for a decrease in the transitional component of the phase error. It is shown that a simple disrupted link, synthesized under the condition of suppressing a slow-fading transition component, makes it possible to shorten the time of the transition process in the system while maintaining the initial order of astatism. When a complex link is synthesized, the transition process becomes oscillatory. It was established that under the conditions of a phase jump or a frequency jump, it is possible to improve the dynamics of the system and reduce the transitional component of the phase error variance by making the parameters for the disrupted communication link influence the roots of the characteristic equation of the transition process. The features in synthesizing disrupted communication have been considered for the intervals of movement corresponding to areas with the positive and negative inclination of the phase discriminator's static characteristic. Such conditions have been devised that make it possible to determine the value and sign of the root in the characteristic equation of the transition process, which is introduced by the parameter of a disrupted communication link separately for areas of the stable and non-steady movement of the phase discriminator's static characteristic. The reported mathematical model of disrupted link synthesis has made it possible to derive reference results. They indicated that in order to suppress the slowly fading component of the phase error characteristic equation to "0", it is necessary to provide for a significant advantage, up to 10 times, of the roots introduced by the disrupted communication link over the roots of the specified component. By changing the value for a disrupted communication parameter, one can significantly, up to 5times or larger, shorten the time of the transition process in the combined synchronization system at a simultaneous decrease of 18‒25% in the initial value of the transition error

Generalization of the results of theoretical and practical research in the production of beer showed that the rise in prices for cereals, and in particular for barley, leads to an increase in the price of malt and, accordingly, an increase in the cost of the final product – beer. In this regard, modern brewers face the acute problem of a shortage of high-quality raw materials for beer production, as well as high competition in the consumer market. The need for inexpensive raw materials for brewing beer has grown significantly. Along with malt substitutes, a new product has appeared on the brewing commodity market – triticale. It surpasses barley in terms of the total amount of extract and other chemical indicators, so the use of this culture as a raw material for the production of brewing malt is a promising direction in brewing. In this work, we selected the optimal modes of malting grain triticale varieties “Balausa 8” to a moisture content of 40%, 42% and 44% and germination for 3, 4 and 5days at temperatures of 14°C, 16°C and 18°C. Based on experimental studies, it has been found that 16°C should be considered the optimal temperature for soaking triticale grains to a moisture content of 44%. In the studies, the optimal mode of malting was experimentally determined for 5days at a temperature of 16°C, which made it possible to ensure the maximum accumulation of hydrolytic enzymes. Accelerated synthesis of amylases (217.99units) occurs due to an increase in the rate of diffusion of gibberellin-like substances to the cells of the aleurone layer. The maximum accumulation of amylolytic enzymes is observed already on the 5thday of malting, which shortens this process by 2days in the production of malt using classical technology

A significant problem in the control field is the adjustment of PID controller parameters. Because of its high nonlinearity property, control of the DC motor system is difficult and mathematically repetitive. The particle swarm optimization PSO solution is a great optimization technique and a promising approach to address the problem of optimum PID controller results. In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization PSO method with four inertia weight functions is suggested to find the global optimum parameters of the PID controller for speed and position control of the DC motor. Benchmark studies of inertia weight functions are described. Two scenarios have been suggested in order to modify PSO including the first scenario called M1-PSO and the second scenario called M2-PSO, as well as classical PSO algorithms. For the first scenario, the modification of the PSO was done based on changing the four inertia weight functions, social and personal acceleration coefficient, while in the second scenario, the four inertia weight functions have been changed but the social and personal acceleration coefficient stayed constant during the algorithm implementation. The comparison between the presented scenarios and traditional PID was carried out and satisfied simulation results have shown that the first scenario has rapid search speeds, and very effective and fast implementation compared to the second scenario and classical PSO and even improved PSO technique. Moreover, the proposed approach has a fast searching speed compared to classical PSO. However, it has been found that the classical PSO algorithm has a premature, inaccurate and local convergence process when solving complex optimization issues. The presented algorithm is proposed to increase the search speed of the original PSO.

The study results have made it possible to devise a methodology for the formation and adjustment of the Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog using cluster analysis and the developed tree-like system of basic indicators characterizing groups and subgroups (clusters). That enables stakeholders to form and adjust the Defense Force Capabilities Catalog with the proper quality, according to the uniform developed algorithm and defined identifiers (features). The methodology is intended for use by members of the Inter-Departmental Working Group on Defense Review, as well as working groups in the course of a separate review or capacity assessment. The Defense Force Capabilities Catalog was deconstructed into five levels of hierarchy, each of which contains interdependent typical tasks, organizational structures, and means (systems, complexes). The procedure is to analyze and clearly cluster individual capabilities of the defense forces according to certain features (requirements, characteristics) to group them and include them in the relevant groups, subgroups, and functional capabilities groups. A system of the indicators for the formation and adjustment of the Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog has been proposed, as well as a conformity criterion based on the generalized indicator, which defines the level of formation (adjustment) of the Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog. Seven steps of the procedure have been defined: from identifying individual capabilities based on their description (step1) to verifying the acceptability of the results obtained (step7) using the evaluation criterion and specially designed tables. The methodology was tested during a passive experiment in 2020 on the analysis of the current Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog, which made it possible to identify a series of significant shortcomings in its structure and content.

A method of adaptive control of military radio network parameters has been developed. This method allows predicting suppressed frequencies by electronic warfare devices, determining the topology of the military radio network. Also, this method allows determining rational routes of information transmission and operating mode of radio communications. Forecasting of the electronic environment is characterized by recirculation of input data for one count, resampling on a logarithmic time scale, finding a forecast for the maximum value of entropy and resampling the forecast on the exponential time scale. The developed method allows choosing a rational network topology. The choice of topology of the military radio communication system is based on the method of ant multi-colony system. The main idea of the new option of ant colony optimization is that instead of one colony of the traditional ant algorithm several colonies are used that work together in a common search space. However, this procedure additionally takes into account the type of a priori uncertainty and the evaporation coefficient of the pheromone level. The proposed method allows choosing a rational route for information transmission. The proposed procedure is based on an improved DSR algorithm. This method uses several operating modes of radio communications, namely the technology of multi-antenna systems with noise-like signals, with pseudo-random adjustment of the operating frequency and with orthogonal frequency multiplexing. The developed method provides a gain of 10‒16 % compared to conventional management approaches

This paper proposes a method to solve a mathematical programming problem under the conditions of uncertainty in the original data. The structural basis of the proposed method for solving optimization problems under the conditions of uncertainty is the function of criterion value distribution, which depends on the type of uncertainty and the values of the problem’s uncertain variables. In the case where independent variables are random values, this function then is the conventional theoretical-probabilistic density of the distribution of the random criterion value; if the variables are fuzzy numbers, it is then a membership function of the fuzzy criterion value. The proposed method, for the case where uncertainty is described in the terms of a fuzzy set theory, is implemented using the following two-step procedure. In the first stage, using the membership functions of the fuzzy values of criterion parameters, the values for these parameters are set to be equal to the modal, which are fitted in the analytical expression for the objective function. The resulting deterministic problem is solved. The second stage implies solving the problem by minimizing the comprehensive criterion, which is built as follows. By using an analytical expression for the objective function, as well as the membership function of the problem’s fuzzy parameters, applying the rules for operations over fuzzy numbers, one finds a membership function of the criterion’s fuzzy value. Next, one calculates a measure of the compactness of the resulting membership function of the fuzzy value of the problem’s objective function whose numerical value defines the first component of the integrated criterion. The second component is the rate of deviation of the desired solution to the problem from the previously received modal one. Absolutely similarly designed is the computational procedure for the case where uncertainty is described in the terms of a probability theory. Thus, the proposed method for solving optimization problems is universal in relation to the nature of the uncertainty in the original data. An important advantage of the proposed method is the ability to use it when solving any problem of mathematical programming under the conditions of fuzzily assigned original data, regardless of its nature, structure, and type

This paper has substantiated the development and rationalization of techniques to manufacture sausage casings from natural raw materials with predefined functional and technological properties. It is noted that the issue related to the rational utilization of intestinal raw materials and the improvement of the production economic profitability could be resolved by implementing effective technologies of glued intestinal sausage casings. The strength has been investigated of the reinforcing seam between the layers of intestinal membranes obtained by such techniques as the local tanning, local thermal coagulation resulting from passing an electric current through wet raw materials, local thermal coagulation due to the arc discharge through dried raw materials. The rational concentration of tannin in tanning solution has been determined, at which it is recommended to make a reinforcing seam on glued intestinal casings by means of local tanning. A value of the breaking load for the reinforcing seam made by using local electric currents has been derived, which is 14N/m. A 4.7-time increase in the breaking load has been established to occur, compared to the control sample. A value of the breaking load for the reinforcing seam obtained by applying an arc discharge has been found, which is 18N/m. It was noted that the breaking load had increased compared to the control sample. Working bodies for an installation were designed aimed at reinforcing glued sausage casings by such techniques as local tanning; local thermal coagulation resulting from passing an electric current through wet raw materials; local thermal coagulation as a result of arc discharge through dried raw materials. It is noted that the advantages of techniques for the reinforcement of glued sausage casings are the high breaking load and the effective utilization of raw materials

Results of theoretical studies of dynamics of the machine-tractor assembly taking into account the influence of a bearing surface profile were presented. It was established that in the course of operation, the machine-tractor assembly is exposed to a number of external factors leading to a change of vertical loads on the chassis and the engine. Mathematical models of dynamics of a tractor and a machine and a tractor unit consisting of a tractor of pivotally connected arrangement and a trailed sower were constructed. Such models make it possible to study dynamics and oscillatory processes of multi-element units. A mathematical model of tractor wheel dynamics was formed. Speeds and angles of orientation of elements of the machine-tractor assembly in space were determined. Influence of profile of the bearing surface on the unit elements when moving in the field prepared for sowing and the field after plowing was calculated. Theoretical studies of the influence of the bearing surface profile on dynamics of the machine-tractor assembly were performed on the example of KhTZ-242K tractor and Vega-8 Profi sower (Ukraine). When moving, the sower frame has a smaller amplitude of vibration accelerations than that of the tractor. Accordingly, the tractor has higher oscillation energy because it rests on the ground through its wheels having appropriate stiffness. The sower moves with its working bodies immersed into the soil which leads to a decrease in the amplitude of oscillations. The highest energy of amplitude of oscillation accelerations of the sower frame in the vertical direction was observed at frequencies of 15.9; 23.44; 35.3 and 42.87 Hz. It was found that the increase in working speeds of agricultural units leads to the fact that oscillations of all components reach significant values. This entails an increase in dynamic loads on soil and, as a consequence, its compaction

In order to identify ways used to collect data from user communication devices, an analysis of the interaction between DNS customers and the Internet name domain space has been carried out. It has been established that the communication device's DNS traffic is logged by the DNS servers of the provider, which poses a threat to the privacy of users. A comprehensive algorithm of protection against the collection of user data, consisting of two modules, has been developed and tested. The first module makes it possible to redirect the communication device's DNS traffic through DNS proxy servers with a predefined anonymity class based on the proposed multitest. To ensure a smooth and sustainable connection, the module automatically connects to a DNS proxy server that has minimal response time from those available in the compiled list. The second module blocks the acquisition of data collected by the developers of the software installed on the user's communication device, as well as by specialized Internet services owned by IT companies. The proposed algorithm makes it possible for users to choose their preferred level of privacy when communicating with the Internet space, thereby providing them with a choice of privacy level and, as a result, limiting the possibility of information manipulation over their owners. The DNS traffic of various fixed and mobile communication devices has been audited. The analysis of DNS traffic has enabled to identify and structure the DNS requests responsible for collecting data from users by the Internet services owned by IT companies. The identified DNS queries have been blocked; it has been experimentally confirmed that the performance of the basic and application software on communication devices was not compromised.

The issue of providing fuel and energy resources to the population depends to a large extent on the wear of thermal networks, as well as heat-generating equipment, which, accordingly, forces the consumer to abandon the centralized heating supply in favor of decentralized supply. However, low-power heat-generating units for autonomous consumers do not most of the time operate under the rated mode. The most promising way to solve the issue of energy conservation is to improve the utilization rate of fuel and energy resources in heat-generating units for decentralized heating systems that operate under non-stationary regimes. An experimental study of the velocity field of interaction between the coaxial axial direct-flow and external swirling jets has established that the performance efficiency of a heat-generating plant at a change in the thermal load could be improved by controlling the resulting velocity field. For a more even distribution of temperature within the furnace volume, it has been proposed to supply fuel with an oxidizer in the furnace by the axial direct-flow and swirling coaxial jets. It was revealed that at a distance of 2 diameters of the axial branch pipe from the cut there occurs a transverse toroidal vortex. The appearance of such a vortex is explained by the emergence of low-pressure regions due to the different angles of opening of the swirling outer jet and axial direct-flow jet. The considered dependence of change in the gas flow rate at a decrease in power has demonstrated that the gas flow rate in the proposed burner is less than that in analogs (vortex burner or direct-flow burner) by 10‒15% when the power of the burner is reduced. At the same time, the specified advantage is limited to the range of the burner's power of 50‒130kW. The results reported confirm the possibility of controlling the velocity field and temperature distribution when the total fuel and oxidizer flow rate changes within the operational range of low-power heat-generating plants. The correspondence between the temperature field and the velocity field in the interaction of non-isothermal jets has also been shown

The cassava starch wastewater contains organic materials (as BOD, COD) in high concentrations so it has the potential to cause pollution in the aquatic environment. Several methods of cassava starch wastewater treatment have been used to reduce the concentration of organic matter (pollutants) in cassava starch wastewater, including Activated Sludge, Stabilization Pond, Anaerobic-Aerobic filter process. However, various studies continue to be carried out to get higher processing efficiency on the factors that influence it. Several factors influence the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, including the type and origin of decomposing microorganisms, hydraulic residence time (HRT), organic load rate (OLR), process design, pH, and temperature. The research aimed to evaluate the performance of the AnF2B reactor in treating cassava starch wastewater, in which the reactor performance is shown by changes in organic matter removal (COD removal) and biogas production. The research is conducted using 3types of AnF2B reactors wherein each AnF2B reactor contains a bee nest-shaped bio-filter as a growth medium for the consortium of indigenous bacteria. The AnF2B reactor operates in anaerobic conditions with a set temperature of 29–30°C and a pH of 4.5–7. In each AnF2B reactor, cassava starch wastewater is fed with different OLR so that each reactor has an HRT of 5, 6, and 7days. The concentration of COD at the influent and effluent of the reactor was measured and the biogas was produced using the APHA standard method. The results showed that the AnF2B reactor had a satisfactory performance in COD removal and biogas production, which at HRT: 6days and OLR of 1.72g/L·day found that the maximum COD removal was 98% and the volume of biogas of 4.8L/L·day was produced on the 12thday

The need to increase the ability of water hyacinth composites as EMI radar protection is related to the carbonization process of organic materials. This research aimed to determine the effect of water hyacinth carbonization temperature on the effectiveness of fabrication and EMI shielding radar. The research method includes the preparations such as cutting, washing, and drying the water hyacinth. The drying process is carried out using an oven with a temperature of 70°C for 4days. Then the water hyacinth is mashed until it reaches the 80mesh size. Then the carbonization process is carried out, with variations in carbonization temperature ranging from 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C and 1,000°C, with a heat increase speed of 3°C/minutes. After reaching the specified temperature, a holding time is then carried out for 1 hour. Furthermore, the composite composition of 30% water hyacinth activated carbon powder and 70% phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin was molded using a hot press with a pressure of 300kg/cm2at 180°C for 10 minutes. The results showed that the water hyacinth composite could be used as an EMI protection material at the X-Band frequency (8–12.5GHz). Where the electrical conductivity and EMI SE increases with increasing carbonization temperature. Water hyacinth composites at a carbonization temperature of 1,000°C showed the highest electrical conductivity and the highest EMI SE, respectively 4.64∙10-2S/cm and 41.15dB (attenuation 99.99%) at a frequency of 8GHz. The high absorption contribution is associated with the synergy combination of KCl and the pore structure of the goitre. KCl contributes to the magnetic properties and pore structure with high electrical conductivity values

This paper reports a study into the phase composition and microstructure of tungsten ore concentrate after carbon-thermal reduction at different O:C ratios in the charge. This is required for determining those indicators that reduce tungsten loss through the sublimation of oxide compounds when processing ore concentrates, as well as when using reduced tungsten-containing doping additives. The study results have established that the reduced tungsten concentrate at the O:C ratio in the charge within the interval of 1.33‒2.30 contained the phases of W, W2C C, C, WO2. The microstructure demonstrated a spongy and disordered character. Together with W, the Mo, Si, Ca, Al impurities were present in the reduced products. The main elements identified at the sites studied had the following limiting content,% by weight: O – 5.01–17.32; C – 0.84–4.23; W – 61.21–86.78; Mo – 1.57–7.51; Si – 2.07–9.06; Ca – 1.34–11.30; Al – 0.27–0.40. The micro-inclusions at the examined surface areas acquired different complex shapes. There were traces of the process of caking between the particles. The analysis of the resulting data has shown that the most preferred ratio of O:C in the charge was 1.65. In this case, there is no lack of carbon and there is a predominance of W in the phase composition with a relatively little manifestation of the W2C phases, carbon, as well as the residual part of WO2. The post-reduction of the oxide component would occur during the doping process. The sponge structure contributes to a higher dissolution rate compared to standard tungsten ferroalloys. Lack of compounds with a relatively high propensity for sublimation does not require any special conditions to prevent the loss of tungsten in the gas phase, which increases the degree of assimilation of the target element

This paper considers the application of a method for maximizing polynomials in order to find estimates of the parameters of a multifactorial linear regression provided the random errors of the regression model follow an exponential power distribution. The method used is conceptually close to a maximum likelihood method because it is based on the maximization of selective statistics in the neighborhood of the true values of the evaluated parameters. However, in contrast to the classical parametric approach, it employs a partial probabilistic description in the form of a limited number of statistics of higher orders. The adaptive algorithm of statistical estimation has been synthesized, which takes into consideration the properties of regression residues and makes it possible to find refined values for the estimates of the parameters of a linear multifactorial regression using the numerical Newton-Rafson iterative procedure. Based on the apparatus of the quantity of extracted information, the analytical expressions have been derived that make it possible to analyze the theoretical accuracy (asymptotic variances) of estimates for the method of maximizing polynomials depending on the magnitude of the exponential power distribution parameters. Statistical modeling was employed to perform a comparative analysis of the variance of estimates obtained using the method of maximizing polynomials with the accuracy of classical methods: the least squares and maximum likelihood. Regions of the greatest efficiency for each studied method have been constructed, depending on the magnitude of the parameter of the form of exponential power distribution and sample size. It has been shown that estimates from the polynomial maximization method may demonstrate a much lower variance compared to the estimates from a least-square method. And, in some cases (for flat-topped distributions and in the absence of a priori information), may exceed the estimates from the maximum likelihood method in terms of accuracy. Розглядається застосування методу максимізації поліномів для знахо-дження оцінок параметрів багатофакторної лінійної регресії за умови, що ви-падкові помилки регресійній моделі мають експоненціальне степеневий розпо-діл. Метод, що використовується, концептуально близький до методу макси-мальної правдоподібності оскільки заснований на максимізації вибіркової ста-тистики в околі істинних значень оцінюваних параметрів. Однак на відміну від класичного параметричного підходу він використовує частковий ймовірнісний опис у вигляді обмеженої кількості статистик вищих порядків.Синтезований адаптивний алгоритм статистичного оцінювання, що врахо-вує властивості регресійних залишків і дозволяє знаходити уточнені значення оцінок параметрів лінійної багатофакторної регресії з використанням чисельної ітераційної процедури Ньютона-Рафсона. На основі апарату кількості добутої інформації отримано аналітичні вирази, що дозволяють аналізувати теоретичну точність (асимптотичні дисперсії)оцінок методу максимізації поліномів в зале-жності від величини параметрів експоненціального степеневого розподілу.Шляхом статистичного моделюванняпроведено порівняльний аналіз дис-персії оцінок, які отримуються за допомогою методу максимізації поліномів з точністю класичних методів: найменших квадратів і максимальної правдопо-дібності. Побудовано області найбільшої ефективності для кожного з дослі-джуваних методів в залежності від величини параметра форми експоненціа-льного степеневого розподілу і обсягувибірки.Показано, що оцінки методу ма-ксимізації поліномів можуть мати значно меншу дисперсію порівняно з оцін-ками методу найменших квадратів. А в ряді випадків (для плосковершинних розподілів та при відсутності апріорної інформації)за точністю перевищува-ти оцінки методу максимальної правдоподібності.

Nickel hydroxide is widely used in supercapacitors, alkaline batteries, for the electrocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants, etc. Due to their electrochemical activity, Ni(OH)2(α+β) samples with a layer structure synthesized in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer are the most promising. To improve the continuous technology of electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxide, the possibility of recycling the spent catholyte containing sodium sulfate was determined. For this, samples of nickel hydroxide were synthesized from a solution of nickel sulfate in the presence of sodium sulfate with concentrations of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120g/L. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by X-ray phase analysis; the electrochemical properties were studied by the method of cyclic voltammetry. It was shown that the base sample obtained without the presence of sodium sulfate was a monophase layered (α+β) structure with a high content of α-modification. The crystallinity of the sample was not high. It was revealed that the presence of sodium sulfate led to a decrease in the crystallinity of nickel hydroxide due to an increase in the electrical conductivity of the solution and a decrease in the voltage in the electrolyzer. Cyclic voltramperometry showed that synthesis in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer in the presence of Na2SO4(40–80g/L) did not lead to a significant change in the electrochemical activity of nickel hydroxide samples. An increase in the concentration of sodium sulfate in the catholyte to 100–120g/L led to an increase in electrochemical activity – the specific current of the discharge peak was 3.7–3.9A/g (compared to 2.1A/g for the reference sample). A comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of nickel hydroxide samples synthesized in the presence of sodium sulfate revealed the possibility and prospects of recycling the spent catholyte in a continuous technology for producing Ni(OH)2in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer. It was revealed that when introducing recycling, it was recommended to maintain a high concentration of sodium sulfate (80–100g/L)

The creation of environmentally friendly protective materials for building structures made of wood could make it possible to influence the processes of stability and the physical-chemical properties at the thermal modification of hornbeam wood over a certain time. That necessitates studying the conditions for investigating phase transformations when the timber is exposed to high temperature, as well as establishing the mechanism of hornbeam wood thermal modification. Given this, a mathematical model of the phase transformation process during the transfer of heat flux to a sample was built. Based on the derived dependences, it was established that when hornbeam wood is exposed to temperature treatment, it undergoes endothermic phase transformations characterized by the heat absorption and change in the color of hornbeam wood. In particular, at a temperature of 200°C, the temperature in the wood decreases by 5% due to the chemical changes in the structure of cell wall components (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). It was found that the process of thermal modification is accompanied by the decomposition of hemicellulose and the amorphous part of cellulose, a decrease in moisture absorption, as well as a decrease in the volume of substances that are a medium for the development of fungi. In addition, lignin and the resulting pseudo lignin undergo a process of polymerization and redistribution throughout the cell volume. At the sametime, they give the cell walls higher density, hardness, increase hydrophobicity (water repellency), thereby reducing the ability to absorb moisture and swell. It was established that the most effective parameter of phase transformations is the temperature and aging duration. The results of moisture absorption have been given; it has been found that over 6 hours of modified timber exposure, its moisture absorption decreases by more than 10times, which allows its application at facilities with high humidity

An analysis of the method for ensuring the sinusoidality of the output voltage in power generation systems with self-commutated voltage inverters under the requirements of the international standard IEEE-519 is presented. In a number of programs, especially low-power generation systems, a low-cost solution is needed to provide the sinusoidal waveform of the output voltage with the total harmonic distortion of 5%. This solution is to use two-level voltage inverters with an output sine LC filter. However, the feature of the sine filter with the frequency converter is that the PWM frequency affects the spectrum of higher harmonics of the output voltage. In addition, there is the starting current of the filter capacitor, which can disable the power switches of the voltage inverter. The developed method for calculating the values of the LC filter with the two-level voltage inverter in the PWM mode is presented meeting the requirements of the international standard IEEE-519, taking into account the modulation frequency and limitation of the starting current of the filter capacitor. To confirm the required quality of the output voltage of the two-level voltage inverter with the sine filter, an appropriate simulation model was created in the Matlab/Simulink computer simulation environment. The oscillograms and harmonic analysis of the input and output voltages of the sine filter, which showed the total harmonic distortion of 1.88%, are presented. A physical prototype of the investigated system was created on the basis of a 5.5kW OVEN PChV203-5K5-V frequency converter (Ukraine). Using the SIGLENT SDS1104X-E oscilloscope (China), the real waveform and the results of the harmonic analysis of the sine filter output voltage, confirming the implementation of the necessary sinusoidality criteria, were obtained

This research has established the possibility of improving the effectiveness of the visual-matrix form of the analytical Boolean function minimization method by identifying reserves in a more complex algorithm for the operations of logical absorption and super-gluing the variables in terms of logical functions. An improvement in the efficiency of the Boolean function minimization procedure was also established, due to selecting, according to the predefined criteria, the optimal stack of logical operations for the first and second binary matrices of Boolean functions. When combining a sequence of logical operations using different techniques for gluing variables such as simple gluing and super-gluing, there are a small number of cases when function minimization is more effective if an operation of simply gluing the variables is first applied to the first matrix. Thus, a short analysis is required for the primary application of operations in the first binary matrix. That ensures the proper minimization efficiency regarding the earlier unaccounted-for variants for simplifying the Boolean functions by the visual-matrix form of the analytical method. For a series of cases, the choice of the optimal stack is also necessary for the second binary matrix. The experimental study has confirmed that the visual-matrix form of the analytical method, whose special feature is the use of 2-(n,b)-design and 2-(n,x/b)-design systems in the first matrix, improves the process efficiency, as well as the reliability of the result of Boolean function minimization. This simplifies the procedure of searching for a minimal function. Compared to analogs, that makes it possible to improve the productivity of the Boolean function minimization process by 100‒200%. There is reason to assert the possibility of improving the efficiency of the Boolean function minimization process by the visual-matrix form of the analytical method, through the use of more complex logical operations of absorbing and super-gluing the variables. Also, by optimally combining the sequence of logical operations of super-gluing the variables and simply gluing the variables, based on the selection, according to the established criteria, of the stack of logical operations in the first binary matrix of the assigned function

The results of improving ore crushing in a high-pressure roller-press are presented. Application of a roller-press enables higher crushing efficiency due to both power saving and reduction of sizes of ore crush products to release mineral aggregates. Ore disintegration by compressive strain prevails among currently applied crushing methods. Disintegration occurs not only due to the compressive, but also to the shear strain. Considering smaller power consumption of the shear strain than that of the compressive strain, it is concluded that roller-press application is quite efficient. Simulation of crushing by using the Bond law frequently applied in practice is under consideration. It is essential to consider the stochasticity of the ore flow to be crushed. Presentation of this flow as a random figure by transforming it by the Bond crushing law results in a probabilistic characteristic of the crushing result. This characteristic enables finding properties of the crush product and probabilistic formulation of the problem of improving the crushing process by setting a relevant functional. To apply the results obtained to practical uses, the crushing process is simulated. The theoretical results are confirmed by setting the stochastic properties of the input ore flow by means of Rosen-Rammler’s law followed by statistical substantiation of the conducted calculations in Mathcad. After stimulation and considering stochastic properties of the feed ore flow, the solution of the optimal stabilization problem reveals that stabilization is achieved, while dispersion in relation to the stabilization goal reduces sharply almost five-fold

This paper reports a study into the effect of the microbial polysaccharides (MPS) xampan, enposan, and gelan on quality indicators during the storage of protein-free bread and gluten-free muffins. Microbial polysaccharides such as xampan, enposan, and gelan are effective structure-forming agents in gluten-free products. These hydrocolloids not only participate in the formation of the structure of dough and finished products but also affect the staling processes in gluten-free products during storage. The addition of the studied MPS leads to a slowdown in the staling processes of protein-free bread based on corn starch, as well as muffins based on wheat germ meal, during storage. It was found that in 24hours of storage, the protein-free bread demonstrates a decrease in the moisture loss and crumbling index, as well as an increase in compressibility indicator, compared with control samples. It was also determined that gluten-free muffins with the addition of MPS lose moisture more slowly over 7days of storage; they have lower crumbling and compressibility indices compared to the control. This is due to the high hydrophilic properties of the studied microbial polysaccharides, which can bind a significant amount of water and retain it during the storage of products. In addition, microbial hydrocolloids can envelop the gelatinized starch grains with a thin film, thereby helping inhibit the process of starch retrogradation. The samples of bread and muffins containing MPS almost did not change their appearance, color, taste, and smell during the studied shelf life, while the crumb of the examined samples demonstrated better elasticity and less crumbling. All studied MPS exhibit the same nature of the effect on the quality indicators of products during storage with xampan exerting the greatest effect and gelan ‒ the least

This paper considers the construction of principles and the synthesis of a system of effective control over the processes of synchronization of generator sets (GSs) that form a part of the distributed MP-control systems for complex ship technical systems and complexes (STS and C). The tasks of synchronization have been set, the process and database models have been built, the system configurations have been defined. Based on the use of resultant functions, we have determined stages in solving the tasks of control over the frequency adjustment synchronization in a hierarchical sequence. The performance analysis of the STS and C control elements has been carried out; the use of the integrated optimization criteria and dual management principles has been proposed. Practical techniques to manage the GS synchronization have been given. We have solved the problem of high-speed control over the frequency of synchronized objects based on the principles of adjustment. That has made it possible to determine in advance the moments of GS enabling under the deterministic and stochastic statement of the synchronization task. The results of the experimental study into the GS synchronization processes are given; the effectiveness of the proposed GS control has been proven. The principles underlying the construction of procedures to control the GS composition when using the methods of "rigid" and "flexible" thresholds have made it possible to define the optimization criteria and implement a control law that satisfied the condition for an extremum, which is an indicator of the feasibility of the set goal and takes into consideration the limitations of control influences. We managed to design a system in the class of adaptive control systems by the appropriate decomposition of the system's elements by splitting a synchronization task into the task on performance and the task on control under the required conditions. The given examples of the processes where the synchronization failed while using standard synchronizer control algorithms, as well as processes of successful GS synchronization when applying the proposed synchronizer dual control algorithms, have confirmed the reliability of the main scientific results reported here.

The systems maintaining thermal regimes are a necessary component of thermally-loaded radio-electronic equipment, without which its operation is impossible. The uneven distribution of heat emitted by components such as semiconductor lasers, receivers of intense infrared radiation predetermines the preference of thermoelectric coolers for them. The joint application of a cooler and a heat-loaded element significantly tightens the requirements for the reliability indicators and the dynamic characteristics of the cooler. The cause is the influence exerted by the temperature gradients in the soldered joints between different materials of thermoelements and the electrode of the substrate. The main parameters of thermoelectric coolers are the number of thermoelements and the value of the working current. When targeting the design of thermoelectric systems for ensuring thermal regimes based on reliability indicators, the optimization of the problem for the following set has been proposed: the number of thermoelements, the working current, and the relative intensity of failures. At the fixed branches' geometry, decreasing the number of thermoelements leads to a decrease in the heat load, which can be compensated for by increasing the working current of the thermoelectric cooler. A ratio has been derived for the relative working current corresponding to the minimum size of the set. Using the set makes it possible to choose the required working current, for which there is an extremum, which optimizes the process of control over the cooler. The win in the refrigeration factor, compared to the mode of maximum cooling capacity, is 15%. This demonstrates the advantage of a comprehensive indicator, which allows the development of systems enabling thermal modes for practical application, in particular, on-board systems for which energy consumption is critical. The originality of the results obtained is related to a comprehensive criterion for the basic performance indicators, which has a minimum