Search

The article explores the impact of Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) on motion-induced nausea and balance behaviors in mice. The study found that intraperitoneally delivered PACAP-38 disrupted motion-induced thermoregulation, increased postural sway in female mice, and caused balance beam imbalances. The research suggests a potential role of PACAP-38 in vestibular migraine pathophysiology, with future studies aiming to explore PACAP antagonism as a potential treatment for vestibular migraine. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a study on the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on behavioral measures related to motion-induced nausea and static imbalance in a mouse model lacking the receptor component protein (RCP) in the nervous system. The study found that while CGRP affected behavioral measures similarly in both the RCP-deficient mice and control mice, the CGRP-receptor antagonist olcegepant was not effective in the RCP-deficient mice, indicating a potential change in receptor sensitivity due to RCP loss. This research has not yet undergone peer review and can be accessed for further information at biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620369v1. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Lund University explores the potential link between constipation as a side effect of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (anti-CGRP) monoclonal antibodies and poor treatment response in chronic migraine patients. The study found that constipation was more common with erenumab compared to other medications, and patients who switched treatments due to constipation experienced milder symptoms without compromising effectiveness. The researchers suggest that monitoring side effects like constipation is crucial, and further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. For more information, the study can be accessed in Cephalalgia Reports published by SAGE Publishing. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application titled "Treatment Of Medication Overuse Headache Using Anti-Cgrp Or Anti-Cgrp-R Antibodies" discusses the development of antibodies that target Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) or its receptor (CGRP-R) to prevent or treat diseases like medication overuse headache. CGRP is implicated in migraines, and companies have developed anti-CGRP antibodies for migraine treatment. The patent application outlines methods for administering these antibodies to patients experiencing medication overuse headache due to the overuse of certain drugs, such as ergotamine, triptans, or analgesics. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Merck & Company have developed a new series of 3-amino-piperidin-2-one-based calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists, leading to the discovery of a potent orally bioavailable CGRP receptor antagonist, compound 23. The study focused on structure-activity relationships and modifications that improved CGRP receptor affinity. This research, published in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, highlights the potential of these novel compounds in the field of Membrane Proteins - Cell Surface Receptors. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital in China focuses on the management of medullary thyroid cancer using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin (Ctn) as biomarkers. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding and interpreting the variations in CEA and Ctn levels during the perioperative period for accurate diagnosis, treatment decisions, and prognosis of MTC. The researchers recommend follow-up diagnostic and treatment protocols to address potential pitfalls associated with the use of these biomarkers. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free at the Frontiers in Endocrinology website. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Nagoya City University in Japan has found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin, stimulates the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L cells in the rat proximal colon. GLP-1 accelerates peristalsis in the colon, which helps facilitate the excretion of Gram-negative bacteria from the intestine. The study suggests that L cells may play a protective role against intestinal bacterial infections. The research was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova in Romania discusses research findings on colon cancer. The study focused on neuropeptides, specifically substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and their receptors in colorectal adenocarcinoma. The researchers found that both substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide were elevated in colorectal cancer and correlated with the stage of the disease and tumor differentiation grade. The study suggests that these neuropeptides and their receptors could serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. [Extracted from the article]

A new study from the University of Puerto Rico explores the cellular-molecular mechanisms behind pain after spinal cord injury. The researchers found that plasticity within the injury site leads to abnormal sensory transmission and the formation of new connections, resulting in central neuropathic pain. The study focused on the role of glutamate transporters and their potential as a therapeutic target. The researchers discovered a sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters in the spinal cord, with female rats showing a higher level of expression. This finding provides a potential opportunity for treating chronic pain in a sex-specific manner. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, South Korea, compared the diagnostic performance of preoperative calcitonin and procalcitonin tests for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). MTC is a type of thyroid cancer with a relatively poor prognosis. The study found that both calcitonin and procalcitonin showed similar diagnostic utility for MTC, with high sensitivity and specificity. Depending on the patient's clinical status and laboratory environment, these tests can be used as complementary methods for detecting MTC. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at the University of Hull in the United Kingdom explores the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (AM2/IMD) in various pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, migraine, and cancer. The study found that CGRP and AM2/IMD can directly affect primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) by inducing p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that CGRP and AM2/IMD may be novel regulators of lymphatic endothelial cell biology and warrant further investigation for potential therapies targeting the CGRP signaling axis. The research was funded by various organizations and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the University of Rochester in New York explored the link between motion hypersensitivity, anxiety, and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in preclinical mouse models. The study found that the combination of CGRP and vestibular stimulation induced anxiety-like behavior in mice, while CGRP alone or vestibular stimulation alone did not. The researchers suggest that CGRP receptor antagonists, which have been effective in treating migraines, may also reduce anxiety in individuals with migraines. Further research is needed to investigate this potential treatment approach. [Extracted from the article]

A report discusses research on peptide hormones, specifically focusing on the immunogenicity risk of impurities in synthetic versions of the salmon calcitonin (SCT) drug product. The study highlights the importance of assessing these impurities, which can be generated during peptide synthesis and may alter the immunogenicity risk profile of the drug. In silico and in vitro methods were used to analyze 20 SCT impurities and compare their immunogenic risk potential to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) peptide. The research suggests that combining in silico analysis with in vitro assays can be a useful approach for evaluating the potential immunogenic risk of peptide impurities in generic drug products. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California discusses the concomitant use of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists and azole antifungal therapy in patients with migraines and hematological malignancies. The study found that this combination was well tolerated and did not result in any significant adverse effects. While it is recommended to follow manufacturers' guidance on drug interactions, this research suggests that concomitant use of CGRP antagonists with azole antifungals is possible with monitoring and observation for adverse effects. Further information on this research can be obtained from the City of Hope National Medical Center. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Balikesir in Turkey examined the relationship between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and amylin levels in pediatric migraine patients. The study compared blood levels of CGRP and amylin between migraine patients and healthy controls, as well as the relationship between these levels and migraine attack frequency and duration. The study found no statistically significant differences in CGRP or amylin levels between the groups or within the migraine patients. The researchers emphasized the importance of understanding the complex processes involved in migraine pathogenesis for the development of new treatments. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by Nordic Bioscience explores the potential of a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA) called KBP-336 as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD). The study found that KBP-336 demonstrated a unique combination of weight loss, antinociception (pain relief), and bone protection in a metabolic model of osteoarthritis in rats. The research suggests that calcitonin receptor activation is essential for the antinociceptive effect of KBP-336. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of potential treatments for osteoarthritis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Medical University of Vienna in Austria examined the use of [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT in the diagnosis and prognosis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). The study analyzed data from 109 MTC patients who underwent [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT scans between 2008 and 2023. The results showed that [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT had a high diagnostic accuracy for detecting tumor lesions, with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 99%. The study also found that certain PET/CT parameters, such as SUVmean and MTV, were associated with overall survival in MTC patients. Overall, the study concluded that [18F]F-DOPA PET/CT is a valuable tool for both diagnosis and prognosis assessment in MTC patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Rochester in New York has found that aging affects the vestibular system, leading to balance issues. The study focused on the loss of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in aging mice and its impact on balance. The results showed that the absence of CGRP can contribute to balance complications that worsen with age. This research provides new insights into the role of peptide hormones in maintaining balance and highlights the importance of further studies in this area. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Maltepe University in Istanbul, Turkey, has found that elevated levels of procalcitonin (PCT) can occur in both bacterial infections and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). MTC is a rare form of thyroid cancer that originates from parafollicular cells. The study highlights the importance of PCT and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring MTC, as elevated levels of these markers can indicate the presence of the disease. Integrating PCT and CEA measurements into routine clinical practice can improve detection, provide insights into therapeutic responses, and aid in the management of MTC. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Chongqing Medical University in China discusses research on the protective effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) against hyperoxia-induced lung injury. The study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms by which CGRP protects against alveolar cell injury. The researchers found that CGRP promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in hyperoxic conditions, and these effects were attenuated by inhibitors of CGRP receptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. CGRP induced calcium entry through TRPV1 channels and enhanced membrane currents, and these effects were reduced by inhibiting the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. The study suggests that the CGRP/TRPV1/Ca2+ axis may be a potential target for preventing and treating hyperoxia-induced lung injury. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from researchers at the Diabetes Center in Toyonaka, Japan, discusses a case study of a 63-year-old patient with pancreatic insulinoma. The patient exhibited elevated levels of calcitonin and procalcitonin, which returned to normal after surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of both calcitonin and insulin in the tumor cells, suggesting a calcitonin-producing insulinoma. The study concludes that this particular insulinoma released both calcitonin and procalcitonin, resulting in hyperprocalcitoninemia and hypercalcitoninemia. The research has been peer-reviewed and published in Internal Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the School of Life Sciences and Technology in Weifang, China, have developed a new method for detecting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the serum. CGRP is involved in trigeminal neuralgia and migraine, and early prediction of these conditions is crucial. The current methods for CGRP detection have limitations, such as the use of radioactive substances or long detection times. The researchers used a combination of OS-ELISA assays to achieve high sensitivity and a broad detection range for CGRP, which could have significant clinical applications. The study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Stanford University explores the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in vestibular disorders, specifically in relation to migraine. CGRP is a neuropeptide that plays a key role in various physiological functions, including vasodilation, pain signaling, and cochleovestibular function. The study suggests that CGRP-blocking medications may have potential in treating vestibular migraine, but further research is needed to determine their efficacy and potential side effects. The researchers emphasize the importance of ongoing safety monitoring due to the widespread presence of CGRP in the body. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint study published in Drug Week explores the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and intermedin (IMD) on primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC). The study found that both CGRP and IMD induced phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK in proliferating HDLEC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that CGRP and IMD may play a role in regulating lymphatic endothelial cell biology and could be further investigated for their potential involvement in lymphatic function-related pathologies. However, it is important to note that this study has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova in Romania focused on colon cancer and the potential use of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The study found that levels of CGRP in the serum, as well as CGRP and CRLR expression at the tumor level, correlated with the stage and characteristics of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The researchers concluded that CGRP could be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for colorectal cancer and may also represent a potential therapeutic target. Further research is needed in this area. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the University of Wisconsin discusses research on sepsis in burn patients. Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality in critically ill burn patients, and current lab findings and signs can be non-specific for infection, leading to delays in treatment. The study explores the use of serum procalcitonin (PCT) as a biomarker for early diagnosis of sepsis in burn patients. The research found that PCT screening could be useful in aiding the detection of sepsis and reducing treatment delays in severe burn patients. Further refinement of the screening protocol is needed to determine testing frequency and useful cut-offs. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at KIIT Deemed to be University in India highlights the use of procalcitonin (PCT) as a diagnostic test to exclude lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) and reduce antibiotic overuse. The study involved 200 patients with symptoms of lower UTIs, and the PCT levels were measured using an enhanced chemiluminescence technique. The findings showed that patients with initial serum PCT levels below 0.5 ng/mL had a higher rate of symptom improvement with conservative treatment without antibiotics, suggesting that a lower PCT level can rule out bacterial invasion and be used as a marker in antibiotic stewardship. This research provides valuable insights into the potential use of PCT in UTI diagnosis and management. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Szeged in Hungary discusses the effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels in trigeminal neurons in the rat dura mater. SAH, a major cause of cerebrovascular morbidity, has been shown to reduce CGRP levels, which are important for vasodilation. The study found that SAH significantly reduced the density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the dura mater and trigeminal caudal nucleus, as well as attenuated ex vivo dural CGRP release and reduced CGRP mRNA levels in the trigeminal ganglion. These findings suggest that SAH negatively affects the integrity of CGRP-expressing trigeminal neurons and may impair meningeal neurovascular functions. Further research is needed to understand the consequences of impaired CGRP synthesis in central sensory processing. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Sichuan University have conducted a study on peptide hormones, specifically calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and their role in calcium balance and physiological processes in chickens. The study involved cloning and characterizing the chicken calcitonin receptor (CTR) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), as well as three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). The researchers found that chicken CTRs and CLRs stimulate signaling pathways and have functional receptor status. They also discovered tissue-specific expression profiles for CT, CGRP, CTR, CLR, and RAMPs in chickens, indicating different physiological roles across various tissues. The study contributes to understanding the functions of this hormone family in vertebrates. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran focuses on improving the properties of salmon calcitonin, a peptide used in medicine for conditions such as osteoporosis. The researchers used in silico methods to evaluate different calcitonin sequences and identified specific amino acids that could be replaced to decrease the antigenicity of salmon calcitonin. The final selected mutant showed lower antigenicity, higher solubility, and stability compared to salmon calcitonin. However, further evaluations are needed to confirm its suitability for clinical usage. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Palermo in Italy have conducted a study on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a type of brain cancer with a poor prognosis. The researchers focused on the chaperone system (CS), which plays a role in carcinogenesis, and its presence in extracellular vesicles (EVs) in GBM patients. They found high levels of Hsp70 and the calcitonin receptor protein (CTR) in EVs from GBM patients, suggesting that these proteins could serve as biomarkers for differentiating tumor forms and understanding their roles in GBM carcinogenesis. Further research is needed to explore the potential of Hsp70 and CTR as biomarkers and their implications for GBM treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Houston Methodist Sugar Land Hospital explored the use of procalcitonin (PCT) levels and a clinical decision support (CDS) tool to determine the duration of antimicrobial therapy for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The study found that the combination of pharmacist interventions, CDS, and PCT assessment resulted in a decrease in the number of antimicrobial days of therapy (DOT) prescribed for RTIs. The researchers concluded that implementing a PCT bundle in antimicrobial stewardship programs could be beneficial. This information is available in an article published in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Shandong University examined the effect of early preventive calcium and phosphorus supplementation on metabolic bone disease in premature infants. The study analyzed data from 234 preterm infants and compared the outcomes between those who received prophylactic supplementation and those who did not. The results showed that infants who received early preventive supplementation had improved calcium and phosphorus metabolism, lower incidence of metabolic bone disease and fractures, and better growth indicators compared to those who did not receive supplementation. The study suggests that preventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus after birth can be beneficial for premature infants. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Harvard Medical School has found that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) can be used as a therapy for corneal injury. CGRP, which is abundantly expressed by corneal nerves, has been shown to accelerate corneal wound closure, reduce corneal opacification, prevent corneal edema, promote cell migration and proliferation, and reduce inflammation and fibrosis. The study highlights the important role of sensory nerves in ocular surface homeostasis and injury repair. This research provides new insights into potential treatments for corneal injury. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted in Fuyang, People's Republic of China, investigated the effect of mild hypothermia combined with postural intervention on patients with craniocerebral trauma who received meropenem intervention. The study divided 80 patients into an experimental group and a reference group. After two weeks of intervention, the experimental group showed lower stroke scale scores and higher Glasgow coma scale scores compared to the reference group. Additionally, the experimental group had higher levels of serum calcitonin gene-related peptide and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, lower levels of myelin basic protein, and a lower overall complication rate. The study concluded that mild hypothermia combined with postural intervention can improve neurological function and prognosis in patients with craniocerebral trauma. [Extracted from the article]

A recent preprint abstract suggests that the embryonic and evolutionary origins of calcitonin-producing neuroendocrine cells, known as C-cells, have been a topic of debate. While previous studies indicated that avian C-cells derive from the neural crest, this new research using comparative cell lineage tracing in various vertebrate model systems suggests that chick C-cells actually derive from pharyngeal endoderm. The study also found putative C-cell homologues in invertebrate chordates that lack neural crest cells, indicating a pre-vertebrate origin of this cell type along the chordate stem. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted by researchers at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center explores the tolerability and safety of calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mabs) in adults with concurrent migraine and other medical conditions. The study involved 23 patients who were treated with both CGRP mabs and other monoclonal antibodies for neurologic, oncologic, or autoimmune conditions. The researchers found no evidence of new adverse or serious side effects during the study period, indicating that the coadministration of CGRP mabs and non-CGRP monoclonal antibodies is well-tolerated. This research provides valuable insights for individuals with migraine who may require concomitant treatment with multiple monoclonal antibodies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Louisiana State University explored the effects of adolescent alcohol use on the development of negative affect-like behavior in adult mice. The researchers found that exposure to alcohol during adolescence altered glutamatergic transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and led to sex-specific changes in behavior. Specifically, female mice with a history of adolescent alcohol exposure exhibited hyponeophagia (a decreased motivation to consume a palatable food) when the BNST was chemogenetically stimulated. This behavioral phenotype was associated with increased activity in calcitonin gene-related peptide and dynorphin neurons in the parabrachial nucleus. These findings provide new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying negative affect in females and suggest the involvement of the BNST-PBN circuitry in regulating emotional responses to alcohol-related stimuli. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry in Japan has investigated the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on orofacial pain conditions. The study focused on the involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in peripheral and central sensitization, as well as its role in evoking orofacial mechanical allodynia. Male rats were exposed to CIH, and the researchers found that CIH induced ocular and intraoral mechanical allodynia. They also observed an increase in CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion and activation of satellite glial cells, supporting the idea that CGRP plays a critical role in CIH-induced orofacial mechanical allodynia. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Sapienza University of Rome explores the relationship between medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type 1B. The study focuses on a 43-year-old man with chronic hypocalcemia and elevated serum calcitonin levels. The patient was diagnosed with sporadic PHP1B and underwent total thyroidectomy, revealing cystic papillary thyroid cancer and diffuse C-cell hyperplasia. The researchers suggest that hypercalcitoninemia should be carefully evaluated in PHP patients with concomitant thyroid nodules, and further studies are needed to better understand this topic. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the Department of Pharmacy in Guangdong, China, has examined the use of peptide drugs, such as insulin and calcitonin, delivered through the nasal mucous membrane. The study highlights the advantages and challenges of this delivery method, including the need to overcome low permeability and clearance effects. The researchers reviewed the achievements of 18 peptide drugs, focusing on their efficacy, mechanisms of absorption enhancement, and safety. They found that absorption enhancers, nanoparticles, and bio-adhesive systems were the most promising strategies. The study also identified new research directions, including spray freeze dried and self-emulsifying nano-systems. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at George Washington University explored the relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in older adults. The study analyzed proteomic biomarkers in a cohort of 566 older adults, including individuals with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and CVD. The findings revealed that both AD and CVD were associated with longitudinal changes in certain proteomic biomarkers. Additionally, the study identified shared and distinct pathophysiological mechanisms between AD and CVD, providing valuable insights into the interrelationship between these conditions. Further research in this area may contribute to a deeper understanding of AD and CVD. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Charite University Hospital and School of Medicine explores the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha (aCGRP) in age-related osteoarthritis (OA). The research found that aCGRP enhances nociception in primary knee OA and disrupts cartilage and joint integrity in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. The study also revealed that aCGRP has a dual function in age-related OA, acting as both pro-inflammatory and bone-protective. These findings highlight the importance of aCGRP in the pathophysiology of OA, despite previous unsuccessful attempts to use anti-CGRP treatment for pain reduction in OA patients. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Saitama Medical University in Japan conducted a retrospective study to investigate the early effectiveness of calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody (CGRP-mAb) treatment for medication overuse headache (MOH) in Japan. They reviewed the cases of 34 patients with MOH who received CGRP-mAb treatment and found that there was a significant improvement in the mean number of headache days after one month of treatment. The researchers suggest that CGRP-mAb could be a preventive treatment for patients with MOH, but further investigation is needed to determine its long-term efficacy. This information is based on a peer-reviewed study published in Internal Medicine. [Extracted from the article]