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Appropriate paper-based technology (APT) is used to provide postural support for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in low-resourced settings. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of APT on the children's and families' lives. A convenience sample of children with CP and their families participated. Inclusion was based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V. APT seating or standing frames were provided for six months. A mixed methods impact of APT devices on the children and families included the Family Impact Assistive Technology Scale for Adaptive Seating (FIATS-AS); the Child Engagement in Daily Life (CEDL) questionnaire; and a qualitative assessment from diary/log and semi-structured interviews. Ten children (median 3 years, range 9 months to 7 years). Baseline to follow-up median (IQR) FIATS-AS were: 22.7 (9.3) and 30.3 (10.2), respectively (p=.002). Similarly mean (SD) CEDL scores for "frequency" changed from 30.5 (13.2) to 42.08 (5.96) (p=.021) and children's enjoyment scores from 2.23 (0.93) to 2.91 (0.79) (p=.019). CEDL questionnaire for self-care was not discriminatory; seven families scored zero at both baseline and 6 months. Qualitative interviews revealed three key findings; that APT improved functional ability, involvement/interaction in daily-life situations, and a reduced family burden of care. APT devices used in Kenyan children with non-ambulant CP had a meaningful positive effect on both the children's and their families' lives. Assistive devices are often unobtainable for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in low-income countries. APT is a low cost and sustainable solution to make seating and standing devices for disabled children in Kenya. The regular use of a postural support device enhanced the children's motor skills, ability to function and participate in everyday activities, reduced the burden of care for the families and promoted the children's social interaction. The postural support devices were highly valued and utilised by the children and families in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For children with mobility impairments, without cognitive delays, who want to participate in outdoor activities, existing assistive technology (AT) to support their needs is limited. In this review, we investigate the control and design of a selection of robotic walkers while exploring a selection of legged robots to develop solutions that address this gap in robotic AT. We performed a comprehensive literature search from four main databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The keywords used in the search were the following: "walker", "rollator", "smart walker", "robotic walker", "robotic rollator". Studies were required to discuss the control or design of robotic walkers to be considered. A total of 159 papers were analyzed. From the 159 papers, 127 were excluded since they failed to meet our inclusion criteria. The total number of papers analyzed included publications that utilized the same device, therefore we classified the remaining 32 studies into groups based on the type of robotic walker used. This paper reviewed 15 different types of robotic walkers. The ability of many-legged robots to negotiate and transition between a range of unstructured substrates suggests several avenues of future consideration whose pursuit could benefit robotic AT, particularly regarding the present limitations of wheeled paediatric robotic walkers for children's daily outside use. Children with lower limb disabilities can benefit from assistive technology designed for daily usage in outdoor surroundings. An extension of existing robotic assistive technology that allows the user to travel safely on irregular surfaces both indoors and outdoors is needed. Approaches used to solve research problems in the field of robotics (outside of the rehabilitation area) can be used to address problems that robotic assistive technology currently faces. There is a need for more research on the development of robotic assistive technology for children with mobility impairments without cognitive delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016 WHO launched the priority assistive products list (APL) consisting of 50 products and recommended that using this as a reference, countries should develop their own contextually relevant national APLs. This paper describes the development of Malawi's APL. Two hundred and ninety-six persons with disabilities participated in a rapid Assistive Technology Assessment (rATA) survey. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) with people with various types of disabilities were conducted. The rATA questionnaire and FGDs collected data on assistive products (APs) participants used, APs they needed and the challenges they experienced. Data collection was done in six districts spread across the three regions in Malawi. All age groups were included in the survey. Persons with disabilities aged less than 18 participated but went with their guardians. All persons who participated in this study provided consent. Survey and FGDs results were presented at an APL consensus meeting with policymakers, service providers, disabled peoples' organizations and development partners in the disability sector. Based on the results and further discussions, a consensus was reached on the priority APs for Malawi. More than a third of respondents used wheelchairs (32%), followed by auxiliary crutches (25%), walking sticks (13%), reading glasses (11%), prosthesis (10%), elbow crutches (9%) and orthosis (8%). There is also a high demand for products such as pull-up underwear (incontinence products) (79%), hearing aids (70%), reading glasses (59%) and diapers (63%). After intensive discussions during a consensus meeting, an agreement was reached on the 22 priority APs for Malawi. There is a wide range of APs being used by people with different functional limitations in Malawi. There is also a demand for APs that are not readily available. When developing an APL, the list should include products in use, those in demand, and those recommended by service providers. Following the development of the priority assistive products list (APL) by WHO, member states should develop their own contextually based APL. The development of the APL should be based on research evidence. All key stakeholders including persons with disabilities and other functional limitations, government, and development partners should participate in this process. The APL should be part of the national health system or community services. The Department of Disability and Elderly Affairs in the Ministry of Gender, Community Development, being the Government of Malawi line ministry coordinating disability issues participated actively in this study including inviting participants in the stakeholders' validation workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to identify assistive technologies that are promising for addressing loneliness in people living with dementia in long-term care. A scoping review was conducted. EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest were searched from 2000 to 2020. The included studies were selected by three independent researchers and summarised, compared, and categorized according to technology type. Publications were eligible for inclusion when they reported on psychosocial interventions aiming to reduce loneliness and/or social isolation in people with dementia in long-term care settings. Twenty-four papers were included (20 original research papers and four reviews). Most studies were conducted in Australia and Europe. The studies aimed to investigate two different types of assistive technology: social robots, and multimedia computer systems. Most studies focussed on behaviour, engagement, and mood as primary outcomes. Only one study directly aimed to alleviate loneliness. Even though only one study addressed loneliness directly, it became clear that assistive technologies used to apply psychosocial interventions have the potential to impact loneliness in people with dementia in long-term care. However, it remains unclear why loneliness was not included as an outcome and how loneliness could become a key outcome in evaluating assistive technologies. Loneliness among older adults is associated with health risks, such as the development of dementia, depression, and increased mortality. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) technologies have been studied to address loneliness for older adults; however people with dementia are often excluded from such studies. This diverse group of technologies is shown to have a promising impact on outcomes, such as social engagement, quality of life, and mood, but loneliness was studied less often. More research is needed to discover the potential of assistive technologies for people with dementia living in long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Symbol communication aids are used by children with little or no intelligible speech as an Augmentative and Alternative Communication strategy. Graphic symbols are used to help support understanding of language and used in symbol communication aids to support expressive communication. The decision making related to the selection of a symbol communication aid for a child is poorly understood and little is known about what language and communication attributes are considered in this selection. Aim: To identify from the literature the language or communication attributes of graphic symbol communication aids that currently influence AAC practice. Method and Procedure: A search strategy was developed and searches were performed on a range of electronic databases for papers published since 1970. Quality appraisal was carried out using the CCAT tool and papers rated as weak were not included in the review. Results: Eleven studies were included in the review reporting data from 66 participants. Weaknesses were identified in most studies that would limit the validity of the results for application to practice. Included studies investigated aspects of vocabulary organization and design, the process of vocabulary selection, and the choice of the symbol system and encoding method. Two studies also evaluated innovative communication aid attributes. Conclusions: Information from studies reported in the research literature provides a sparse source of information about symbol communication aids from which clinicians, children or family members may make informed decisions. This review is the first to systematically appraise the literature to answer the question what evidence exists to inform clinical decision making in relation to the language or communication attributes of graphic symbol based communication aids? The review establishes that there is a paucity of evidence from studies and that these decisions must thus be based on other information and factors. The review does establish a small number of language or communication attributes of symbol communication aids, but no synthesis of the results of these studies was possible. This review thus suggests that vocabulary design and organization, symbol system and encoding method, and the choice of vocabulary selection method are attributes that clinicians may carefully review in order to inform decisions. Clinicians encountering symbol vocabulary packages claiming to be 'evidence based' should query the nature of this evidence. The rehabilitation research community should debate and develop appropriate research designs that will facilitate future robust studies investigating the effect of specific language or communication attributes of communication aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and Communication Technologies have transformed our lives in different social areas, facilitating interpersonal relationships thanks to technological tools. In the specific case of people with disabilities, Assistive Technologies (ATs) break down barriers and increase opportunities to become active members of society with equal opportunities. This paper presents a systematic mapping study that analyzes the current state-of-the-art of ATs proposed in the literature to support the empowering of people with disability. Specifically, this paper focuses on (1) describing a global vision of the scientific literature published in the last 20 years about ATs in the computer science field and (2) identifying research needs, gaps, and trends. For this purpose, an in-depth analysis of 389 primary studies is presented. The information obtained from the mapping process is also constrained. Concretely, 35 ATs versus 22 disabilities are compared, obtaining striking peaks for some disabilities described in the discussion. Finally, the findings show that several areas have been covered only lightly, revealing interesting future directions and challenges for junior researchers. • ATs have the potential to break down barriers for people with disabilities, enabling them to participate more fully in society. This implies a need for rehabilitation programs to incorporate ATs into their strategies to enhance social inclusion. • Given the transformative role of ICT, rehabilitation programs should focus on helping people with disabilities develop the necessary technological skills to utilize ATs effectively. • This work highlights the diversity of ATs and disabilities, suggesting a need for personalized rehabilitation plans that match specific ATs to individual disabilities. • Rehabilitation professionals should be trained to assess and recommend appropriate ATs for each case. Rehabilitation programs should consider incorporating cutting-edge ATs and staying involved in research to contribute to future developments to cover gaps and challenges identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the existing qualitative research literature concerning people's experience of communicating using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The aims of conducting this review were to find out more about the values and outcomes that are important to people about the AAC they use to support their communication. This review was conducted to provide a deeper understanding of these experiences to inform the development of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM). A qualitative evidence synthesis of existing qualitative research literature was undertaken to explore and appraise current knowledge about the experiences of people who use AAC. From 115 qualitative research reports 19 papers were identified that responded directly to the research question and aims of the review. Data were identified that could be organized within an a priori framework consisting of the constructs of values, outcomes, and context. The review has resulted in a deeper, analytical understanding of the experiences of people who require AAC. The results indicate a set of concepts that can be used to inform the development of a PROM. A PROM can be used to assist clinicians and researchers to better understand the perspectives of people who require AAC and evaluate interventions. The results also encourage professionals to reconsider the terminology and methods used when working alongside people who require AAC and to reflect on the multidimensional factors that influence people's experience of communication. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can be useful tools to support clinician-patient communication, facilitate shared decision making and establish priorities for rehabilitation. It can be difficult to engage people who have complex communication difficulties in decisions about the important outcomes to them from using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This qualitative evidence synthesis provides a deeper understanding of the experiences and perspectives of people who use AAC. The results will be used to inform the development of a PROM which can be used to facilitate shared decision-making, and evaluate AAC interventions from the perspective of the people who use these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of two papers summarizing studies reporting on the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. The aim of this paper was to describe the design approaches used and to determine to what extent the principles of human-centred design (HCD) were reflected in the design approaches and processes used. A scoping review was conducted. A multifaceted search resulted in the identification of 28 studies meeting the selection criteria. Data were extracted relating to four areas of interest, namely, (1) the general characteristics of the studies, (2) features of the systems designed, (3) availability of the systems to the public and (4) the design processes followed. In this paper, findings related to the last area are presented. Design approaches were often inconsistently described. User-centred design was mentioned more often than HCD. Even so, various HCD principles were considered in most studies. Notably, stakeholders were involved in the design process in all studies. However, users were not involved in all studies and stakeholder roles were predominantly informative rather than collaborative. Prototype and product evaluations focussed mostly on usability rather than user experience. Although many design teams were multidisciplinary, engineers and computer scientists predominated. There is a need for designers to be more transparent about the type of design approach used to guide the system design and also to clearly report on design approaches and processes used. The application of HCD to the design of graphic symbol-based AAC systems is still limited. Human-centred design approaches can productively guide the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Creative methods are needed to involve stakeholders with complex communication needs in all phases of the design process. Evaluation of electronic graphic symbol-based AAC systems should consider both usability and user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones have become a core piece of assistive technology (AT) for people with vision impairment (PVI) around the world. This scoping review sought to provide a comprehensive picture of the current evidence base of smartphones for PVI. Seven electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science) were searched for papers published from 2007 to 2021. Peer-reviewed articles published in English which discussed smartphones use by PVI; smartphone technologies designed for PVI or training and learning support on the use of smartphones were included. There were 16,899 records retrieved and 65 articles were included in this review. The majority (48%) of the papers focussed on developing better interfaces and Apps for PVI. Contrastingly, there was a paucity of papers (5%) discussing training or learning support for PVI to use smartphones and Apps effectively, even though it was highlighted to be important. Proper training will ensure that PVI can use this everyday technology as an AT to increase participation, enhance independence and improve quality of life overall. The findings highlighted that smartphones and Apps can be used as effective and affordable AT by PVI. The many recent developments and research interest in smartphone technologies can further support its use. However, good training and learning support on the use of smartphones and Apps by PVI, is lacking. Future research should focus on the development, provision and evaluation of evidence based tailored training and support, especially in low- and middle-income countries. There is a need for more training and learning support for people with vision impairment (PVI) on the use of smartphones and Apps. Individualized and a graded approach to training has been recommended for PVI to learn to use smartphones. When supporting or training people to use smartphones, the person's level of vision impairment as well as their age, are important considerations. Health professionals should be cognizant of the steep learning curve that some PVI may experience when using smartphones and Apps, especially when they switch from a phone with physical buttons to touchscreen. Certain smartphones features are useful to particular vision loss conditions. For example, zoom and magnification are helpful for those with low vision but text input and output, and commands using speech (e.g., Siri and TalkBack) are useful for those who are blind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to examine the instruments, approaches, scales, or assessment tools used to evaluate technology acceptance, technology adoption, and usability of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for people living with dementia and their care partners. A systematic literature review was conducted. Studies that explored the use of instruments, approaches, scales, or assessment tools to evaluate the technology acceptance and usability of ICTs for people living with dementia and their care partners were identified through five databases: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus. We included 74 out of 2182 papers. The most common scales used included the System Usability Scale (SUS) (11%), the ISONORM 9241/10 Questionnaire (4%), and the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) (4%). Most (59%) of the included approaches, however, were bespoke (i.e., created by the authors for a particular study) and were not named. The approaches or tools used to assess technology acceptance, technology adoption, and usability of ICTs that applied to people living with dementia had an average of 15 items and used an average of 5.23 scale points. There is no clear, standardised approach for assessing the technology acceptance, technology adoption, and usability of ICTs for people living with dementia and their care partners. The findings of this review may be used by academics to design and implement improved and more consistent assessment tools to assess technology acceptance, technology adoption, and usability of ICTs for people living with dementia and their care partners. The number of ICTs for people with dementia and their care partners that can be used for rehabilitation is increasing The most commonly recognized assessment tools used in this study were the SUS, ISONORM 9241/10, and PSSUQ questionnaires. For the custom assessment tools, the average number of items included in this study was 15 with five-point bidirectional labelling. There is no clear, standardized approach for assessing the technology acceptance, technology adoption, or usability of ICTs for people with dementia and their care partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the data gap on efforts to assess use of assistive technology among children with disability in sub-Saharan Africa. Contribute towards efforts examining access to assistive technologies in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper uses data from the 2017 survey on Living conditions among persons with disabilities in Malawi and the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health survey to address the objective of the study. The two datasets were statistically matched through random hot deck technique, by integrating the two datasets using randomly selected units from a subset of all available data donors. Results indicate that statistical matching technique produces a composite dataset with an uncertainty value of 2.2%. An accuracy assessment test of the technique also indicates that the marginal distribution of use of assistive technology in the composite dataset is similar to that of the donor dataset with an Overlap index value of close to 1 (Overlap = 0.997). The statistical matching procedure does enable generation of good data in data constrained contexts. In the current study, this approach enabled measurement of access to assistive products among children with disabilities, in situations where the variables of interest have not been jointly observed. Such a technique can be valuable in mining secondary data, the collection of which may have been funded from different sources and for different purposes. This is of significance for the efficient use of current and future data sets, allowing new questions to be asked and addressed by locally based researchers in poor settings. In resource-poor settings, the technique of statistical matching can be used to examine factors that predict the use of assistive technology among persons with disabilities. The statistical matching technique is of significance for the efficient use of current and future datasets, allowing new questions to be asked and addressed by locally based researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computerised rehabilitation programs can be used to address cognitive deficits typically caused by multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there are still doubts on their effectiveness, due to mixed results obtained in clinical trials. The objective of this paper is to improve cognitive rehabilitation (CR) practices in MS, by presenting and assessing a MS-specific cognitive rehabilitation software. We conducted a detailed analysis of how CR is carried out in practice in MS rehabilitation centres. From the analysis, we elicited a reference CR process, and identified the essential features a software supporting the process should have. We designed and implemented MS-rehab, a novel MS-specific computerised rehabilitation system having the identified features. We experimented MS-rehab in a pilot study involving eight MS patients. To highlight the improvement with respect to the state of the art, we compared MS-rehab with available professional tools selected using well defined criteria. This paper has three main contributions: (1) the identification of a set of essential features a computerised tool for CR in MS should provide; (2) MS-rehab, a novel CR system designed for MS therapists and patients, which embodies innovative MS specific features; (3) the assessment of MS-rehab efficacy in a pilot study with MS patients. The availability of a MS-specific CR system like MS-rehab fosters the design of more rigorous clinical studies on the effectiveness of computerised rehabilitation in MS. MS-rehab demonstrated its potential and innovativeness as a tool for cognitive rehabilitation in MS. Computerized tools for cognitive rehabilitation (CR) in multiple sclerosis (MS) can be improved by a set of MS-specific features. The availability of advanced home-based cognitive rehabilitation mechanisms is fundamental for supporting standardized cognitive rehabilitation protocols in MS. A MS-specific CR system has given promising results in a pilot study involving MS patients. Hardly do state-of-the-art professional tools include all the required MS specific features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the possibilities of analysing children's own designs to contribute to the design of inclusive paediatric mobility interventions. The aim of this paper is threefold: (1) to develop a framework for child-centred design analysis, (2) to analyse children's designs to explore both quantitative and qualitative insights and (3) to explore how children's voice could be elevated through design research. A Child-centred Design Analysis Framework is developed in an interdisciplinary manner, comprising four dimensions including Child, Content, Context and Format. It is used as a vehicle to analyse and code 130 "Dream Wheelchair" designs by children. The children's "Dream Wheelchair" designs reference a range of features and priorities, which are gathered into themes through the framework, providing insights into children's individual and collective mobility narratives, values and requirements. Themes are explored through a qualitative interdisciplinary lens to understand the nature of children's lived experiences. The framework promotes child-centred framing through extracting meaning from children's own designs. It is suggested that child-centred framing and a rights-respecting approach to assistive technology design research can lead to more appropriate design outcomes and improved user experiences for children with disabilities. The design analysis framework developed and presented in this paper facilitates child-centred framing to elevate children's voice in a design process. Analysis of 130 children's visual and textual designs elicited narratives, values, and requirements around their "Dream Wheelchairs"; these findings contribute insights which can be used for designing inclusive paediatric mobility interventions. This paper invites industry practitioners and design researchers to use a child-centred and rights-respecting approach when designing with or for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and critically reflect on access to Assistive Technology (AT) for persons with disabilities (PWD) in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. This analysis aims to guide the development of a contextualised generic AT service delivery model suitable for these countries, based on the best practices identified. This paper is based on a comprehensive study conducted in Nepal, India and Bangladesh, observing mobility and hearing-related AT service delivery centres run by the government, as well as private and nongovernmental organisations, and interviews with key informants: policymakers (5), AT service providers (20) and AT service users (20) between December 2019 to February 2020. A descriptive, qualitative exploratory study design was followed. A quality assessment framework was used to structure the analysis and interpret the findings. AT service provisions are poorly developed in all three countries. On all quality indicators assessed, the systems show major weaknesses. AT users have very limited awareness about their rights to these services and the availability of AT services, the range of services available is very limited, and eligibility is dependent on medical criteria related to visible and severe disabilities. Lack of accessibility, eligibility, reachability and affordability are the main barriers to access AT services for PWD in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Increased community level awareness, increased Government funding and a community based, medically informed flexible social model of AT services is a way forward to ensure access to AT services for PWD in these countries. Increased community awareness is necessary to increase access to Assistive Technology Services for Persons with Disabilities. Increased and flexible funding from the Government and philanthropists will improve rehabilitation. Establishment of community based Assistive Technology Services centres will increase access and improve rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vocational education and training of computer literacy as part of vocational rehabilitation, learners often work on problem-solving exercises as self-study assignments, and check if their answers are correct. Sighted learners can get information on their incorrect answers by comparing their answers with the correct answers. However, learners with visual impairments largely depend on their teachers for getting this feedback. To remove this dependence, we designed a self-checking system for learners with visual impairments to verify the correctness of their answers. In this paper, we report the results of a usability study to evaluate whether learners with visual impairments can self-check spreadsheet problem-solving exercises using our system in a teacherless environment. Usability evaluation experiment was conducted using 2 × 2 crossover design with people with visual impairments (n = 11). The participants checked their answers (detected and corrected errors) after working on problem-solving exercises in two ways: (i) manually; and (ii) using our system. The system usability was evaluated by measuring Detection-And-Correction (DAC) ratio as effectiveness, time taken and the number of steps required for DAC as efficiency, and System Usability Scale score as satisfaction. The results show that all the participants could complete the DAC task by using our system, and the time required for DAC task was significantly reduced by using our system as compared to by checking manually. Our system enables learners with visual impairments to self-check problem-solving exercises answers. However, to increase the user satisfaction, the number of required keystrokes needs to be decreased. Vocational rehabilitation for learners with visual impairments to improve their computer literacy is becoming increasingly important. Learners with visual impairments have the potential to acquire computer literacy in a teacherless environment by using simple assistive software like our self-checking system. Simple assistive software for learners with visual impairments like our self-checking system may have a positive effect not only on learners with visual impairments but also on sighted people. Moreover, our system reduces the teaching load of the teachers so that they can be more effective in helping learners with visual impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seat tilting wheelchair features can increase the comfort and safety of the user. Although many power wheelchairs have tilting mechanisms, they are often designed with a specific wheelchair model in mind. In this study, a design process for seat tilting mechanisms that can be applied to most rear-wheel drive wheelchair models is developed. Equations were developed to describe the geometrical and load constraints that were used to size the electric actuator that powers the system and define its position. Finally, the equations were used to create the seat tilting mechanism of a prototype wheelchair, which was then tested. The equations yielded coherent results which showed that advantageous actuator positions from a load minimization perspective usually require dimensions that cannot be found in commercial actuators. Also, there are positions in which the load increases exponentially, which should be avoided. The tests showed that the system was able to function properly on the prototype wheelchair and that the actuator position affected the time taken for the actuator to execute different parts of the tilting movement. The design process presented here was successful and modelled by general equations that can be applied to most front-wheel drive wheelchairs. It presents a low-cost option for the design of seat tilting systems, which can increase their accessibility. Developing new systems to provide improvements in assistive technologies is fundamental for social reintegration and quality of life improvement. Wheelchairs with a seat stabilization system for moving through inclined terrain can provide greater comfort and safety to the user. Adding low-cost functionalities to wheelchairs is essential to make them more accessible to people, therefore, this paper provides a design method of a new seat stabilization system applied to low-cost wheelchairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive devices like Standing Wheelchairs (SWC) have remained out of reach of the economically underprivileged even before the pandemic-induced financial downturn, and more so now. This paper describes the mechanical design of a manual user-actuated SWC that is cost-effective (equivalent of USD 210 in India, ex-factory) and has special features that minimise user effort and accommodates varying body weights (50–110 kg) and dimensions (1.52–1.83 m height). The design includes a six-bar mechanism and spring balancing to optimise user effort during operation. The optimised gas spring incorporates adjustability to minimise each user's force for sit-stand-sit transitions. The handle shape is ergonomically designed using kinematic analysis to provide convenient gripping positions for actuation. The design has been customised based on parametric studies to suit varying body weights. Overall, the SWC design provides standing functionality with ease of operation, safety locks, customisability, affordability, outdoor mobility and is aesthetically pleasing. Customisability and the low cost of the device would enhance the accessibility of the SWC to a larger group of eligible users. Manual user-operated standing wheelchair design using a six-bar mechanism Spring balancing used to reduce user effort to self-lift to the standing position Kinematic analysis used to determine convenient handle location for user ease Customisability for wide range of users to ensure correct posture, optimal effort Design refined through multiple iterations using inputs from users and clinicians Design commercialised at an affordable cost, making it accessible to a larger population [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be effective in assisting physical and psychosocial difficulties experienced by people with spinal cord injury. Perceived benefits and barriers of the current and future use of FES within the wider spinal cord injury community is currently unknown. The main objective of this research was to explore the spinal cord injury community's views of the use of FES to decrease disability in rehabilitation programmes. An online and paper questionnaire was distributed to people with spinal cord injury, health care professionals and researchers working in spinal cord injury settings in the United Kingdom. A total of 299 participants completed the survey (152 people with spinal cord injury, 141 health care professionals and 6 researchers). Common views between groups identified were: (1) FES can be beneficial in improving physical and psychosocial aspects and that (2) adequate support and training for FES application was provided to users. Barriers to FES use included a lack of staff time and training, financial cost and availability of the equipment. Sixty three percent of non-users felt they would use FES in the future if they had the opportunity. Users' views were important in identifying that FES application can be beneficial for people with spinal cord injury but also has some resourceful barriers. In order to increase use, future research should focus on reducing the cost of FES clinical service and also address implementation of awareness and training programmes within spinal units and community rehabilitation settings. Users of functional electrical stimulation think that it is beneficial for improving physical and psychosocial limitations after spinal cord injury Barriers to FES use include a lack of staff time and training, financial cost and availability of the equipment have been suggested by people with spinal cord injury and health care professionals Education and implementation programs for health care professionals and people with spinal cord injury are now necessary to increase the awareness about functional electrical stimulation application Reduction of FES cost could also increase its uptake in spinal cord injury clinical services [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the usability, usefulness and user experience of the Forward with Dementia website for people with dementia and family carers, and identifies strategies to improve web design for this population. The website was iteratively user-tested by 12 participants (five people with dementia, seven carers) using the Zoom platform. Data collection involved observations, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Integrative mixed-method data analysis was used, informed by inductive thematic qualitative analysis. Users of Version 1 of the website experienced web functionality, navigation and legibility issues. Strategies for desirable web design were identified as simplifying functions, streamlining navigation and decluttering page layouts. Implementation of strategies produced improvements in usability, user experience and usefulness in Version 2, with mean System Usability Scale scores improving from 15 to 84, and mean task completion improving from 55% to 89%. The user journey for people with dementia and carers overlapped, but each group had their own unique needs in the context of web design. The interplay between a website's content, functionality, navigation and legibility can profoundly influence user perceptions of a website. Dementia-related websites play an important role in informing audiences of management strategies, service availability and planning for the progression of dementia. Findings of this study may assist in guiding future web development targeting this population. People with cognitive impairment can provide useful feedback on design and accessibility of websites, and their input should be obtained when developing digital applications for this group. This paper provides practical suggestions for website design features to improve function, legibility and navigation of websites for older people and people living with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitation robots with intent recognition are helping people with dysfunction to enjoy better lives. Many rehabilitation robots with intent recognition have been developed by academic institutions and commercial companies. However, there is no systematic summary about the application of intent recognition in the field of rehabilitation robots. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the application of intent recognition in rehabilitation robots, analyze the current status of their research, and provide cutting-edge research directions for colleagues. Literature searches were conducted on Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Medline. Search terms included "rehabilitation robot", "intent recognition", "exoskeleton", "prosthesis", "surface electromyography (sEMG)" and "electroencephalogram (EEG)". References listed in relevant literature were further screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this field, most studies have recognized movement intent by kinematic, sEMG, and EEG signals. However, in practical studies, the development of intent recognition in rehabilitation robots is limited by the hysteresis of kinematic signals and the weak anti-interference ability of sEMG and EEG signals. Intent recognition has achieved a lot in the field of rehabilitation robotics but the key factors limiting its development are still timeliness and accuracy. In the future, intent recognition strategy with multi-sensor information fusion may be a good solution. As a technology, intent recognition can become a part of rehabilitation, assist patients to complete daily life activities, and improve their quality of life. Rehabilitation training equipment for treatment usually adopts a relatively stable prediction method, which aims to stimulate the enthusiasm of users to participate in training. Functionally enhanced rehabilitation aids have high requirements for the timeliness of movement intent recognition, and its purpose is to assist patients to complete activities of daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with physical disabilities often require lifetime support and experience challenges to maintain or (re)define their level of independence. Assistive living technologies (ALT) are promising to increase independent living and execution of activities of daily living (ADL). This paper provides a systematic literature review that aims to analyse the present state of the literature about the impact of ALT on perceived independence of people with a physical disability receiving long-term care. Databases Embase, Medline, and Web of Science were searched for eligible studies from 2010 or later. Nine studies were included, of which seven qualitative, one quantitative, and one mixed methods. Quality was generally high. ALT enabled participants to execute ADL. We found six themes for the impact of ALT on perceived independence: feeling enabled, choice and control, feeling secure, time alone, feeling less needy, and participation. ALT appears to impact perceived independence in many ways, exceeding merely the executional aspect of independence. Existing research is limited and quite one-sided. More large-scale studies are needed in order to inform care organisations how to implement ALT, especially considering societal developments and challenges impacting long-term care. People with a physical disability receiving long-term care experience that assistive living technology impacted their independence. Their independence is increased by making them feel enabled, secure, and less needy and increasing their choice and control, time alone, and participation. Most studies focused on the use of environmental control systems by people with spinal cord injury. More research is needed to evaluate long-term effects of diverse assistive living technologies used by people with a physical disability receiving long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe non-participation during the outcome measurement step of the wheeled mobility service delivery process (WMSDP) based on the Functional Mobility Assessment (FMA)-Uniform Dataset (UDS) Registry. The WMSDP is a standard framework for the provision of wheeled mobility devices, and several factors influence the client's experience throughout the process. Patient-reported outcomes are one way to measure the client's experience as part of a quality improvement program. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on the FMA-UDS Registry to measure the response rate during the outcome measurement step of the WMSDP and describe the reasons an individual did not complete the FMA-UDS. The FMA-UDS was examined at two time points: pre-delivery and post-delivery of the wheeled mobility device. As of September 2, 2021, 10,253 cases have been entered into the FMA-UDS Registry. 2,247 cases were no longer participating pre-delivery, and an additional 3,905 cases were no longer participating post-delivery. The most common reasons for non-participation in the FMA-UDS pre-delivery and post-delivery included: equipment not delivered; provider no longer participating in the FMA-UDS; funding issues; no new equipment; client opted out; loss in contact; deceased; returned equipment; and other. The type and frequency of non-participation in the outcome measurement step of the WMSDP is critical to understanding why individuals participate in outcome measures and provides insight into the barriers and facilitators for the implementation of quality improvement programs. The outcome measurement system provides a structured mechanism for consistent communication between the client and the professionals providing the service, thereby identifying issues earlier in the process and mitigating frustration throughout the wheeled mobility service delivery process. The role of a credentialed professional, specifically an Assistive Technology Professional, in the wheeled mobility service delivery process could emphasize the importance of the follow-up and outcome measurement steps, which may increase the consumers' participation rate and demonstrate the effectiveness of devices and services. Clients who no longer participate in the outcome measurement process do not have the sustained support of the interprofessional team, and possess an increased chance that they will not get their mobility needs met through the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited evidence on the strategies, resources, and tools shown to improve winter mobility and community participation. This paper describes a multifaceted approach taken to develop an mHealth application that provides information, resources, and strategies to facilitate winter mobility for mobility device users, service providers, community organisations, and researchers. The study was conducted in three phases: (1) A scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature was completed to identify literature that reported on tools, strategies, resources, and recommendations used to promote winter mobility; (2) Online asynchronous focus groups were conducted to identify the type of content that mobility device users wanted to include in the web-based application; and (3) A prototype mHealth application was developed based on the findings from the previous phases. Using a rapid prototyping process that included stakeholder review through an online survey, four cycles of application design and development were undertaken. The scoping review identified 23 peer-reviewed studies and limited grey literature on winter mobility strategies, resources and recommendations. Twenty-four participants from across Canada engaged in one of five focus groups. Focus group analysis led to the development of the content categories for the mHealth application. The initial prototype application developed was reviewed by; 27 mobility device users, 16 health care providers, and seven consumer organisation representatives identified areas of strength and further refinement in regard to application design. The approach used in this study provided a method to develop an application based on the ideas, needs, and interests of a variety of stakeholders. Once fully developed, the application has the potential to fill the gaps related to the lack of a unified collection of winter mobility strategies and resources, and open the dialogue on methods to improve winter participation among mobility device users. Despite winter conditions being a common challenge among mobility device users, there is an absence of an organised approach towards helping individuals manage their winter mobility needs. As the development and usage of mHealth applications continues to increase, it is valuable to use methods of designing applications based on the ideas, needs, and interests of a variety of stakeholders. Development of a framework for collating information on winter mobility strategies and resources is the first step towards launching an mHealth application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only 1 in 10 people with disabilities can access assistive devices, underlining the critical need for low-cost assistive products. This paper describes the design evolution of a manual user-operated standing wheelchair (SWC), translating from prototype to product. The SWC design has been refined over 5 years through multiple iterations based on comments from user trials. The SWC product, Arise, provides standing functionality, facile outdoor mobility, affordability, customisability, and is aesthetically pleasing. A one-time fitting and training ensure optimal effort for operation, correct posture, and comfortable user experience. The SWC accommodates users of different sizes and body weights (up to 110 kg) and minimises user effort with the use of a gas spring. Incorporating discrete adjustments enables customisation while retaining the advantages of mass manufacturing, which is necessary for ensuring affordability. The SWC has been field-tested and well received by over 100 wheelchair users, and Arise was launched recently by the industry partner. It should be noted that RESNA cautions on the use of any standing device without medical consultation. Nevertheless, with appropriate dissemination and awareness, it is anticipated that the affordable SWC product, Arise, will immensely benefit the eligible users and make a difference in their quality of life. Provides standing functionality, outdoor mobility, affordability and customisability Accommodates users of different sizes and body weights in a mass-manufacturable design Ergonomic design reduces net user effort during sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit activity Design iterated and refined based on feedback from over 100 user trials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many wheelchair users experience disabilities in stabilising and positioning of the head. For these users, adequate head support is required. Although several types of head supports are available, further development of these systems is needed to improve functionality and quality of life, especially for the group of severely challenged users. For this group, user needs have not been clearly established. In this article, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in wheelchair mounted head supports and associated scientific evidence in order to identify requirements for the next generation of head support systems. A scoping review was performed including scientific literature (PubMed/Scopus), patents (Espacenet/Google Scholar) and commercial information. Types of head support and important system characteristics for future head support systems were proposed from consultations with wheelchair users (n = 3), occupational therapists (n = 3) and an expert panel. Forty scientific papers, 90 patents and 80 descriptions of commercial devices were included in the scoping review. The identified head support systems were categorised per head support type. Only limited scientific clinical evidence with respect to the effectiveness of existing head support systems was found. From the user and expert consultations, a need was identified for personalised head support systems that intuitively combine changes in sitting and head position with continuous optimal support of the head to accommodate severely challenged users. This study presents the state-of-the-art in head support systems. Additionally, several important system characteristics are introduced that provide guidance for the development and improvement of head supports. Especially for the group of severely challenged wheelchair users, current head support systems require further development to improve their users' quality of life. The desired system characteristics which are discussed in this review are an important step in the definition of requirements for the next generation of head supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyse the versatility and adaptability of commercially available exoskeletons for mobility assistance and their adaptation to diverse pathologies through a review of clinical trials in robotic lower limb training. A computer-aided search in bibliographic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) of clinical trials published up to September 2020 was done. To be selected for detailed review, clinical trials had to meet the following criteria: (1) a protocol was designed and approved, (2) participants were people with pathologies, and (3) the trials were not a single case study. Clinical trial data were collected, extracted, and analysed, considering: objectives, trial participants, number of sessions, pathologies involved, and conclusions. The search resulted in 312 potentially relevant studies of seven commercial exoskeletons, of which 135 passed the preliminary screening; and 69 studies were finally selected. Of the 69 clinical trials included in the review about 50% involved Spinal Cord Injury participants, while roughly 25% focussed on stroke and two trials corresponded to patients with both disorders. The rest were composed of neurological diseases and trauma disorders. The use of a single wearable robot for different medical conditions in various diseases is a challenge. Based on this comparative, the properties of the exoskeletons that improve the working ability with different pathologies and patient conditions have been evaluated. Suggestions were made for developing a new lower-limb exoskeleton based on various modules with a distributed control system to improve versatility in wearable technology for different gait pattern progression. Wearable robotic exoskeletons for gait assistance have been analysed from the perspective of adaptation to different diseases. This paper emphasizes the importance of personalized therapies and adaptive assistive technology. Suggestions were made for a new modular exoskeleton capable of addressing the issue of low versatility characterizing currently wearable assistive technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voice is an important tool for people who use it daily in their occupations. However, what technological options are available to such individuals to allow them to monitor or take care of their voices? The purpose of this study is to answer two research questions: (1) What technologies exist to monitor or take care of the voice in occupational voice users? (2) What is the technology readiness level (TRL) of the technologies used to monitor or take care of the voice in occupational voice users? Embase, IEEE, Medline, Proquest, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, A systematic literature review was conducted. Articles that reported results regarding technologies (hardware, software, or mobile apps) that were used to monitor or take care of the voice in occupational voice users were included. After reviewing 4581 abstracts, 10 full text studies were included in the literature review. The technologies found include 30% hardware, 30% hardware plus software, and 50% mobile apps, with an overall TRL mean of 5.3 (SD = 2.3). Further research is necessary for higher validity in the studies and to increase the readiness in the development of current technologies to offer more options for this population. The evidence for the impact of the use of the technologies for occupational voice users is still low There is emerging evidence that mobile apps and artificial intelligence algorithms can be used to investigate vocal disorders or potential risks in occupational voice users More research is required to increase the readiness developmental stage of current technologies for occupational voice users [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To offer guidance for future welfare technology research, this review provides an overview of current knowledge gaps and research needs as reported in primary scientific studies addressing the implementation of welfare technology for older people, people with disabilities and informal caregivers. This paper conducted a state-of-the-art review based on systematic searches in 11 databases followed by a descriptive qualitative analysis of 21 selected articles. Knowledge gaps and research needs were identified concerning two categories: research designs and populations and focus of research. The articles reported needs for comparative studies, longitudinal studies, and demonstration trials as well as the development of co-design processes involving technology users. They also called for studies applying a social system theory approach, involving healthy and frail older adults, representative samples of users within and across countries, informal and formal caregivers, inter-and multidisciplinary teams, and care organizations. Moreover, there are reported needs for studies of acquirement, adoption and acceptance of welfare technology, attitudes, beliefs, and context related to welfare technology, caregiver perspectives on welfare technology, services to provide welfare technology and welfare technology itself. There are considerable knowledge gaps and research needs concerning the implementation of welfare technology. They relate not only to the research focus but also to research designs, a social system theory approach and study populations. When planning for the implementation of welfare technology for older people and persons with disabilities, it is important to be aware that necessary evidence and guidance may not always be available in peer-reviewed scientific literature but considerable knowledge gaps and research needs remain. Actors implementing welfare technology are encouraged to include researchers in their projects to study, document and report experiences made, and thereby contribute to building the evidence base and supporting evidence-based implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify and describe the aims, methodological approaches, and major findings of studies on the use of STT among secondary pupils (age 12–18) with learning difficulties published from January 2000 to April 2022. This scoping review includes empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals and grey literature between January 2000 and April 2022. Searches were conducted in April 2022 in three databases: ERIC, PsycINFO and Scopus. In addition, related reviews were manually screened for relevant papers. Eight peer-revied studies and five publications of grey literature were found to meet the inclusion criteria; two studies employed experimental designs, four employed quasi-experimental designs and seven employed explorative designs. Six studies described STT as an assistive technology (a compensatory aid for poor writing performance); two assessed STT as an instructional technology to determine whether it improves overall writing and related skills (e.g., reading). Results suggest that STT may increase pupils' abilities to produce texts with fewer errors, provide help with spelling and improve reading comprehension and word recognition. To date, there is a paucity of high-quality research on the use of STT among adolescents with LD. The scoping review shows that very little research has been conducted on the use of STT for adolescents with learning difficulties in secondary education. Findings from the studies identified five areas of interest: writing related skills, text assessment, writing processes, accuracy of the technology, and participants' experiences. Findings indicate that writing performance among students with learning difficulties improves when using STT. Parents, teachers, and pupils report positive experiences with the technology, particularly for students with severe reading and writing difficulties. There is a great need for more robust research on the use of speech-to-text technology (STT) in educational settings, especially on its effect on writing skills Studies describe STT as either an assistive (a compensatory aid for poor writing performance) or instructional technology (aiming to improve learning in general). It is important that practitioners are aware of the different aims and possible consequences of introducing STT to learners with writing difficulties. STT provides both opportunities and challenges for writers with learning difficulties in secondary education. Findings indicate that writing performance among students with learning difficulties improves when using STT, yet inaccuracy of the technology was presented as one of the main challenges. Parents, teachers, and pupils report positive experiences with the technology, particularly for students with severe reading and writing difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age associated cognitive impairments (CIs) result in difficulties with a wide range of daily activities. As the older adult population increases, so does the importance of understanding and supporting the needs and disabilities of those with CIs. The Enhancing Neurocognitive Health, Abilities, Networks, and Community Engagement (ENHANCE) Centre was established with a focus on developing assistive technology to support the socialisation, transportation, and prospective memory needs of older adults with CIs. The extent to which relevant literature in these domains existed was unknown. A scoping review identified existing research meeting the following criteria: participants aged 50+ years classified as having a CI due to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), or stroke; and a focus on technology-based support for socialisation, transportation, and/or prospective memory activities. Qualitative and quantitative data are reported from relevant studies. In addition to few studies available, it was common for studies to include 20 or fewer participants. Most assessed technology interactions at one time and few studies examined longitudinal use and benefit. While each paper examined one aspect of user-centred design, no technologies were reported that underwent all stages of the user-centred design process, from needs assessment to iterative design and usability testing, to efficacy trial. Gaps highlight notable directions for future research and the important role ENHANCE can play in addressing the needs and disabilities of older adults with CIs. Although older adults with common cognitive impairments often experience challenges in the domains of socialisation, transportation, and/or prospective memory, few studies exist that examine assistive technology solutions in these domains. Additional research with more robust designs and larger sample sizes is needed to discover and assess assistive technology solutions for the needs and disabilities of older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). The ENHANCE Centre will employ a systematic process of needs assessments, user testing, and efficacy tests to develop novel technology solutions to support the needs of older adults with common cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews and reflects on the processes for providing Assistive Technology (AT) services to Persons with Disabilities (PWD) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. The aim is to investigate the AT service delivery systems in these countries and suggest improvements where weaknesses are identified. We carried out a descriptive qualitative exploratory study in Bangladesh, India and Nepal by conducting key informant interviews with policymakers (5), AT service providers (22) and mobility and hearing related AT service users (21). We used a directed content analysis approach guided by a seven-point AT service delivery process model to thematically analyse the existing processes for AT service delivery, from first contact through to follow-up and maintenance. AT service delivery processes are sub-optimal in all three countries, and improvements are needed. No common AT service delivery process was found, although there are common features. In general, it is easier for PWDs in India and Nepal to access AT than for those in Bangladesh, but all three countries are failing to live up to their commitments to uphold the human rights of PWDs. Although good elements of AT service delivery processes can be identified, the systems in all three countries are fragmented and generally weak. A more holistic approach of looking at the process of AT service delivery, from first contact right through to follow-up and device maintenance, with a single door service delivery system, free of cost at the point of service is recommended in these countries. Although we found significant weaknesses in AT delivery in all three countries, there are some good AT service delivery practices and opportunities for these countries to learn from one another. A systematic and stepwise approach to assessing current AT service delivery processes in the three countries – examining the delivery system as a whole, from initiation to repair and management – can help identify opportunities to improve the process for (prospective) AT users. A more coherent single door system of AT service delivery will increase the quality and efficiency of the fragmented AT service delivery practices in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper examines how contouring of a wheelchair seating base can help prevent pressure sores by distributing pressure over the buttocks. Contouring wheelchair cushioning is already done to some extent and has proved to be beneficial for pressure distribution. We researched the effect of contouring the seating base, and whether contouring the seating base affects effectiveness in pressure distribution and perceived discomfort. 13 healthy participants performed a within-subject experiment with three differently contoured seating bases. Perceived comfort and seating pressure were measured for each condition. Results indicate that a more contoured base is positive for both comfort and increased pressure distribution. Contoured seating bases can provide increased comfort and improved pressure distribution over flat seating bases. Future research should examine the effect of contouring on stability, as well as compare the effects of contoured seating bases and contoured cushions. We evaluated the comfort and pressure characteristics of three differently contoured hard seating bases for a wheelchair. The outcomes of the research shows that providing increased contour to seatings could be beneficial to reduce pressure peaks in the buttocks. Contour in the seating is conventionally created by shaping the cushions, this research shows the possibility of using a hard base underneath a cushion to create the desired contour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of assistive technology (AT) for people with disabilities is well researched and prevalent in education. Growing numbers of students now self-identify as having mental health diagnoses and register for accommodations at post-secondary institutions. The apparent gap in the literature specifically relating to AT support in this population necessitated a more systematic search. This scoping review maps the literature regarding AT interventions to support young adults with mental health disabilities in post-secondary institutions such as universities and colleges. Four major databases were searched for topic keywords. Abstracts and final papers were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with seven studies identified as relevant. The reported common problems faced by students were academic, psychosocial and cognitive in nature and they affected day-to-day activities. AT identified loosely fit into the categories of note-taking alternatives, smartphones, multimedia presentations to support text material, alternate participation supports, graphic organizers, text-to-speech software, and other AT writing and visualization tools. Future research is needed on outcomes of AT implementation in this population and to explore the apparent lack of awareness of these supports by students and service providers, as evidenced by the limited research identified by this scoping review. There appears to be a gap in access to assistive technology (AT) to students with mental health disabilities, except when the student has concurrent physical or learning disabilities These students have additional barriers as they have little or no prior knowledge of AT, having not been previously identified in high school as needing or receiving AT AT rehabilitation would level the playing field for students with mental health disabilities, making education and student participation more accessible thus improving overall student experience [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: A Society's view of disability may influence the perception and use of Assistive Technology (AT) products. Semantic cues or cultural coding provide the viewer with a series of visual stimuli to be given or ascribed meaning. Previous research has shown cognitive approaches to visual perception and assignment of meaning vary between diverse cultures. This study reviews the influence of contextual settings on perception, to provide the basis for a debate on the societal perception of communicative content (semantic/meaning) of an AT product; and, the relevance of different cultural cognitive styles. The paper explores, from a cultural viewpoint, the overall understanding of disability internationally. Method: A Semantic Differential (SD) scale was used to obtain views on the image of an attendant wheelchair from nine hundred and ninety-one (991) young adults from the United Kingdom (UK) and Pakistan (PAK), reflecting the individualist and collectivist societies, respectively. This survey follows a previous paper-based study using the same image and protocol. Comparing the two surveys, a consensus of views from the two groups was achieved. Results and conclusion: The responses from the UK group were skewed towards a negative view of disability compared to the Pakistan group. This inferred greater social stigma associated with this AT product in the UK. The combined findings from both surveys provide insights into societal perception of AT products and disability. Areas for future research are suggested, including what visual components of an AT product (graphemes) appear to be associated with positive or negative responses for collectivist and individual societal groups. Assistive Technology (AT) product designers, academics, professionals and stakeholders need to be aware of challenges which are originated from one's socio-cultural environment. AT products convey certain meanings, semantics, which are interpreted by the society and are subjective to a specific cultural setting. •For the effective communication of meanings and values an AT product relies on the visual clues and design features embedded within the design. However, there have been a limited number of studies reviewing this aspect of product semantics. •The survey and associated testing has highlighted the differences in cultural perception towards AT products and demonstrated the importance of effectively designing the semantic attributes of an AT product as well as its function. •The demonstration of the efficacy of methods within the study for exploring the interpretation of semantic attributes of AT products will help designers and developers better understand the perceptions of individual cultures and societal groups. •A better understanding of different cultures and societies will enable designers and clinicians who specify AT products to reduce AT product abandonment; and, the associated stigma around disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to answer two research questions: (1) What is the clinical evidence for the reported outcomes in studies on electronic pillboxes for older adults? and (2) What is the technology readiness level (TRL) of the electronic pillboxes used, or intended to be used, for older adults? Methods: The scholarly literature was systematically searched and analyzed. Articles were included if they reported results about electronic pillboxes that were used or intended to be used for older adults' medication. Results: Clinical studies used commercially well-established electronic pillboxes with a high TRL. New electronic pillboxes in development had a low TRL. The discovered outcome was mainly adherence to medication. The overall mean adherence to medication regimens for all the studies using an electronic pillbox was higher than the gold standard of a good adherence level cut-off point (mean adherence 88.8%>80%). However, we found a large variation in this variable (SD = 10.7). With regard to an older adult population's adherence to medication regimens, for the outcome variable of those who had undergone a kidney transplant, the clinical evidence that electronic pillboxes have a positive impact was strong (1b); for those with a chronic hepatitis C medical condition, the clinical evidence was medium (3), and for those with arterial hypertension and multiple chronic (diabetes and hypertension) medical conditions, the clinical evidence was weak (5). Conclusion: More research is needed in this area using designs that provide greater validity. Electronic pillboxes with multiple reminders such as the "voice of a friend" or relative, which implies that electronic pillboxes which adopt "a social role" are advisable. An unequal level of clinical evidence that electronic pillboxes have a positive impact on the adherence outcome variable was found. For new electronic pillboxes still in development that specifically take into account older adults' needs, the TRL is still low; as a result, they could not be tested in real settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerable children refer to the special group of children with deviation in the process of children's psychological development and personality formation due to growth dilemmas. This may incur a series of serious social and family problems. The vulnerable children mainly cover the children suffering from children's psychological problems, such as childhood autism, autism, social anxiety and hypersensitivity, fear, depression, and PTSD arising from other factors. At present, the research results at home and abroad mainly focus on the psychological dynamic correlation investigation and solution discussion of a certain kind of difficult factor in the children's psychological development based on statistical data by the experimental methods, such as scale and model, and there is a blind spot in the humanistic orientation theory construction of psychological treatment for vulnerable children, causing the social reflection on children's psychological predicament from the humanistic perspective cannot be performed in related researches and going against searching for universal and integral theoretical paradigm for solving related problems. Sophisticated technologies for the observations have emerged increasingly for enabling the psychological features of vulnerable children through developmental cognitive neuroscience experiments. This paper introduces humanistic art therapy theory, focuses on the construction of a theoretical paradigm, and verifies its effectiveness based on the experimental results on the psychological development of vulnerable children, with an efficient performance. This study mainly refers to children with difficulty in social inclusion and psychological development. The results showed that two kinds of art therapy can obviously improve the psychological disorders of vulnerable children. The goal was to enhance self-cognition, strengthen emotional interaction, and implement positive motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manual user-operated Arise Standing Wheelchair (SWC) is the end-result of multiple design iterations based on comments from user trials. The Arise SWC provides standing functionality, outdoor mobility, affordability, and customizability. This paper describes a user experience study of the Arise SWC's pre-commercial version. Thirty participants (N = 30, 25 Male, 5 Female) were recruited for the study. All the participants were people with spinal cord injury. The study was conducted over a period of six weeks (five participants per week) within the hospital premises under the supervision of clinical personnel. A 30 min interactive training session involved thirteen activities. During the trial period, the participants were trained to perform twenty-two activities to familiarize themselves with the SWC. The participants were also trained to perform four functional usage activities with the SWC. At the end of the study, participant responses to ten outcome measures were captured using a smiley-based Likert-scale questionnaire. A majority of the participants (93.3%) felt happy when they stood in the SWC. The majority participants (83.3%) preferred the Arise SWC over their current wheelchair. Also, 80% participants anticipated that they could get more work done at home using the standing function of the wheelchair. A one-time fitting and training ensured optimal effort for the SWC operation, correct posture, and comfortable user experience. With proper dissemination and awareness, it is believed that the Arise SWC will benefit eligible users and improve their quality of life. The Arise wheelchair provides standing functionality, outdoor mobility, affordability, and customizability. Study confirms that incorporating standing functionality can improve the quality of life for wheelchair users. The majority of users were happy, felt safe and expected to do more with the standing functionality. Study results support further testing in real world conditions beyond the hospital setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise is a safe, evidence-based approach for improving symptoms such as mobility impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and fatigue; however, persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) who use wheelchairs for mobility have been excluded from most research. This paper describes our approach for recruiting ten community advisor board (CAB) members and partnering with them on developing a novel home-based exercise training program for wheelchair users with MS. The exercise training program, which was developed based on initial qualitative research, includes a progressive exercise prescription, equipment, and one-on-one behavioural coaching based on Social Cognitive Theory. The CAB members convened in groups of five people for five meetings online, using virtual conference software. The CAB meetings each lasted approximately 1-hour and notes were transcribed into digital format for data analyses. Content analysis identified elements that aligned with meeting foci (i.e., prescription, equipment, coaching, and outcomes). Feedback was divided into categories to refine the program, specifically modifying, adding, or retaining content and/or activities. CAB member feedback was very positive and emphasised potential additions to the materials presented. The research team proposed implementing modifications based on the CAB member feedback such as adding wrist weights to the equipment options for completing resistance training exercises. The overall CAB feedback was invaluable for assessing the appropriateness of the proposed exercise training program before initiating feasibility testing. This report provides a model and guidance for researchers who seek community-engaged research approaches in creating products and interventions. Community advisory board participation was invaluable in creating and modifying a novel exercise training programmes for wheelchair users with multiple sclerosis (MS). The current study provides a framework for the creation of exercise interventions for subpopulations of persons with MS that may provide substantial rehabilitation benefits such as improved symptoms and quality of life. Health behaviour interventists targeting individuals with disabilities may consider the benefits of recruiting stakeholders from the community in creation of novel programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explore methods used in peer-reviewed literature for obtaining self-expression of well-being information from children with severe motor and communication impairment (SMCI). A comprehensive search was conducted on 22 August 2019 through academic databases: CINAHL; Embase; MEDLINE; PsycINFO; InSpec; Compendex. Search strategies were informed by keywords under the following areas: (1) population: children with SMCI, (2) assessment methods: alternative to natural speech, paper and pencil report or standardized keyboard use (e.g., eye gaze) and (3) target information: well-being (e.g., quality of life). Studies were excluded if they focused on individuals over 25-years old, exclusively autism or typically developing children. Non-duplicate studies of 10,986 were screened; 49 studies met inclusion criteria. Most studies used high-tech methods of self-expression in a single context (n = 17). Familiar partners play a significant role in self-expression; 18 studies required a familiar partner for children with SMCI to self-express. Thirty-five studies involved children self-expressing to solely adults, in comparison to 14 studies which involved peers. Findings highlight the advancement of high-tech communication devices restricted to application in single contexts. Familiar partner knowledge of children with SMCI has the potential to be shared with others (e.g., respite care providers), enhancing both caregiver and child well-being. Future research that would enhance the literature could explore the assessment of emotional well-being for application in various contexts using multimodal methods. Opportunities for children with SMCI to express their emotional well-being can further influence the understanding and enhancement of participation, social connections, and experiences. Use of lower tech methods of self-expression to obtain information directly from children with severe motor and communication impairment (SMCI) remain more feasible in home and school contexts. By utilizing familiar partners' experiences and knowledge of the child, respite care providers, novel support workers, and others involved in the lives of children with SMCI can become further informed. Current high-tech methods for obtaining the emotional expressions of children with SMCI may benefit from incorporating multimodal approaches including lower tech methods, to be feasibly applied in real world contexts where well-being takes place. Further research on this topic is imperative to enable children with SMCI to self-express their emotional well-being which can enhance participation, activities, social connections, and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Assistive technologies have deep and personal meanings for people with disabilities. This study sought to provide an in-depth exploration of the subjective meaning of Environmental Control System (ECS) use for people with high cervical spinal cord injury. Materials and method: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to explore the personal meaning of ECS. In-depth interviews with five participants were analyzed according to recommended IPA guidelines to produce a rich phenomenological account of lived experience. Results: This study identified two overarching themes, one of which was the subject of an earlier publication. This paper focuses on the second theme “taking back a little of what you have lost” and its two main components “reclaiming a little doing” and “feeling enabled”. Doing everyday things, being less dependent on others and feeling safer and less needy all contributed to participants experience of regaining something important of what had been lost. Conclusions: A nuanced range of meanings, demonstrating how “a little can mean a lot” emerged from this study. For those with high cervical spinal cord injury, “reclaiming a little doing” resulted in subtle, but subjectively significant, improvements in identity, relationships and well-being, while “feeling enabled” was both enjoyable and empowering and led to an increased sense of safety and reduced neediness. The potentially powerful impact on individuals with life-altering injuries of reclaiming a little of what they had lost, supports the value of more widespread access to and provision of ECS. Implications for rehabilitation: While ECS use produces only a “little” objective change in activity levels, it subjectively means “a lot” to people with high level injuries. ECS enable people to “do” everyday things as well help in supporting them to “feel” less dependent and needy. Using ECS facilitates much more than functional tasks and a sense of security. It helps promote positive self-perception and continuity of being. It is important for those with high cervical spinal cord injuries to have access to ECS to ensure they can enjoy both psychological and physical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solution described in this paper allows wheelchair users with reduced mobility or physical disabilities to move independently throughout an aircraft and to board and disembark autonomously. A motorized aircraft seat was developed to substitute current aircraft aisle wheelchairs. The real-scale functional prototype was evaluated in a focus group. The results show that the proposed solution is considered superior to current solutions in nine of twenty requirements and neutral in one of them. There was low agreement among the focus group participants in ten requirements, even though the focus group discussion brought interesting reflections, including positive feedback, critics, and suggestions for further research and development in the field. The design concept consists of a motorized wheelchair that becomes the seat of the aircraft when anchored on a docking platform attached to the aircraft fuselage via a seat track. The manoeuvring is allowed by a rotating mechanism, which solves a critical function that is to enable wheelchair manoeuvring in the narrow aisles of aircraft. A parking assistant system aids the control of the motorized wheelchair. The main benefits of this solution are to reduce seat transfers during the flight experience and to provide more autonomy and comfort for passengers during flights. A motorized aircraft seat was developed to replace traditional aircraft aisle wheelchairs. A real-scale functional prototype was built, tested in an aircraft mockup, and evaluated in a focus group. The main benefits of the proposed solution are to reduce the number of chair transfers during the flight experience and to provide more autonomy for passengers. Additional benefits are to allow the passengers to experience less physical and emotional stresses, to enter the aircraft corridor looking ahead, and to sit in any aisle position in the aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to describe how people living with a neurological disability such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and stroke reason regarding using apps to facilitate self-management in everyday life. A qualitative research approach with a focus group methodology was used. The sample comprised 16 participants, 11 men and 5 women, with an average age of 64 years (ranging from 51–80 years). Six participants were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, six with Parkinson's disease and four with stroke. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which is a method for identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns. The results formed two themes. The first theme "using apps to have control of my health" comprises two subthemes; "monitor and take responsibility for a healthy lifestyle" and "compensate to facilitate everyday life". The second theme "using the app as a tool and means for communication" also comprised two subthemes; "dare to trust the app" and "feeling safe when sharing information with health care professionals". The use of apps put increased responsibility on the person and had the possibility to make them more involved in their own care. The use of an app can facilitate a healthy lifestyle and help to monitor disease-specific symptoms. In order to be able to use apps for communication with the health care sector legislation and safety issues need to be considered. Apps can be used for self-management if they are safe and can be trusted. People with neurological disabilities want to be involved in their healthcare and needs to be addressed by health care professionals. The use of apps grasp over a wide variety of areas this is something that may be considered in health care and something that can be addressed by interdisciplinary approaches. Ordinary health-oriented apps and disease-specific apps were used differently and for different purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel application of an assistive robotic system with virtual assistance to enhance manual performance of individuals with cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy affects one’s voluntary motor movements resulting in limited opportunities to actively engage in physical manipulative activities that require fine motor movements and coordination. Lack of object manipulation and environmental exploration can result in further impairments such as cognitive and social delays. The proposed assistive robotic system has been developed to enhance hand movements of people with disabilities when performing a functional task colouring. This paper presents the usability testing of the effectiveness of the developed system with an individual with cerebral palsy in a set of colouring tasks. Assisted and unassisted approaches were compared and analysed through quantitative and qualitative measures. The robotic-based approach was further compared with the participant’s typical alternate access method to perform the same proposed tasks. The robotic system with virtual assistance was clinically validated to be significantly more effective, compared to both unassisted and typical approaches, by increasing the hand controllability, reducing the physical load and increasing the easiness of maintaining movements within the lines. Future studies will inform the use of the system for children with disabilities to provide them with assisted play for functional and playful activities. Implications for rehabilitation: Robotic system can enhance manual performance in individuals with disabilities. Participating in a robot-mediated play activity could increase children’s motivation and engagement. The developed robotic system can contribute to a basis for clinical and home-based implementation of the technology to promote manual play activities for children with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The home-based rehabilitation of elderly patients improves their autonomy, independence and reintegration into society. Hence, a suitable environment plays an important role in rehabilitation, as do different assistance technologies. The majority of accidents at home involving elderly people occur in the bathroom. Therefore, the planning of the layout of facilities is important in this potentially dangerous area. This paper proposes an approach towards designing and optimizing the layout of facilities in the bathroom, based on logistical and nonlogistical relationships.Methodology: A fuzzy-based analytical hierarchical process (fuzzy-AHP) is then proposed for a comprehensive evaluation of the alternatives for this layout plan. This approach was applied to the home of a 71 years old female patient, who was experiencing home-based rehabilitation. After the initial designing and optimizing of the layout of the facilities in her bathroom, a plan could then be created for her particular needs.Findings: The results of this research could then enable the home-based rehabilitation of elderly patients to be more effective.Value: This paper develops a new approach to design and optimize the layout of facilities in bathroom for the elderly. Implications for Rehabilitation Develop a new approach to design and optimize the layout of facilities in bathroom.Provide a mathematical and more scientific approach to home layout design for home-based rehabilitation.Provide new opportunities for research, for both the therapist and the patient to analyse the home facility layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study seeks to survey information and training needs of informal caregivers related to the use of assistive technologies at home, so as to, in the near future, try to meet them. Therefore, the full aim of this study is to contribute to reducing technology abandonment and to enhancing its use in the family setting by children with cognitive and/or motor limitations. Content analysis of a set of ten interviews with informal caregivers of children and youngsters with cognitive and/or motor disabilities. Assistive technologies open a wide range of opportunities, mostly to students whose learning skills diverge from standard development. They promote communication, independence as well as inclusion of children with cognitive and/or motor disabilities. Despite the human and material resources available, the implementation of assistive technologies in many family settings is still a struggling task. The results reveal a perspective on (i) the interaction between those caregivers and their children, (ii) children's skills in using assistive technology, (iii) caregivers' digital literacy and (iv) their training needs. The present paper highlights the fact that carrying out interviews with informal caregivers leads to obtaining significant data for a diagnosis of the use of assistive technologies in the family setting and to assess the needs of informal caregivers. From this study, the need to provide caregivers with further training on assistive technologies emerges as preponderant, and to improve caregivers' skills in the search for and access to practical information. Cognitive and/or motor disabilities impact on communication, independence and also on the full inclusion of children, especially when efforts developed at school do not have any follow up at home. Endowing informal caregivers with the knowledge and skills to use assistive devices with their children is a step forward to their full development. Interviews conducted with informal caregivers are a means to gaining insights into understanding the reasons behind assistive technology abandonment at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to examine the extent and type of robots used for the rehabilitation and education of children and young people with CP and ASD and the associated outcomes. Methods:The scholarly literature was systematically searched and analyzed. Articles were included if they reported the results of robots used or intended to be used for the rehabilitation and education of children and young people with CP and ASD during play and educative and social interaction activities. Results:We found 15 robotic systems reported in 34 studies that provided a low level of evidence. The outcomes were mainly for children with ASD interaction and who had a reduction in autistic behaviour, and for CP cognitive development, learning, and play. Conclusion:More research is needed in this area using designs that provide higher validity. A centred design approach is needed for developing new low-cost robots for this population. Implications for rehabilitationIn spite of the potential of robots to promote development in children with ASD and CP, the limited available evidence requires researchers to conduct studies with higher validity.The low level of evidence plus the need for specialized technical support should be considered critical factors before making the decision to purchase robots for use in treatment for children with CP and ASD.A user-entered design approach would increase the chances of success for robots to improve functional, learning, and educative outcomes in children with ASD and CP. We recommend that developers use this approach.The participation of interdisciplinary teams in the design, development, and implementation of new robotic systems is of extra value.We recommend the design and development of low-cost robotic systems to make robots more affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose:Localization-based technologies promise to keep older adults with dementia safe and support them and their caregivers during getting lost events. This paper summarizes mainly technological contributions to support the target group in these events. Moreover, important aspects of the getting lost phenomenon such as its concept and ethical issues are also briefly addressed. Methods:Papers were selected from scientific databases and gray literature. Since the topic is still in its infancy, other terms were used to find contributions associated with getting lost e.g. wandering. Results:Trends of applying localization systems were identified as personal locators, perimeter systems and assistance systems. The first system barely considered the older adult’s opinion, while assistance systems may involve context awareness to improve the support for both the elderly and the caregiver. Since few studies report multidisciplinary work with a special focus on getting lost, there is not a strong evidence of the real efficiency of localization systems or guidelines to design systems for the target group. Conclusions:Further research about getting lost is required to obtain insights for developing customizable systems. Moreover, considering conditions of the older adult might increase the impact of developments that combine localization technologies and artificial intelligence techniques.Implications for RehabilitationWhilst there is no cure for dementia such as Alzheimer’s, it is feasible to take advantage of technological developments to somewhat diminish its negative impact. For instance, location-based systems may provide information to early diagnose the Alzheimer’s disease by assessing navigational impairments of older adults.Assessing the latest supportive technologies and methodologies may provide insights to adopt strategies to properly manage getting lost events.More user-centered designs will provide appropriate assistance to older adults. Namely, customizable systems could assist older adults in their daily walks with the aim to increase their self-confidence, independence and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Current trends in Human-Computer Interface (HCI) have brought on a wave of new consumer devices that can track the motion of our hands. These devices have enabled more natural interfaces with computer applications. Data gloves are commonly used as input devices, equipped with sensors that detect the movements of hands and communication unit that interfaces those movements with a computer. Unfortunately, the high cost of sensor technology inevitably puts some burden to most general users. In this research, we have proposed a low-cost data glove concept based on printed polymeric sensor to make pressure and bending sensors fabricated by a consumer ink-jet printer. These sensors were realized using a conductive polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT:PSS]) thin film printed on glossy photo paper. Performance of these sensors can be enhanced by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) into the aqueous dispersion of PEDOT:PSS. The concept of surface resistance was successfully adopted for the design and fabrication of sensors. To demonstrate the printed sensors, we constructed a data glove using such sensors and developed software for real time hand tracking. Wireless networks based on low-cost Zigbee technology were used to transfer data from the glove to a computer. To our knowledge, this is the first report on low cost data glove based on paper pressure sensors. This low cost implementation of both sensors and communication network as proposed in this paper should pave the way toward a widespread implementation of data glove for real-time hand tracking applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Memory impairment can necessitate use of external memory aids to preserve functional independence. As external aids can be difficult to learn and remember to use, technology may improve the efficacy of current rehabilitation strategies. We detail the iterative development of a digital application of a paper-and-pencil memory notebook. Methods: Twenty participants (aged 54+) of varying levels of cognitive ability were recruited for four iterations of usability testing (five participants per iteration). Each participant completed a series of tasks using the digital memory notebook (DMN), followed by questionnaires that assessed satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) and usability ratings (Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire) for the application. Results and Conclusions: Between Iterations 2 and 5, participants demonstrated marked reductions in time to complete several types of tasks (e.g., add event, navigate interface) using the DMN. Participants in Iteration 5 also rated all subscales of both the usability and satisfaction questionnaires very highly. Faster task completion times were correlated with more favourable system ratings. However, neither task performance times nor system ratings were correlated with cognitive abilities, scheduling tool use or comfort with technology. Both the questionnaire and performance-based data indicate the final iteration of the DMN was easy to use. Furthermore, the application was user-friendly despite individual differences in cognitive ability, familiarity with scheduling tools and comfort with technology. Future work will demonstrate whether the DMN will support everyday retrospective and prospective memory lapses and increase the functional independence and quality of life for persons with cognitive impairment. Building on practice standards and user-centred design, the digital memory notebook (DMN) application is an "all-in-one" memory aid and organizational tool with an intuitive interface designed to help improve everyday functioning. The DMN's today page, to do list and calendar functions can support everyday prospective and retrospective memory abilities. The DMN's notes, journaling and motivational functions can support longer-term goal planning and mood management. The DMN's alarm functions can support learning to use the DMN and serve as reminders to support prospective memory and aid in activity completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this review paper is to summarize recent developments and research in robotics, relevant to the field of ankle rehabilitation, to overview new findings and determine the actual state of the art. Method: The literature search was performed using scientific and medical databases (Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science) and other websites related to robots used in the area of ankle rehabilitation, analysing studies from 1950s to present. Information about the mechanical and kinematic specifications, actuation and stage of development was extracted from the selected literature. Results: Several types of rehabilitation robots have been considered, and they were classified depending on their architecture and design features. We we found that, regardless of the differences in architectures, only a few of them have been commercialized. The majority of rehabilitation robots designs allows plantarflexion-dorsiflexion movements. Unless some exceptions, most of the wearable robots do not allow the adduction-abduction movement. Neither the physical appearance of the robot nor the user's perception towards it has not regularly been taken into account in the design stage. This limits the possibility of successful commercialization. Conclusions: Up to the present moment, the main challenges in the field of robot rehabilitation are the lack of unique rehabilitation protocols capable to fulfil the needs of all types of patients and the additional resources to measure the effectiveness of proposals that have not yet been commercialized. Nonetheless, we have mentioned above three areas were the challenges in design are more pressing. The first one is the robot architecture, which still presents some incommodities nowadays to emulate the ankle joint movement in a natural way. Thus, the displacements experienced by the axes in the joint must be adaptable to each patient and a wide range of pathologies. Moreover, many proposals are not been conceived to the purpose of commercialization, and even less to become an object of personal use. This review states that the use of robotic devices for ankle rehabilitation is a consolidated paradigm in the ankle's rehabilitation. Platform-based robots allow to do complex and specialized spatial movements and these architectures endow the device with high stiffness, a balanced force distribution and better adaptability to the mechanical properties of human ankle joints. Unless some exceptions, most of the wearable robots do not allow the adduction-abduction movement. For a full integration of these technologies in the ankle's rehabilitation field, more clinical evaluations are needed. Regardless of the potential of robotic devices in rehabilitation, only a few of them have been commercialized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]