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Collaborations of universities with different stakeholders can extend students' learning and result in capacity development among all the collaborators. The project described in this article, SIDe, involved partners from the UK and Turkey who develop a mechanism together to effectively embed inclusive design and co-design in social design education. The knowledge production through normative inquiry and the experience of a shared equal voice among all the partners resulted in the SIDe Model, enabling collaborators to understand their unique contributions. The model was tested with students from four different disciplines at the Faculty of Architecture, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. This article offers original insights into how normative inquiry can be realized in course design and project execution to drive inclusion in social design education; it also provides the improved design process model – the SIDe model – to facilitate potential wider adoption of the good practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalisation giving rise to Industry 4.0 is said to bring significant change to shop floor workplaces in industrial production. Prior research anticipates challenges of new skills demanded from workers, but also opportunities to employ disabled workers. Inclusive Design could be able to augment this potential of digitalisation towards the inclusion of disabled workers. This paper reports a literature review to understand the state of affairs of Inclusive Design within Industry 4.0. The analysis shows Inclusive Design is underexplored in Industry 4.0, and identifies four key concepts, which are discussed in the paper: complexity, human-centredness, Industry 4.0 as assistive technology, and measuring workers. The concept of complexity is discussed as a source for future research in Inclusive Design in Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Inclusive paediatric mobility (IPM) design is a growing field in need of critical and foundational designerly transitions in order to better deal with a wicked problem. This article adopts an illustrative mapping review method to interrogate the past 50 years of IPM design, aiming to identify alternative designerly ways that could help transition the field towards a more desirable long-term future. IPM Design contributions between 1970 and 2020 are mapped chronologically across Theoretical, Methodological, Empirical, and Interventional categories. A Reflection-for-Transition framework of Designerly Ways is developed to identify existing and alternative designerly ways, through categorizing key insights from the mapping review. The framework consists of five interrelated dimensions, including Designerly: Investigations, Processes, Contributions, Collaborations, and Contexts. Proposed alternative designerly ways include: exploring high-level narratives and social imaginaries; shifting focus towards problem-framing, child-centred design and transdisciplinarity; improved documentation and sharing to build a body of knowledge; and exploring extended design contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of design is fast moving beyond the physicality of experiences. The theory and practice of inclusive design, however, is still largely focused on considerations of physical aspects. This research attempts to fill the gap in understanding of psychosocial inclusivity in design by identifying a formal definition with constructs. Theoretical interrogation of literature (design and non-design fields) together with empirical investigations (semi-structured interviews, a creative workshop and observations) are conducted within two distinct contexts, i.e. older individuals' supermarket shopping and assisted mobility service users. The outcomes are evaluated using expert surveys. A formal definition and four evaluative constructs of psychosocial inclusivity in design are described: Cognitive, Emotional, Social and Value. The results provide first elements of an encompassing definition of psychosocial inclusivity, which is theoretically and empirically informed, and may serve as a guide for design in the future. The research enhances the knowledge of psychosocial inclusivity in design through devising a formal definition and constructs, and details the constructs within two specific contexts of supermarket shopping and assisted mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive design should be an integral part of the curriculum in the education of environmental design disciplines, incorporating empathic understanding. Among the empathic methods that are employed, ‘build-to-learn’ that promotes experiential learning is effective in students’ multisensory and bodily engagement with the process and product. This paper discusses an exercise in a Human Factors/Ergonomics course in interior design where students create ‘A 3D Experience’. Analysis of exemplary work suggests various ways in which different senses may come forth into awareness to sometimes enrich and at other times limit embodied space, thus opening up a venue of inclusivity in novel and unpredictable ways. Research conducted on student perspectives reveals that the assignment had positive impact on their understanding and awareness of, and attitudes towards, inclusive design, as well as creative thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Compared to 20 years ago, there are growing numbers of older office workers globally. Despite the growing importance of 'inclusive design' and 'sustainable' research agenda, there is little knowledge of what the ageing workforce sector requires, and there is little known about the strengths and weaknesses of current sustainable workspace designs for older workers. This study explores ageing workers' experiences through a field survey of 240 office workers (ranging in age from 55 to 75) in three recently constructed sustainable office buildings. It investigates the sets of common factors in a sustainable building system that influence the experience of older office workers, and analyses the correlations from the perspective of the human factors discipline. This paper discusses the implications of the study on practice from two points of view: (i) the ageing workforce and (ii) the sustainable development of office buildings, and suggests a number of future research issues regarding a user-responsive workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the twin forces of an ageing population and climate change effects in the context of global warming. Inclusive and Sustainable Design approaches respectively attempt to respond to one but not both of these phenomena, producing 'unsustainable inclusivity' and 'deterministic sustainability' outcomes. Both produce counterfactual, even perverse, social and environmental effects, including the failure of design and other standards and guidance to produce the desired benefits. By drawing on the author's empirical research on sustainable urban environment and transport projects, a science-technology-design conceptual approach is explored in order to bridge these design and society-nature divides by integrating inclusive/human-centred and environmental/sustainable design fields. The paper suggests Science Technology Society (STS) studies rather than fragmented design specialisms as an alternative perspective to address these wicked problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional approach to audio description (AD) uses third-person narrative, factual delivery style, postplanning and third-party delivery, making it incompatible with inclusive design principles and equitable access to sensory stimuli. This paper discusses Clay & Paper Theatre's alternative AD approach, involving actors, scriptwriters, musicians and directors. With no previous exposure to inclusive design, the creative team developed the design process: script modification, characters and music integration, and sensory tour presentation. Innovative methodology taught actors and directors to think about accessibility from the start of their creative processes. Actors found the inclusive design process useful in developing a better understanding of character roles. Audience members enjoyed the play through the role of music and its link to the narrative and characterization. Clay & Paper Theatre's alternative AD approach exemplifies social innovation in inclusive theatre design for blind and low vision (B/LV) audiences, with an emphasis on process and service outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive Design's extensive literature may be divided into theory concerning methodology and case studies describing practice. The question arises as to how closely practice matches theory. This paper (based on an analysis of academic papers, posters and oral presentations) is a survey of the methods used in self-declared inclusive design projects. The raw material was classed as (a) product design or (b) assistive technology. Design steps were assigned to six categories of activity as defined by an authoritative design method. Analysis showed that of the 66 cases, 4.5 per cent reported carrying out all six steps, while 39.3 per cent carried out or reported just one step. The study found that the predominant focus of activity was in the initial steps of user investigation; subsequent steps receive less emphasis due to either under-reporting or non-completion. The work shows that design practitioners need to resist the tendency for user input to taper off as projects proceed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Exhibition is embedded within the culture of Art and Design and has a long history as a form of 'gathering' to prompt academic discourse. This paper explores the role of the exhibition as a theatre for conversation that has parallels with the salon gatherings that emerged in mid-seventeenth-century France. This paper will describe 'The Future Bathroom' - a project that contributes to the development of methods and tools to support an inclusive design agenda. The bathroom provides a number of challenges to user-centred design methodology because of the highly personal, sensitive and intimate nature of the activities that take place there. Various methods were adopted during the course of the enquiry and here we focus on the role of the interactive exhibition as a research tool to gather data and further our understanding within the context of the research objectives. As part of the interdisciplinary research network 'Engineering for Life' (supported through the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Bridging the Gap Programme), researchers within the Art and Design Research Centre (ADRC) at Sheffield Hallam University explored the potential of a 'field lab' exhibition based on the 'future bathroom' research to both gather and disseminate knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been numerous studies about recycling behaviour, participation and motivations, some of which will be discussed in the main text of this paper. There are disagreements over the impact that age has on the ability and inclination to recycle. The author believes that there are significant effects that age and the ageing population has, and will have, on the ability to recycle and the overall UK material recovery rates. This positioning paper examines literature regarding barriers to recycling and relationships with age. A hypothetical scenario is outlined for the impact of the ageing population on future material recovery rates in the UK, the initial results of a survey are presented, and the potential role that design can play to eliminate these barriers is described, along with the author's activities within this area in the project 'The Grey Areas of Green Design' based at Sheffield Hallam University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes, analyses and reflects on a co-creation process between people with and without disabilities as they redesign the Brussels metro transport system over a two-decade period. Users who are visually impaired and blind become experts in the process while people without disabilities, a group of transport companies and service developers, become more empathic towards those with different needs. Our narrative reveals an inclusive design process that takes into account the particular capabilities and dispositions of people through a discussion of techné, which is described as embodied know-how enacted through daily life. this paper illustrates how people, with and without disabilities, achieve an increasingly more symmetrical negotiation as they work together towards a common goal. Techné is identified as key to engaging in a co-creation process towards developing empathy with users and discovering the nuances of users' authentic needs, and has the potential to impact design outcomes in profound ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the behaviour of disabled users can provide data for designing inclusive technologies for everyone. The focus of this paper is the field of inclusive design in conversational interaction. Starting from the experience of a blind subject using screen readers in a professional scenario and setting them to a very high speech rate, we have investigated the evolution of speech based interactions from the perspective of the visually impaired and compared them to the current conversational interfaces. The peculiar interactions set by the visually impaired motivate questions about inclusive design: How can we design conversational interactions for all? What can we learn from blind people using fast synthetic speech to browse digital products? In this paper we have shown different strategies for increasing the usability of screen readers: speech synthesis and compression, natural vs artificial sound, multiple concurrent speech tracks. Our aim is to match them with an inclusive design approach in order to envision the future of conversational interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive design approaches like universal design prescribe addressing the needs of the widest possible audience in order to consider human differences. Taking differences seriously, however, may imply that “the widest possible audience” is severely restricted. In confronting this paradox, we recruit Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. Applying Rawls’ principles to universal design implies that users derive which design allows for equitable use by deliberating under a veil of ignorance concerning their own capacities or limitations. Rather than addressing everyone’s needs, being designed universally then means matching what everyone would choose under the condition sketched. Since this can hardly apply to single artefacts, we suggest considering the social distribution of usability as the proper domain of fairness in design instead. Under this reading, just design concerns how usability is distributed across relevant users. Differences in usability are acceptable if overall usability for the worst offs is maximized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the behaviour of disabled users can provide data for designing inclusive technologies for everyone. The focus of this paper is the field of inclusive design in conversational interaction. Starting from the experience of a blind subject using screen readers in a professional scenario and setting them to a very high speech rate, we have investigated the evolution of speech based interactions from the perspective of the visually impaired and compared them to the current conversational interfaces. The peculiar interactions set by the visually impaired motivate questions about inclusive design: How can we design conversational interactions for all? What can we learn from blind people using fast synthetic speech to browse digital products? In this paper we have shown different strategies for increasing the usability of screen readers: speech synthesis and compression, natural vs artificial sound, multiple concurrent speech tracks. Our aim is to match them with an inclusive design approach in order to envision the future of conversational interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive design approaches like universal design prescribe addressing the needs of the widest possible audience in order to consider human differences. Taking differences seriously, however, may imply that “the widest possible audience” is severely restricted. In confronting this paradox, we recruit Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. Applying Rawls’ principles to universal design implies that users derive which design allows for equitable use by deliberating under a veil of ignorance concerning their own capacities or limitations. Rather than addressing everyone’s needs, being designed universally then means matching what everyone would choose under the condition sketched. Since this can hardly apply to single artefacts, we suggest considering the social distribution of usability as the proper domain of fairness in design instead. Under this reading, just design concerns how usability is distributed across relevant users. Differences in usability are acceptable if overall usability for the worst offs is maximized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]