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Start Over Publication Type Reports Journal congressional research service (crs) reports and issue briefs
3,348 results

1. Design of United States Paper Currency

Author

Straus, Jacob R. and Reese, Shawn

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, United States. Secret Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Money -- Decoration and finishing, Dollar (United States) -- Decoration and finishing
Abstract

Updated February 13, 2023 Paper money has officially been part of United States currency since the Continental Congress authorized a $2 note in June 1776. These first notes were designed […]

Published
2023

2. COVID-19: Commercial Paper Market Strains and Federal Government Support

Author

Miller, Rena S.

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Economic aspects -- United States, Bank loans -- Laws, regulations and rules, Commercial paper -- Evaluation, Government regulation
Abstract

April 13, 2020 What Is Commercial Paper and Why Is It Important? As COVID-19 spread rapidly in the United States, fears of its economic effects led to strains in the […]

Published
2020

3. Design of United States Paper Currency

Author

Straus, Jacob R., Reese, Shawn, and Nagel, Jared C.

Subjects
United States. Department of the Treasury -- Powers and duties, United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Paper money -- Decoration and finishing -- Laws, regulations and rules, Counterfeiting (Money) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Dollar (United States) -- Decoration and finishing, Government regulation
Abstract

January 23, 2020 Paper money has officially been part of United States currency since the Continental Congress authorized a $2 note in June 1776. These first notes were designed as […]

Published
2020

4. 'Tracing Papers': A Comparison of COVID-19 Data Privacy Bills

Author

Liu, Edward C.

Subjects
Privacy, Right of -- Laws, regulations and rules, Epidemics -- Control -- United States, Contact tracing -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

June 26, 2020 As COVID-19 continues to spread, many public health authorities are turning to contact tracing--measures to identify, notify, and monitor infected individuals' contacts--to track potential COVID-19 exposure. Along […]

Published
2020

5. Black liquor

Subjects
Sulfate waste liquor -- Laws, regulations and rules, Energy industry -- Taxation, Government regulation
Abstract

Issue Definition Tax incentives for renewable energy are often seen as necessary to encourage deployment and adoption of what are newly developed technologies and processes. With renewable biofuels, the concept […]

Published
2010

6. Stablecoins: Legal Issues and Regulatory Options (Part 1)

Author

Sykes, Jay B.

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Crypto-currencies -- Laws, regulations and rules, Securities law -- Evaluation, Money market funds -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

June 9, 2022 In 2008, the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing a peer-to-peer system of electronic cash. The product of that paper--Bitcoin--now boasts a market capitalization of […]

Published
2022

7. Larger Businesses and COVID-19: Financial Relief and Assistance Resources

Author

Jennings, Julie

Subjects
United States. Department of the Treasury -- Powers and duties, United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Economic aspects -- United States, Corporate bonds -- Laws, regulations and rules, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated January 13, 2021 This CRS Insight presents selected resources and CRS products on economic relief and assistance for medium and large businesses that were directly affected by the Coronavirus […]

Published
2021

8. COVID-19 and the U.S. Timber Industry

Author

Riddle, Anne A.

Subjects
Epidemics -- Economic aspects -- United States, Economic conditions -- Forecasts and trends, Lumber industry -- Industry sales and revenue -- Industry forecasts -- Production data, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

December 10, 2020 Contents Introduction The U.S. Timber Industry Effects of COVID-19 on the Timber Industry Timber Harvesting Processing and Manufacturing Trade Lumber Paper Products COVID-19 and Timber Harvesting on […]

Published
2020

9. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Usage, Defense industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Defense industry, Government
Abstract

Updated February 1, 2024 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ [...]

Published
2024

10. COVID-19 and the U.S. Timber Industry

Author

Riddle, Anne A.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Economic aspects -- United States, Lumber industry -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Domestic economic assistance -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated July 29, 2021 The timber industry is a diverse commodity industry, wherein cut trees (timber) are converted to a wide variety of articles made from wood (wood products). The […]

Published
2021

11. Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (October 23, 2023-October 29, 2023)

Author

Garcia, Michael John and Gardey, Rosemary W.

Subjects
Legislators -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Constitutional law -- Political aspects, Appellate courts -- Political aspects, Appellate procedure -- Political aspects
Abstract

October 30, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be […]

Published
2023

12. Federal Reserve: Emergency Lending

Author

Labonte, Marc

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Control -- Economic aspects -- United States, Government lending -- Laws, regulations and rules, Financial services industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, Federal Reserve Act, Government regulation, Financial services industry
Abstract

Updated March 27, 2020 Contents Introduction History of Section 13(3) Use of Section 13(3) in 2020 in Response to COVID-19 Use of Section 13(3) in 2008 Broadly Based Facilities Special […]

Published
2020

13. Biomass: Comparison of Definitions in Legislation

Author

Bracmort, Kelsi

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Power resources -- Environmental aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Alternative energy sources -- Laws, regulations and rules, Biomass -- Environmental aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Usage, Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978, Energy Security Act of 1980, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated June 27, 2019 Contents Introduction Biomass Legislative History Analysis of Biomass Definitions Potential Issues for Biomass Feedstock Development Proposed Modification of the Biomass Definition Tables Table 1. Biomass Definitions […]

Published
2019

14. Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information

Author

Mulligan, Stephen P. and Elsea, Jennifer K.

Subjects
Defense information, Classified -- Laws, regulations and rules, National security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Freedom of speech -- Laws, regulations and rules, Disclosure of information -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Evaluation, Freedom of the press -- Laws, regulations and rules, Espionage -- Laws, regulations and rules, Espionage Act of 1917, United States Constitution. 1st Amendment, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated May 11, 2023 Contents Statutory Protection of Classified Information The Espionage Act Section 793: General Protection of National Defense Information Section 794: "Classic Spying" Cases Section 795-797: Images of […]

Published
2023

15. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Defense industry -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Technology application, Government regulation, Defense industry, Market trend/market analysis, Technology application
Abstract

Updated May 15, 2023 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ […]

Published
2023

16. Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Overview and Selected Issues

Author

Sekar, Kavya and Gallo, Marcy E.

Subjects
United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency -- Powers and duties, United States. National Institutes of Health -- Finance, United States. Department of Health and Human Services -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Medical research -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Medicine, Experimental -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Government finance, Government regulation, Company financing
Abstract

May 23, 2023 Introduction Overview of the Biden Administration's ARPA-H Proposal Congressional Action Executive Action Selected Policy and Oversight Issues Independence and Autonomy Questions and Considerations for Congress Defining ARPA-H's […]

Published
2023

17. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 4: Proposal and Ratification

Author

Murrill, Brandon J.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Epidemics -- Control -- United States, Legislators -- Laws, regulations and rules, Fines (Penalties) -- Laws, regulations and rules, Wages -- Laws, regulations and rules, United States Constitution. 27th Amendment, Ethics Reform Act of 1989, Government regulation, Salary
Abstract

March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress's […]

Published
2023

18. How Stable Are Stablecoins?

Author

Su, Eva

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, Crypto-currencies -- Evaluation -- Laws, regulations and rules, Online assets -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Evaluation, Government regulation
Abstract

July 28, 2021 Stablecoins are a type of digital asset generally designed to maintain a stable value by linking its value to another asset or a basket of assets. The […]

Published
2021

19. Fiscal Policy and Recovery from the COVID-19 Recession

Author

Gravelle, Jane G. and Marples, Donald J.

Subjects
Epidemics -- Economic aspects -- United States, Fiscal policy -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Influence, Economic recovery -- Forecasts and trends, Recessions -- Management, Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act of 2020, Government regulation, Company business management, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

Updated February 1, 2021 Contents Introduction State of the Economy and the Fiscal Response to Date Estimated Effect of Recently Enacted Policies Considerations for Policies Going Forward How Fiscal Policy […]

Published
2021

20. Using the Federal Income Tax System to Deliver Cash Assistance to Families: Policy Considerations

Author

Crandall-Hollick, Margot L. and Cooper, Cheryl R.

Subjects
United States. Department of the Treasury -- Powers and duties, United States. Internal Revenue Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Tax policy, Retirement benefits -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax credits -- Laws, regulations and rules, Social security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax collection -- Laws, regulations and rules, Income tax -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

Selected Policy Considerations Issue Policy Considerations The Application for Tax Benefits Some information on the 1040 Is the Federal Income Tax Return (i.e., various forms of income) can be accurately […]

Published
2023

21. FDA Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Tests (LDTs)

Author

Sarata, Amanda K.

Subjects
United States. Food and Drug Administration -- Powers and duties, Medical testing products -- Licensing, certification and accreditation
Abstract

Updated December 7, 2022 Laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) are a class of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) device that is designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory. LDTs are often used […]

Published
2022

22. Previous declarations of war

Author

Elsea, Jennifer K. and Grimmett, Richard F.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties -- Military aspects -- History, War, Declaration of -- History -- Military aspects, War and emergency powers -- History -- Interpretation and construction -- Military aspects, Government
Abstract

From the Washington Administration to the present, there have been eleven separate formal declarations of war against foreign nations enacted by Congress and the President, encompassing five different wars--the War [...]

Published
2007

23. U.S. Regulation of Chinese Stocks: Legal Background and Regulatory Options

Author

Sykes, Jay B.

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Foreign investments -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Emerging markets -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Stocks -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Securities Exchange Act, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Investment Company Act of 1940, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

September 21, 2020 Tensions between the United States and China have again moved to center stage. In recent weeks, the Trump Administration has ordered China to close its Houston consulate […]

Published
2020

24. The Direct Recording Electronic voting machine (DRE) controversy: FAQs and misperceptions

Author

Fischer, Eric A. and Coleman, Kevin J.

Subjects
United States -- Domestic policy, Election law -- Interpretation and construction -- Usage, Voting-machines -- Usage -- Management, Company business management, Government, Help America Vote Act of 2002
Abstract

December 14, 2005 Summary Most voting systems used in U.S. elections rely on computers in some way. The most computerized is the direct recording electronic voting machine, or DRE. In [...]

Published
2005

25. Trump v. Mazars: Implications for Congressional Oversight

Author

Garvey, Todd

Subjects
Disclosure (Taxation) -- Political aspects -- Cases, Subpoena -- Political aspects -- Cases, Accounting firms -- Cases -- Records and correspondence, Ex-presidents -- Cases -- Records and correspondence -- Taxation, Trump v. Mazars USA L.L.P. 140 S. Ct. 2019 (2020), Company legal issue, Mazars -- Cases -- Records and correspondence
Abstract

July 10, 2020 On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court issued a pair of decisions concerning subpoenas seeking access to the President's personal financial records, including tax returns. In Trump […]

Published
2020

26. Money Market Mutual Funds: Policy Concerns and Reform Options

Author

Su, Eva

Subjects
United States. Securities and Exchange Commission -- Powers and duties, Financial markets -- Forecasts and trends, Financial services industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Money market funds -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Financial services industry
Abstract

SUMMARY R47309 November 17, 2022 A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that, under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 2a-7, can invest only in high-quality short-term […]

Published
2022

27. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Usage, Defense industry -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military maneuvers -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military policy -- Forecasts and trends, Government regulation, Defense industry, Market trend/market analysis
Abstract

Updated November 14, 2022 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ […]

Published
2022

28. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, Weapons systems -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Design and construction, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated September 12, 2022 Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ […]

Published
2022

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): History, Overview of Domestic Programs, and Selected Issues

Author

Sekar, Kavya

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- History -- Powers and duties -- Government finance, Administrative agencies -- Powers and duties -- History -- Government finance, Government, Public Health Service Act
Abstract

March 22, 2024 Contents History and Context Brief History Public Health Service Act of 1944 1946-1950: Establishment and Initial Years 1950s-1960s: Expansion in Epidemiology, Communicable Disease, and Vaccination Programs 1970s: [...]

Published
2024

30. Changes in the arctic: background and issues for congress

Author

O'Rourke, Ronald, Marshak, Anthony R., Comay, Laura B., Ramseur, Jonathan L., Frittelli, John, Ryan, Lexie, Kaboli, Emma, Sheikh, Pervaze A., and Keating-Bitonti, Caitlin

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Political activity, United States. Department of State -- Political activity, United States. Government Accountability Office -- Political activity, United States. National Science Foundation -- Political activity, United States. Geological Survey -- Political activity, United States. Army. Corps of Engineers -- Political activity, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- Political activity, United States. Coast Guard -- Political activity, United States. North Pacific Fishery Management Council -- Political activity, United States. Senate -- Political activity, United States. Congress -- Political activity, United States. Navy -- Political activity, The Associated Press -- Political activity, Greenhouse gases -- Political aspects, Arctic research -- Political aspects, International law -- Political aspects, Wildlife conservation -- Political aspects, Oil and gas exploration -- Political aspects, Sea ice -- Political aspects, Climatic changes -- Political aspects, Air pollution -- Political aspects, Winter storms -- Political aspects, Government, Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, International Seabed Authority -- Political activity -- Political aspects, European Union -- Political activity -- Political aspects, Arctic Council -- Political aspects -- Political activity, European Union. European Parliament -- Political aspects -- Political activity, Nordic Council of Ministers -- Political aspects -- Political activity, United Nations -- Political activity -- Political aspects
Abstract

Updated March 19, 2024 Contents Introduction Background Definitions of the Arctic Arctic Circle Definition Definition in Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 Other Definitions Population of the Arctic [...]

Published
2024

31. Critical Mineral Resources: National Policy and Critical Minerals List

Author

Rowan, Linda R.

Subjects
Minerals -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Supply and demand, Supply chains, Government regulation, Government
Abstract

March 20, 2024 Contents Overview National Materials and Minerals Policy Definition of Critical Mineral 2022 Critical Minerals List USGS Methodology Quantitative Analysis Semi-Quantitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis Byproduct List Minerals Excluded [...]

Published
2024

32. Process for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Projects

Author

Carter, Nicole T. and Normand, Anna E.

Subjects
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers -- Powers and duties, Administrative agencies -- Powers and duties, Government, Water Resources Development Act of 1974
Abstract

March 7, 2024 Contents Introduction Primer on USACE Activities Characteristics of USACE Federal Water Resource Projects and USACE Assistance for Nonfederal Environmental Infrastructure Process for Federal Water Resource Projects Study [...]

Published
2024

33. Measuring Wages in the Agricultural Sector for the H-2A Visa Program

Author

Handwerker, Elizabeth Weber

Subjects
Migrant agricultural laborers -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Compensation and benefits, Wages -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Salary, Government
Abstract

March 5, 2024 Contents Introduction Labor Certification for the H-2A Visa Program The H-2A Visa Program Labor Certification and Its Wage Components Recent Changes in AEWR Methodologies for H-2A Visas [...]

Published
2024

34. Sanctioning Iranian involvement in the region

Author

Katzman, Kenneth

Subjects
Economic sanctions, American, Executive orders, Sanctions (International law)
Abstract

Some sanctions have been imposed to try to punish Iran's attempts to exert influence in the region. Executive Order 13438 On July 7, 2007, President Bush issued Executive Order 13438. […]

Published
2013

35. mRNA Technologies: A Primer

Author

Gallo, Marcy E. and Gottron, Frank

Subjects
Medical research -- Government finance, Medicine, Experimental -- Government finance, Messenger RNA -- Health aspects, Federal aid to research -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

May 24, 2022 Contents Introduction What Is mRNA? mRNA-based Medicine Potential Future Uses Other mRNA-Based Vaccines Cancer Treatments Rare Diseases Research Challenges Federal Support, Market Projections, and Private Investment Federal […]

Published
2022

36. Implementation of Treasury's New Customer Due Diligence Rule: A Step Toward Beneficial Ownership Transparency?

Author

Miller, Rena S. and Rosen, Liana W.

Subjects
United States. Department of the Treasury -- Powers and duties, Disclosure of information -- Laws, regulations and rules, Financial institutions -- Laws, regulations and rules, Due diligence -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated October 31, 2018 Introduction Since May 11, 2018, U.S. financial institutions are required to comply with a U.S. Department of the Treasury rule aimed at cracking down on illicit […]

Published
2018

37. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's (ACA's) Risk Adjustment Program: Frequently Asked Questions

Author

Fernandez, Bernadette

Subjects
United States. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services -- Powers and duties, Insurance industry -- Industry forecasts -- Laws, regulations and rules, Medical law -- Evaluation, Health insurance -- Laws, regulations and rules, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Government regulation, Insurance industry
Abstract

October 5, 2018 Contents Introduction Background Why Does Risk Matter in Health Insurance? Why Is the Mitigation of Health Insurance Risk and Uncertainty Relevant Under Current Federal Law? What Health […]

Published
2018

38. COVID-19 and Access to Medical Products: Implications of Section 301 Tariffs

Author

Schwarzenberg, Andres B.

Subjects
United States. Office of the United States Trade Representative -- Powers and duties, Medical equipment -- Supply and demand -- Imports, Epidemics -- Control -- Social aspects -- United States -- China, Tariffs -- Laws, regulations and rules, Physiological apparatus -- Supply and demand -- Imports, Trade Act of 1974, Government regulation
Abstract

Updated February 16, 2022 Contents Overview Background on Section 301 Tariffs Reinstating Previously Extended Tariff Exclusions Medical-Care and COVID-19 Response Products Outlook Tables Table 1. Section 301 Tariff Exclusion Extensions […]

Published
2022

39. Organ Transplant Candidacy and COVID-19 Vaccination Status

Author

Sussman, Jared S.

Subjects
United States. Department of Health and Human Services -- Powers and duties, United States. Health Resources and Services Administration -- Powers and duties, Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. -- Laws, regulations and rules, Vaccination -- Laws, regulations and rules, Trade and professional associations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Donation of organs, tissues, etc. -- Laws, regulations and rules, National Organ Transplant Act of 1984, Government regulation
Abstract

February 4, 2022 A series of recent media reports have highlighted a current policy among at least some transplant centers to deny potential transplant patients the ability to be waitlisted […]

Published
2022

40. Corporate Tax Reform: Issues for Congress

Author

Gravelle, Jane G.

Subjects
United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Tax reform -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax policy -- Evaluation, Corporations -- Taxation, Government regulation
Abstract

Contents Introduction The Corporate Tax as a Revenue Source Magnitude and Historical Pattern The Role of the Corporate Tax in Backstopping the Individual Tax Behavioral Responses and Revenue-Maximizing Tax Rate […]

Published
2021

41. The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues

Author

Guenther, Gary

Subjects
Depreciation -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Tax law -- Evaluation, Taxpayer compliance -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Economic growth -- Forecasts and trends, Income tax -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Tax law, Market trend/market analysis, Government, Internal Revenue Code
Abstract

Updated February 7, 2024 Contents IRC Section 179 Expensing Structure of the Expensing Allowance Qualified Assets Limitations on IRC Section 179 Expensing Claiming the Allowance IRC Section 168(k) Repealed Option [...]

Published
2024

42. Federal Reserve: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress

Author

Labonte, Marc

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Monetary policy -- Forecasts and trends, Banking law -- Evaluation, Payment -- Laws, regulations and rules, Interest rates -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government
Abstract

Updated February 6, 2024 Contents Introduction Structure Monetary Policy The Post-Financial Crisis Monetary Policy Framework High Inflation and Higher Interest Rates Normalizing the Fed's Balance Sheet Losses on the Fed's [...]

Published
2024

43. Outer Limits of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf: Background and Issues for Congress

Author

Keating-Bitonti, Caitlin

Subjects
United States. Department of State -- Powers and duties, United States. Geological Survey -- Powers and duties, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Conservation of natural resources -- Laws, regulations and rules, National security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Continental shelf -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Protection and preservation, Government regulation, Government, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, International Seabed Authority -- Powers and duties
Abstract

February 7, 2024 Contents Determining the Extent of the Continental Shelf Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Project U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Project Activities [...]

Published
2024

44. Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress

Author

Sayler, Kelley M.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, National security -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military strategy -- Laws, regulations and rules, Military policy -- Forecasts and trends, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government
Abstract

affected by rapid technological advancements and the changing character of war.... New technologies include advanced computing, 'big data' analytics, artificial intelligence, autonomy, robotics, directed energy, hypersonics, and biotechnology--the very technologies [...]

Published
2024

45. Economic Forecasts and Projections: Fact Sheet

Author

Leubsdorf, Ben

Subjects
United States. Office of Management and Budget -- Powers and duties, United States. Federal Open Market Committee -- Reports, United States. Social Security Administration -- Reports, United States. Congressional Budget Office -- Reports, United States. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta -- Reports, United States economic conditions -- Forecasts and trends, Economic forecasting -- Evaluation, Market trend/market analysis, Government, International Monetary Fund -- Reports
Abstract

Updated February 12, 2024 Contents Background Selected Sources Congressional Budget Office Federal Open Market Committee Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia International Monetary Fund Office of [...]

Published
2024

46. Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Issues

Author

Guenther, Gary

Subjects
United States. Internal Revenue Service -- Powers and duties, United States. Congress -- Powers and duties, Capital gains tax -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax law -- Evaluation, Wages -- Laws, regulations and rules, Tax deductions -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Tax law, Salary, Government
Abstract

Updated February 28, 2024 Contents Introduction Structure of the Deduction Economic Effects of the Deduction Use of the Deduction Investment Employment and Wages Tax Administration and Taxpayer Compliance Tax Administration [...]

Published
2024

47. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Adopt Alternative Credit Scores

Author

Getter, Darryl E.

Subjects
United States. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau -- Powers and duties, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. -- Laws, regulations and rules, Mortgage banks -- Laws, regulations and rules, Consumer credit -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Forecasts and trends, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government, Fannie Mae Foundation -- Laws, regulations and rules
Abstract

February 8, 2024 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, government-sponsored enterprises that collectively guarantee the default risks for a large share of U.S. single-family mortgages, are adopting scoring metrics that incorporate [...]

Published
2024

48. The Fed's Balance Sheet and Quantitative Tightening

Author

Labonte, Marc

Subjects
United States. Federal Reserve Board -- Powers and duties, Monetary policy -- Forecasts and trends, Treasury securities -- Forecasts and trends -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Market trend/market analysis, Government
Abstract

Updated February 6, 2024 The size and composition of the Federal Reserve's (Fed's) balance sheet is a product of its monetary policy and lender-of-last-resort decisions. The Fed has responded to [...]

Published
2024

49. Identifying Minors Online

Author

Cho, Clare Y.

Subjects
United States. Transportation Security Administration -- Political activity -- Analysis, United States. Federal Trade Commission -- Analysis -- Political activity, United States. Government Accountability Office -- Analysis -- Political activity, United States. Social Security Administration -- Political activity -- Analysis, United States. Department of Homeland Security -- Analysis -- Political activity, United States. National Institute of Standards and Technology -- Political activity -- Analysis, United States. Congress -- Political activity -- Analysis, Instagram (Online service) -- Political aspects, Facebook (Online social network) -- Political aspects, Safety regulations -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Wireless telephone software -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Privacy -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Legislators -- Political activity -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Information services industry -- Political aspects -- Analysis -- Political activity, Social media -- Political aspects -- Analysis, Mobile applications -- Political aspects -- Analysis, Web sites -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Information services -- Political aspects -- Analysis -- Political activity, Automobile drivers' licenses -- Analysis -- Political aspects, Company Web site/Web page, Privacy issue, Information services industry, Meta Platforms Inc. -- Political activity
Abstract

January 2, 2024 Contents Methods Used to Identify Minors Online Self-Identification or User Attestation Documentation Digital ID Consumer Data Policy Considerations for Legislation Support for Research Requirements for Federal Agencies […]

Published
2024

50. Section 230: An Overview

Author

Brannon, Valerie C. and Holmes, Eric N.

Subjects
United States. Federal Trade Commission -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, United States. Federal Communications Commission -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, United States. Supreme Court -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Facebook (Online social network), Reddit (Online social network), Snapchat (Online social network), Craigslist (Website), Computer software industry -- International economic relations, Internet service providers -- International economic relations, Online services -- International economic relations, Information services industry -- International economic relations, Intellectual property law, Online information services -- International economic relations, Foreclosure -- Laws, regulations and rules, Telecommunication -- Laws, regulations and rules, Computer services industry -- International economic relations, Criminal law, Computers -- Services, Information services -- International economic relations, Periodical publishing -- International economic relations, Batzel v. Smith 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003), Government regulation, Online information service, Computer services industry, Government communications regulation, Internet service provider, Information services industry, Online Inc. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, Craigslist Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Lycos Inc. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, AOL Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Yahoo! Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, reddit inc. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, Prodigy Services Co. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, Stratton Oakmont Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Meta Platforms Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Google L.L.C. -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International economic relations, CompuServe Inc. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules, Microsoft Corp. -- International economic relations -- Laws, regulations and rules
Abstract

Updated January 4, 2024 Contents Text and Legislative History Section 104: Online Family Empowerment Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co Judicial Interpretation Section 230(c)(1): Publisher Activity Early Interpretations: Zeran […]

Published
2024