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In recent years there has been an increase in the number of quantitative studies examining the consequences of individual-level socioeconomic mobility. Nearly all of these studies in sociology and demography have used Sobel's (1981; 1985) diagonal reference model. In this paperwe examine the mathematical properties of the Sobel model. We showthat, under plausible values of mobility effects, the diagonal reference model tends to generate results that implicitly force the mobility linear effect to zero. As such, the model has little advantage over Duncan's square additive model, which has been abandoned for similar reasons. We conclude with a caution to researchers interested in using the diagonal reference model for estimating the consequences of social mobility. The resulting estimated mobility effects are, in part, an artifact of the model and should be interpreted judiciously. In general, when using the technique researchers should decompose the mobility parameters using orthogonal projection, which will reveal the potentially strong assumptions underlying the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A majority of the American laity have switched congregations at least once in their adult lives, and more than two-thirds of U.S. congregants have previously attended a different congregation (Schwadel 2012). In contrast to religious tradition switching, we know little about the individuallevel correlates of congregational switching. In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding congregational switching that emphasizes the role of congregational legitimacy in a social context of declining religious authority and ethnic religious communities, expressive individualism, and the "spiritual marketplace." This social context leads to evaluations of congregations according to individually defined spiritual needs and social belonging. The salience of religion to the individual, for example, makes the link to a particular congregation more precarious as individuals seek the best fit for their perceived religious and spiritual needs. Using the 2006 and 2012 Portraits of American Life Surveys (PALS), a nationally representative panel survey of U.S. adults, we find that social ties, a sense of belonging, religious salience, leadership roles, and views of congregational decision-making influence switching. Most of these factors remain even after accounting for residential mobility. We draw implications for theories of religion and understandings of congregational dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While sociologists, urbanists, and city demographers have long explored residential mobility, researchers have focused almost entirely on voluntary mobility, neglecting until recently how involuntary displacement--disproportionately experienced by low-income individuals and households--may be consequential to health. Gaps remain about how residential instability, including forced moves, shape the health and health care of low-income patients with chronic illnesses in the U.S. health care safety net. Methods: Drawing on data from over two years of ethnographic fieldwork at urban safety-net clinics, we examine efforts by Complex Care Management (CCM) teams to stabilize patients with uncontrolled chronic illnesses through primary care-integrated support. Results: Our findings illustrate the range of challenges facing homeless and unstably housed individuals in the context of a regional affordable housing shortage. Residential instability and mobility work to create vulnerability for low-income chronically ill individuals, and in turn, poor health undermines safe, stable, and health-promoting places to live. Our findings capture the complex reciprocal, and often cyclical, relationship between residential instability and health. Conclusion: Low income individuals with precarious housing status simultaneously experience involuntary movement and involuntary immobility--forced out with eviction notices or higher rents and forced to stay in overcrowded and more expensive neighborhoods to be near their health care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly skilled parents deploy distinct strategies to cultivate their children's development, but little is known about how parental cognitive skills interact with metropolitan opportunity structures and residential mobility to shape a major domain of inequality in children's lives--the neighborhood. We integrate multiple literatures to develop hypotheses on parental skill-based sorting by neighborhood income and school quality, which are then tested by analyzing an original follow-up of the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey. These data include over a decade's worth of residential histories for households with children that are linked to census, geographic information system, and educational measures. We construct a discrete choice model of neighborhood selection that accounts for heterogeneity among household types, incorporates the unique spatial structure of Los Angeles County, and includes a wide range of neighborhood factors. Our results show that parents' cognitive skills interact with neighborhood affluence to predict neighborhood selection after accounting for, and confirming, the expected influence of race, income, education, housing market conditions, and spatial proximity. Moreover, among middle and upper-class parents, cognitive skills predict sorting on K-12 school quality, specifically, rather than neighborhood status generally. We thus reveal skill-based contextual sorting as an overlooked driver of urban stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on depression among older adults has begun to take a contextual approach. This study advances scholarship by examining the relevance of neighborhood attributes for individual depression in the case of China. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011), a nationally representative survey of Chinese aged 45 or older, multi-level linear regression results suggest that the protective effect of education goes beyond individuals and extends to the neighborhood level, but great variation exists between rural and urban neighborhoods. Net of individual characteristics and other neighborhood factors, residents living in rural neighborhoods fare much worse with more depressive symptoms than their urban counterparts. Moreover, higher proportions of high school graduates in rural neighborhoods are found to be associated with decreased levels of depressive symptoms, while it is not the case for residents in urban communities. These effects persist even after taking into account individuals' selective residential mobility between different neighborhoods using the strategy of propensity score weighting. Therefore, we argue for more programs focusing on improving neighborhood environment as well as targeting at individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses data from the 2005 through 2015 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Transition to Adulthood supplement (PSID-TA) to examine the association between young adults' parental coresidence and their subsequent likelihood of moving. Compared with young adults who live independently, young adults who coreside with parents are about one-third less likely to make any residential move, and less than half as likely to move to a new state, over the subsequent biennial period. The negative effect of parental coresidence on geographic mobility is stronger for young men than for young women and for Hispanics than for non- Hispanic whites. Increases in the likelihood of coresiding with parents can explain over one-half of the decline in young adults' odds of making any residential move, and almost one-quarter of the decline in the odds of moving to a different state, between 2005 and 2015. The association between parental coresidence and both residential mobility and interstate migration withstands numerous controls for characteristics of both young adults and their parents that might confound this association. The implications of the pronounced increase in young adults' proclivity to reside in the parental home for their migration propensities and related behaviors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentrification has provoked considerable controversy surrounding its effects on residential displacement. This paper draws on a unique large-scale consumer credit database to examine the mobility patterns of residents in gentrifying neighborhoods in Philadelphia from 2002-2014. Unlike previous studies, our data allow us to examine mobility rates and residential origins and destinations of various strata of residents within the same neighborhoods. We also utilize more precise measures of gentrification and consider its various stages. We find that, on average, residents in neighborhoods that have been gentrifying for many years or have rapidly gentrified in recent years have higher mobility rates than those in nongentrifying neighborhoods, but these movers, who are primarily financially healthy, are generally no more likely to move to lower quality neighborhoods than residents moving from nongentrifying neighborhoods. While residents with low credit scores or without mortgages and longer-term residents are generally no more likely to move from gentrifying neighborhoods compared to their counterparts in nongentrifying neighborhoods, when they do move, they are more likely to move to lower quality neighborhoods. Further, compared to movers with low credit scores, younger residents and residents with higher credit scores are far more likely to move into gentrifying and higherincome neighborhoods relative to non-gentrifying, low-income neighborhoods. Together, the results demonstrate how gentrification both directly and indirectly concentrates disadvantaged residents into disadvantaged neighborhoods, contributing to the persistence of poor, urban neighborhoods in Philadelphia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding residential mobility in early childhood is important for contextualizing family, school, and neighborhood influences on child health and well-being. We examined residential mobility using longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a nationally representative survey that followed children born in 2001 from infancy to kindergarten. We described individual, household, and neighborhood characteristics associated with residential mobility for children aged 0-5. Our dynamic indicators of residential mobility examined frequency of moves, nonlinearities in frequency of moves, developmental timing and recency of moves, quality of moves, and comparisons between moving houses and moving neighborhoods. Moving was common, as nearly three-quarters of children moved at least once. Movers transitioned to better neighborhoods but experienced no improved household socioeconomic position relative to non-movers. Factors influencing selection into residential mobility accounted for all of the negative bivariate relationships between residential mobility and kindergarten reading scores. Math and especially behavior scores were negatively associated with each measure of residential mobility after including controls. These negative relationships were reduced among children with higher socioeconomic status for math scores only. Results suggest that residential mobility during early childhood and its consequences are distinct from moving in other developmental periods. Both the high prevalence and distinct implications of early childhood residential mobility suggest the need for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This proposal aims to analyze inequality through the scope of residential mobilities. Although it is absent from mobility studies, residential mobility accounts for two dimensions of inequality: both its social effects and the way it is produced. Studying residential mobility is a way to consider how micro-level decisions shape and are shaped by macro-level patterns of inequality. This paper asks if mobility does change anything to inequality or not. Relying on analysis of data from the Employment Survey in France from 2003 to 2011, this paper establishes that residential mobility is greatly determined by preexisting inequalities. The 2008-2009 economic crisis plays an important part in the link between residential mobility and inequality. Measurement of the positional consequences of residential mobility shows that it can be a powerful way to achieve upward social mobility. It also shows that it can coincide with downward social mobility. Modeling of the effects of mobility on employment and occupation reveals how important the distinction between mobility and immobility is to account for the dynamics of inequality. Over and above results on inequality itself, the paper concludes on how focusing on inequalities showed that residential mobility a fundamentally ambivalent social phenomenon that should be better integrated in sociological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the focus on early childbirth and family transitions (divorce and separation) as causes of school failure are myopic if they fail to analyze the context within which these life events occur. Using life-story interviews with 57 adolescent mothers (34 dropped out and 23 graduated), I examine life events that help to explain high school outcomes. In general, I found that adolescent mothers who dropped out experienced more family violence, and that they were disengaged from school before they became pregnant. In particular, child sexual abuse and inter-spousal violence precipitated family transitions and led to frequent and sudden residential moves that disrupted school attachment. Other factors that appeared to influence school outcomes were paternal involvement and residential mobility across language borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of residential mobility are often used to provide insight into the nature of place stratification in metropolitan areas. Survey-based research into these patterns provides insight into the persistence of segregation and urban inequality, yet it does not tell us very much about the degree to which families making these moves see them as constrained or voluntary. This study uses interviews with participants in the Moving To Opportunity (MTO) experiment in Baltimore, Maryland to explore the context of residential decision making among low-income, African-American families. Previous studies of how families make residential decisions largely consider residential mobility to be a function of utility maximizing behavior, yet theory from the sociology of culture is also used to explore the ways in which social structure interacts with individual behavior to shape residential mobility outcomes. The interviews reveal that low income families often see residential mobility as a chance to maximize space or neighborhood amenities. However, they also highlight how poverty and social class are not just about income constraints. The experience of life in poverty shapes how families see the city and experience neighborhoods, and for many families results in a conflation of social space with geographic space. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homeownership is the preferred choice of residential tenure in the United States, and countless public subsidies facilitate the transition to homeownership. These subsidies are justified, in part, on the positive externalities associated with homeownership, including the belief that homeowners are better citizens. While descriptive evidence confirms that homeowners vote more frequently and volunteer more readily, we lack consistent evidence demonstrating that homeownership itself drives this association. The paucity of convincing causal evidence stems largely from the methodological difficulty of handling selection bias into forms of residential tenure. As an incremental contribution to the literature linking homeownership and political behavior, this paper uses more reliable voting estimates and more valid controls for residential mobility in modeling the relationship between political behavior and residential tenure. It argues that homeownership is a significant predictor of civic involvement, but contends that the magnitude of the impact is considerably smaller than previously reported. The paper extends our understanding of the relationship between homeownership and civic behavior by systematically interrogating heterogeneity by income quartile and race. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the inner city poor, moving to a high-poverty neighborhood or a low-poverty neighborhood can set off trajectories of inequality and blocked opportunities that challenge fundamental assumptions of social justice and freedom. In this paper, I examine residential history data for participants in the Moving to Opportunity Experiment to examine racial and ethnic differences in the pathways of spatial mobility as they unfold over time and particularly focus on their role in reproducing inequality in neighborhood attainment. As expected, considering the nature and levels of residential segregation that structure the U.S. urban landscape, results indicate that mobility regimes are highly differentiated by racial and ethnic status. I argue that before we can understand the effects of neighborhoods we have to pay attention to differences in the racially and ethnically structured processes governing path-dependent residential trajectories along with the spatially embedded mechanisms of integration and exclusion. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children in Foster Care have difficulty in transitioning into adulthood once they age out of care. Youth often experience difficulties with housing, employment and education as many experience residential mobility or "couch surfing" as well as episodes of homelessness. Literature suggests that minority children are overrepresented in the foster care system. The primary purpose of this qualitative study is to examine a group of Latino alumni of Foster Care and their experiences related to housing. The sample included 32 foster care alumni ranging in age from 18 to 26. The study examined questions related to life experiences in placement, transition processes, and after aging out. Results reveal that as Latino youth age out of care they may be unsuccessful in attempts to re-establish family relationships, kinship and "compadragzo" cultural networks. Youth turn to peers for sustainability. The ability to survive is dependent upon episodes of couch surfing and residential mobility. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relative impact of changing neighborhoods on children's behavioral outcomes in both senses of the term: migration between neighborhoods and changes in a neighborhood's conditions. Rational behavior theory (Coleman, 1973; Becker, 1981; Sen, 1987), concentration theory (Wilson 1987), and social capital theory (Bourdieu 1983, Coleman, 1988, 1990; Portes, 1993) are used to motivate this study. Using data from "Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio)," this study analyzes mean differences between movers and non-movers, multivariate OLS regression models, and to address selection bias, first-differencing estimation is employed. A priori, the means analysis suggests that children from low-income families who migrate are more likely to have increased risk factors and elevated behavioral problems. Findings also indicate that increases in neighborhood problems are significantly related to increased behavioral problems, but that a family's migration to a new neighborhood is not associated with children's behavioral problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study combines individual-level data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with neighborhood-level environmental hazard data derived from the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory to provide the first empirical examination of racial and ethnic differences in migration between neighborhoods with varying levels of environmental pollution. Results indicate that profound racial and ethnic differences in exposure to industrial pollution are maintained more by differences in mobility destinations than by differential effects of pollution on the decision to move. Conditional upon moving, black and Latino householders enter neighborhoods that are significantly more polluted than those accessed by whites, while other-race householders enter neighborhoods with less pollution. These differences cannot be explained by group differences in socioeconomic resources or other micro-level characteristics but are shaped, in part, by group differences in the reaction to non-white populations that tend to be concentrated in highly polluted areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical perspectives on residential mobility typically view household level information as reasonable approximations of the outcomes for all individuals in the household. For many couple-headed households, however, residential mobility has different implications for the careers of each partner. We use matched data from the 2000-2005 March Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey to investigate two-year changes in household income and labor market outcomes for married working-age couples in the U.S. who migrate across state and county lines. We find that, on average, (1) job-related residential mobility has a positive impact on married couple's household income, (2) couples that share equally in the pre-move household economy retain their gender balance following a job move, and (3) couples who move for job opportunities become even more gender-specialized in the labor market behaviors if there was a primary male breadwinner in the pre-move household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residential mobility of minorities has two patterns. Spatial assimilation theory posits that upward mobility leads to living in majority suburbs, and is ultimately an important step in the assimilation process. The second pattern of "ethnic suburb," is a variation of spatial assimilation in an immigrant enclaves flourish in older, inner-ring suburbs. Chicago Jews represent a third model in which Jews far removed from the immigrant generation create a highly Jewish affluent suburb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does disability onset in late life cause multiple changes in a person's social circumstances? In this paper, I examine two specific social domains, residence location and living arrangements. Theories of migration for the older population emphasize declining health as a cause for residential mobility and changes in living arrangements. Previous empirical studies have always modeled these two outcomes separately. This paper examines residential mobility and changes in living arrangements as concurrent events. Does disability onset increase the likelihood of a concurrent residential move and change in living arrangements? Second, who is disproportionately more likely to jointly move and change living arrangements when they become disabled? And third, is a joint move and change in living arrangements associated with positive or negative outcomes? The data comes from the nationally representative 1994-2000 Second Longitudinal Study on Aging. Over half of residential moves following disability onset are accompanied by a change in living arrangements. However, the majority (nearly three-fourths) do not make any residential changes at all. People who did not have assistance available to them at baseline are more likely to change living situations. At follow-up, those who concurrently moved and changed living arrangements were less likely to receive help with their disability, had worse health compared to baseline, were more depressed, and faced greater financial constraints than those who did not. Those who concurrently move and change living arrangements following disability onset appear to be an especially vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American children move more than children from other post-industrial societies. While much is known about the short-term impact of residential mobility on educational performance, less is known about its long-term effect. Social capital theory suggests that high residential mobility has negative consequences for adolescents because it disrupts vital community ties. In this study, I use the National Education Longitudinal Study to explore the impact of residential mobility on high school and college graduation. I also consider the mediating role of family demographic characteristics and social capital. The results suggest that residential mobility during high school reduces an adolescent's chance of graduating from high school and college. In addition, I find that family social capital has a unique and distinct effect and does little to alleviate the negative impact of residential mobility. Thus more needs to be done to better understand and offset the negative impact of residential mobility on the educational attainment of American youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has three objectives. One is to measure residential mobility in urban China using Chinese census data, providing for the first time a comparable measurement of residential mobility in China and placing it in the context of international comparison of residential mobility research. Second, we are interested in identifying socio-demographic characteristics that are associated with residential mobility behavior. In particular, we are interested in examining the extent to which opportunity for residential mobility is influenced by education and occupation. The third goal of the paper is to examine amount of improvement in housing quality due to residential relocation and the extent to which returns (as measured by housing quality) to residential mobility differ by socio-economic characteristics. The paper will begin with discussion of China's recent efforts of housing reform and commodification of housing, which provides a point of departure for the current research endeavor. We will then discuss scholarly literature on residential mobility. This will be followed by description of data and methods. Preliminary findings and future directions will conclude the paper ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the durability of the Gautreaux Two housing mobility program, which was implemented in 2002. The program gave low-income residents of Chicago public housing a special voucher providing them with the opportunity to move to more advantaged neighborhoods, designated as neighborhoods in which at least 76.5 percent of households were non-poor and 70 percent were non-black. Four waves of in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted by Northwestern's Institute for Policy Research (IPR) between 2002 and 2005 with a randomly chosen sample of 91 families. Within the three-year study window, this qualitative analysis of the IPR data compares residents who made secondary moves to those who stayed at their Gautreaux placement addresses. I divide these secondary movers into two groups, those who made subsequent moves to other relatively advantaged neighborhoods and those who moved back to more disadvantaged neighborhoods. With insight from feminist urbanism, I offer a detailed comparison of the reasons some moved while others stayed that focuses on social networks. I find that secondary movers were motivated by a number of social network factors, including feelings of social isolation in the placement neighborhood, distance from kin, and transportation difficulties. Conversely, strong social networks were also crucial reasons why some families remained in their Gautreaux neighborhoods or moved on to other similarly advantaged neighborhoods. This analysis provides insight about policy implications for the success of mobility programs, including the need for continued program assistance to build and maintain strong social networks beyond the initial placement. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I investigate the extent to which racial and ethnic inequality in children's neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) is reproduced or attenuated via two mechanisms: changing neighborhood characteristics for residentially nonmobile children, and differences in destination versus origin neighborhood SES for residentially mobile children. I use longitudinal data to estimate year-to-year change via these two mechanisms in four measures of neighborhood SES for White, Black, and Latino children. I find that nonmobile White children on average experience greater improvement in neighborhood SES than statistically comparable Black and Latino children. However, I find less racial and ethnic inequality in the neighborhood SES returns to residential mobility; in fact, in most cases those returns are greater for minority children than for White children. These findings suggest that the primary cause of continued inequality in children's neighborhood contexts is not inequality in the outcomes of residential moves, but rather the greater tendency of White children's neighborhoods to maintain or improve their levels of socioeconomic status over time. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban neighborhood change is a phenomenon that many people take for granted or have viewed as part of a natural cycle (Burgess 1925; Schwirian 1983). Neighborhood change is not simply a matter of racial antipathy or natural population cycles, but active, if constrained, decisions by individuals to stay or leave (Cadwallader 1992). Some research on neighborhood change has highlighted the decision making of movers, but little research has examined the reasons people stay, how they resist change, and how they adapt to change. Using ethnographic interviews and field observations with white "stayers" in a neighborhood that has transitioned from mostly white to mostly African American in a short period of time, I address limitations of past research on neighborhood change by examining the agency of white older stayers, learning about the evolution and nuances of their relationships with their African American neighbors, and providing insight into the way that the neighborhoods meet their needs at this stage of their life. The goal is to better understand the residential life and behaviors of older whites who stay in neighborhoods that have undergone white flight. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines residential mobility and neighborhood change as determinants of children's long-term exposure to neighborhood poverty. It also compares the estimates of neighborhood effects on children's social development that are produced using various temporal definitions of the neighborhood. We exploit the ability of longitudinal data on neighborhoods and individuals to expose neighborhood processes that are often obscured with cross-sectional data. This project complements and extends previous work by the authors by using nationally representative data over a longer time period. Data come from both waves of the Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which was conducted in 1997 and 2002. Overall, we aim to understand the extent to which residential mobility and neighborhood change act as protective or risk factors for a healthy childhood by altering or maintaining children's exposure to neighborhood poverty, and by therefore potentially influencing social development. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the role of satisfaction and attachment on the expected migration of both steelworkers and non-steelworkers. Previous research (Brown et. al. 1997) has found that satisfaction and attachment are unique constructs. We apply these constructs to residential mobility to identify if and how satisfaction and attachment affect mobility. Utilizing structural equation modeling, we create factors for both satisfaction and attachment and include measures of education level and employment status. We find that satisfaction and attachment create unique effects in the model. Displaced steelworkers, unlike their community counterparts, exhibit higher levels of attachment and lower levels of satisfaction. Although being a former Geneva steelworker has no direct effect on willingness to move, satisfaction and attachment play a mediating role in explaining the likelihood one will leave the community. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatively neglected in the literature on young adulthood is a thorough consideration of changes in geography and changes in the neighborhood environment occurring during this period. In the current analysis I focus attention on a specific element of the transition to adulthood: the move out of the parental home. Based on a sample of young adults living in Chicago in the late 1990s, I find that white and nonwhite young adults in Chicago approach the "frontier of adulthood" from severely unequal environments. Whereas the typical white young adult lives in an economically diverse neighborhood as she prepares to forge her own path, the typical African-American lives in a segregated neighborhood consisting mostly of neighbors at the bottom of the income distribution and few at the top. Racial inequalities in residential environments that are present among young adults in Chicago appear to persist, for the most part, through the period of young adulthood. There is little evidence that young adults are able to forge new paths and disperse across the country; instead, through the early years of young adulthood most either remain in the parental home or stay within the city in neighborhoods that closely resemble those in which they were raised. An exception occurs among young adults who leave home and leave Chicago. Whereas nonwhites who leave home and leave the city enter more affluent, less segregated neighborhoods, whites who do so enter neighborhoods that are more economically diverse and less advantaged than their neighborhoods of origin. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study combines parent partnering transitions with residential or school mobility in an attempt to index types and combinations of environmental (in)stability and their unique influence on student outcomes Distinctions are seen for those in families experiencing disruption during and before the teen years. Interestingly demographic factors associated with race and class became less salient in explaining the grade performance for students in disrupted families where gender becomes more salient. Examining types of mobility, residential and/or educational, further reveals distinctions amongst family types where school mobility combined with family transition, has the most detrimental effect on student outcomes. This finding is important in light of policy and regulations governing family custody awards---maintaining school ties may ultimately benefit students experiencing family transition. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a linked national victimization data set providing a sample of 20,990 women, this longitudinal cohort study differentiated the experiences of violence perpetrated by an intimate (IPV) from violence perpetrated by a stranger (SV) by specifically looking at the exposure of residential change. Violence research either aggregates types as seen in most violence theory or completely disaggregates types as seen in the proliferation of IPV research. Very little research has looked at the similarities or disparities between different forms of violence. This study examines the risk of both IPV and SV following a woman's recent residential change. Residential change is both a key construct in a numerous mainstream criminological frameworks and has been found to be a marker of gender-power differentials in IPV research as it serves as a source for forced social isolation. Violence victimization risk, estimated by weighted and unweighted, crude and adjusted measures, consistently showed that while residential change resulted in a two-fold increased risk for IPV compared with non-movers, recent movers had no increased risk of SV. Furthermore, additional constructs including a woman's education, employment and having a child in the home appear to independently influence IPV risk but not SV risk, which was more influenced by urbanization. These robust findings support the argument that mainstream theoretical frameworks of violence may not be applicable to IPV. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study related to the neighborhood disadvantages that affects the development of children. The children are exposed to neighborhoods of differing levels of disadvantage during their development and are thus affected by a cumulative neighborhood experience rather than one isolated experience. Poor neighborhoods are features under-funded social services, higher crime rates, close proximity to sources of harmful pollutants and low housing quality. The stressful feelings of hopelessness and powerlessness go along with the daily experience of social and economic disadvantage. Children and adolescents are especially influenced by their immediate context, as they are likely to spend the majority of their time in their local surroundings.

Theoretical perspectives on residential mobility typically view household outcomes as reasonable approximations of the outcomes for all individuals in the household. For many couple-headed households, however, residential mobility has different implications for the careers of each partner. We use data from the 2000 March Demographic File of the Current Population Survey to investigate the relationship between family status, residential mobility and short-term labor market outcomes for working-age couples in the United States. We find that, on average, the short-term impact of residential mobility on household income is insignificant. However, dual-earner couples who move out of state become more equal with respect to hours and earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various explanations have been given for the causes of downward residential mobility among black mothers. Of these explanations, the role of black mothers? ?residential desires and decision making? is the most poorly conceptualized. If the intent is to speak to motivations fairly unique to black women?s social location, past scholarship on black women?s social history offers some helpful clues. From this literature one could hypothesize that downward residential mobility among black women is partially attributed to the desire to uphold certain cultural traditions among them, many that dictate close relations with kin and community. This paper examines the residential trends of a sample of disadvantaged black mothers and, where possible, places their residential choices in the cultural context of black women?s lives by highlighting sentiments they have about their family and community obligations. The analysis employs longitudinal data from the Baltimore Study (1966-1996) which, among other things, traces the movement of disadvantaged black mothers? in and out of socioeconomic categories and in and out of distressed neighborhoods over a 30-year period. Survey data serve as a backdrop for the analysis of 22 in-depth interviews with the mothers? residential experiences throughout their life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the probability of switching residences over a two-year period for Los Angles County Residents. Using data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey and discrete-time hazard models, differences in the probability of movement are examined for native-born, legal, and illegal residents. Analyses indicate that the native-born and legal immigrants do not differ in the probability of movement. However, illegal immigrants are significantly more likely to have moved than their legal counterparts. These differing probabilities of movement are primarily explained by differences in the cohort of arrival and differences in economic characteristics. More recent arrivals are most likely to move than those from earlier cohorts. Future analyses will take neighborhood-level characteristics into account in explaining differences in the probability of movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine the conditions under which the Gautreaux residential mobility program produced long-run improvements in the neighborhood environments of program participants. Low-income African-American families in the sample volunteered for the program and most were offered housing in integrated neighborhoods within and beyond the Chicago city limits between 1976 and 1989. We examine their "current" neighborhood characteristics (racial composition, incomes, and crime rates), measured an average of 15 and up to 22 years after entry into the program. Virtually none of the 1,172 families in our sample returned to their original (Census-tract-based) neighborhoods. Most families initially moving to suburban neighborhoods continued to reside in the suburbs, although usually not in their placement neighborhoods. On average families are currently residing in neighborhoods that have higher rations of African-Americans compared to the neighborhood in which they were placed. With respect to neighborhood affluence, there has been little regression between placement and current address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over one-fifth of the counties in the United States experienced population decline between 1990 and 2000. Many of the individuals in those counties in 2000, however, would have correctly described the place where they lived as having grown in population size during the 1990s. This apparent contradiction arises from the fact that population patterns are not uniform within a county. Some places within a county may be experiencing net in-migration while others within the same county are marked by net out-migration. Some areas within a county may have younger populations resulting in more births than deaths while other areas with older populations may have an excess of deaths over births. It is an ecological fallacy too-often-made to assume that population changes at the macro-level must necessarily result in similar changes at the micro-level. Indeed, in some counties with declining populations the majority of the residents were living in places that had grown during the decade. This poster presentation will summarize the population changes at the local level that took place in the 677 U.S. counties that lost population during the 1990s. In doing so, it will explain why population experiences at the local level may so often contradict patterns occurring at the regional level. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates immigrants’ five-year residential mobility patterns across different types of labor market areas, paying particular attention to three types of nontraditional destinations: nonmetropolitan labor market areas, suburban, and areas of low coethnic population. Informed by social-psychological, economic, and sociological theoretical frameworks of race relations, social capital, and spatial assimilation, I examine how immigrants’ decisions to move to classical versus nontraditional geographic areas are affected by local ethnic and immigrant composition, and how these effects vary by immigrant group and by duration of time in the U.S. Thus, this study shows whether classical spatial assimilation models fit the case of contemporary immigrants, as well as the extent to which contemporary immigrants exhibit new patterns of geographic settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we discuss the results of the analysis on neighborhood change as part of the larger study on residential mobility and child wellbeing that we are conducting. By using census data from the Neighborhood Change Data Base (NCDB), we analyzed neighborhood change in poverty level for the four decades from 1970 through 2000. To such a purpose we used latent class growth models belonging to the family of general growth mixture models. Results show the existence of four distinct sub-groups of neighborhoods which share similar pattern of growth over time: 1) low poverty neighborhoods; 2) neighborhoods with a persistent level of poverty; 3) neighborhood characterized by an increasing level of poverty ; and 4) neighborhoods expressing a decreasing level of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature indicates that stressful live events, including residential mobility, school mobility and caregiver inconsistency contribute to the occurrence of adolescence delinquency. Using a sample of incarcerated female adolescents, we examine the duration of alcohol and drug use and the duration of running away as it relates to number of homes, schools and caregivers. Findings indicate that the duration of substance abuse was longer for adolescents that changed schools frequently. Additionally, the duration of running away was longer for adolescents that changed schools and caregivers frequently, but was shorter for adolescents that changed caregivers often. Potential explanations and routes for future research are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between residential mobility and adolescent academic achievement and behavior problems. Specifically, it addresses how community and family protective factors (social capital) as well as geographic location buffer the negative effects of moving on children. This paper also explores the extent to which different dimensions of residential mobility affect specific adolescent outcome domains differently. Children's behavior problems and academic achievement test scores were compared across four survey waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006) and matched to data from their mothers' reports from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. This allows testing for the effects of residential mobility while controlling for other theoretically important factors, including child's age. The results suggest that locational characteristics are significant predictors for academic achievement after residential relocation while community and family protective factors affect behavior problems. The results also suggest that the negative effects of moving on behavior problems decrease as children get older. The findings indicate a more complex relationship among moving, social capital, and child outcomes than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent policy approaches to ameliorate the effects of concentrated poverty on individual well-being have used housing vouchers to allow families to move to higher opportunity neighborhoods. This paper uses quantitative and qualitative data from the MTO experiment in Baltimore to explore these patterns and the decision making processes behind them in greater detail. While some families made moves to low-poverty areas that persisted over time, the majority moved back to higher poverty or more segregated neighborhoods. Structural constraints like access to public transportation or ease of finding a place to use the voucher explain some of the reasons families ended up where they did. Yet we also find that families think of neighborhoods as only one component in a balancing act that is influenced by the constraints of life in poverty. Previous studies of how families make residential decisions largely consider residential mobility to be an example of utility maximizing behavior. To extend this, we explore how social structure interacts with individual behavior to shape residential mobility outcomes. The data support the notion that these families negotiate a constrained form of choice. On the one hand, low income families often see residential mobility as a chance to increase safety or maximize dwelling space. However, the interviews also highlight how poverty and socioeconomic status are not only about income constraints, but are also factors that shape families' perceptions about the opportunities that neighborhoods can provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical studies of spatial assimilation consistently reveal a significant racial gap in residential attainment between African Americans and whites. This persistent finding has led to a critique which argues that spatial assimilation theory should not be used when explaining the residential segregation of African Americans. However, that critique is often derived from interpretations based on cross-sectional data which do not take into account demographic context. In this paper I show that by using trend data and demographically appropriate measures, the gap between groups is consistent with interpretations derived from spatial assimilation theory. I present demographically adjusted exposure scores for educational categories of race and ethnic groups in Houston, Texas, between 1970 and 2000. This approach provides a finer distinction of the shifting dynamics of spatial assimilation over the study period. As expected by spatial assimilation theory, no amount of variation in socioeconomic status within the African American increased black exposure to whites in Houston in 1970. By 1980 higher status African Americans achieved greater spatial assimilation. The emerging pattern of spatial assimilation continues is apparent through demographically adjusted exposure indices through 2000. Interestingly, the pattern of African American exposure to the highest status whites slightly dips between 1990 and 2000. By relying on trend data and demographically appropriate measures, I demonstrate that spatial assimilation can be used to better understand changes in the residential mobility of African Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract available. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern cities experienced significant changes in the early 20th century. Yet the impact these changes, particularly the effects of the Great Migration, on family and residential patterns in the South have not been fully studied. This paper examines population change in Charleston, SC, over the 1900 to 1930 period. I begin by describing the processes used to link multiple samples of residents using census records from the 1900-1930 US Censuses. I then present preliminary analyses of the linked data. While the primary focus of these analyses is mobility within the city, substantial migration in and out of the city occurred during this period as well. Immigration to Charleston was low, but the Great Migration brought many rural residents to the city. The strategy of linking multiple samples over an extended period allows us to observe the characteristics of the population in relation to their migration status (inmigrants, outmigrants, stayers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]