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Tendons are soft connective tissues consisting of parallel collagen fibers embedded within an extracellular matrix. Blood supply to the tendon is reported to be poor and, as a result, healing often progresses slowly. Autogenic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic tendon transplantations have been performed in reconstructive tendon surgery; however, there is little information on fresh allogeneic tendon transplantation experimentally. The aim of this study is to evaluate fresh autogenous and allogenous tendon graft in the rabbit to determine which gives the better result, clinically and histopathologically. Ten 1-year-old male New Zealand Albino rabbits weighing 3.5 ± 0.5 kg were used in this study. In five rabbits (group I), about 3 cm of the superficial flexor tendon was resected and a created defect was filled with the same 3-cm harvested tendon and sutured with 2/0 polypropylene in a single modified Kessler suture pattern and the tendon sheath was sutured over the transplanted tendon completely. In the remaining five rabbits (group II), the harvested segment was changed between rabbits and created defects were filled with changed segment allogenous tendon, all other procedures were identical to group I. The main histopathological and gross evaluation showed graft acceptance by recipients in both groups. Our results showed that no significant tissue reaction or graft rejection was observed when fresh allogeneic tendon was transplanted in a rabbit model.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell-signaling molecule that has diverse biological functions. Recent evidence suggests that its production may regulate the metabolism of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of nitrite and nitrates (NO metabolites) during ectopic osteoinduction in rats. Eighteen male Sprague–Dawley rats (body weight 200–300 g) were used in this study. All animals were anesthetized and the right and left flank areas were shaved, and under aseptic conditions, a muscular pouch was created in each flank: the left was filled with 20 mg of demineralized bone matrix and the right remained empty (sham). Radiographs were taken at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery to trace the ectopic bone formation and muscle mineralization. Blood samples were taken before (as baseline values) and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery. The mean values of NO metabolites after 6 weeks were significantly higher (p

The term cryptorchid refers to hidden testicle. Cryptorchidism can be either uni- or bilateral. Unilateral cryptorchidism usually occurs more commonly than the bilateral condition. Left testicular cryptorchid has an intraabdominal location, while right cryptorchid testis tends to be in the inguinal canal. The incidence of cryptorchidism seems to be higher in purebred and inbred dogs than in mixed-breed dogs. Primary testicular neoplasms are common in older dogs. Testicular interstitial cell tumors are more common in older dogs, and these tumors most often occur in cryptorchid testicles. This report describes the left intrainguinal canal cryptorchidism with histopathological finding of Leydig cell tumors in cryptorchid testicle and seminoma in unaffected testicle.

Large bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors, osteitis, implant loosening, or corrective osteotomies require surgical therapy because spontaneous regeneration is limited to relatively small defects. Currently, transplantation of autografts or allografts, mineral bone substitutes, and callus distraction are the most commonly used techniques for skeletal reconstruction. Each method has significant limitations, e.g., availability and biological or biomechanical reasons. This study was designed to evaluate allograft and new xenograft (bovine fetal growth plate) effects on the bone healing process. Twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. In the allograft group, the defect was filled by fresh allogeneic cortical graft; in the xenograft group, the defect was filled by a segment of bovine fetal growth plate and was fixed by cerclage wire. Radiological, histopathological, and biomechanical evaluations were performed and results were scored and analyzed statistically. Statistical tests did not support significant differences between the two groups radiographically at the 14th postoperative day (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in bone formation at the 28th, 42nd, and 56th postoperative days. There were significant radiological differences for bone union and remodeling by the 42nd day postoperatively (P < 0.05). The xenograft was superior to the allograft by the 56th postoperative day for radiological bone formation (P < 0.03); histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between the two groups. It can be concluded that the superior bone healing process in the xenograft group was due to the presence of some osteoinduction proteins in bovine fetal growth plate.

The ureter is an important part of the urinary system that can be affected by several disorders such as congenital malformations, extensive iatrogenic ureteral obstruction, ureteritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, trauma, necrosis, calculi, tumors, etc. We wished to determine whether ovine fetal urachus duct will be accepted when used as a ureteral replacement material in other species. The ureters of five adult native dogs were approached through a ventral midline laparotomy incision. A segment of 3-cm midureter was resected unilaterally. The left ureteral segments were replaced with ovine fetal urachus duct using 5-0 PDS interrupted sutures. Internal ureteral catheter was left for 6 weeks. The patency of the ureters was assessed by intravenous pyelography at 2 and 8 weeks after the surgery, while inflammation and regeneration were assessed grossly and histologically. All five urachus transplantations were accepted successfully in radiological, macroscopical, and histological evaluation. The ovine fetal urachus seems to be an embryonic tissue of extremely low antigenicity and therefore suitable for transplantation.

To stimulate the process of bone healing, several methods have been used previously. These methods include use of ultrasound, electrical stimulation, exposure to electromagnetic field, bone graft, interporous hydroxyapatite (as a bone graft substitute). The aim of this study was evaluation of bone-defect healing with autogenous bone marrow concurrent with static magnetic field. Twenty adolescents, 2-kg-weighing, white New Zealand male rabbits were used in this study. In the control group (n = 10) mid-radii bone defect was created and filled with harvested bone marrow. In the experimental group (n = 10) the procedure was similar to control group with static magnetic application over the bone-defect area. Radiological, histopathological and evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically. The results show those experimental groups were superior to control group in radiological and histological evaluation.

This is a report of an unusual multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in the larynx of a Pekingese dog. A 5-year-old female Pekingese dog with a 1-month history of unexplained pain localized to an asymmetrical swelling of the neck together with lethargy and poor appetite was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of Shiraz University. Plain radiographs of the neck revealed ventral displacement of the trachea, with the space between the trachea and spine occupied by a soft tissue mass. Histopathology of the mass affirmed squamous cell carcinoma that affected the larynx. According to the history, clinical signs, radiology, necropsy findings, and histopathological examination, the case was diagnosed as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Cellulitis is a severe, deep, suppurative infection that is poorly defined and tends to dissect through tissue planes. When a foreign body enters the body, white blood cells attack the site and fight the invading agent. Sometimes, this collection of blood cells forms a packed of pus or an abscess within the body’s tissues, organs, or confined spaces. Chronic sinus tracks have been reported previously in the lumbar, paralumbar, and flank skin area in hunting dogs with grass awn and other migrating foreign bodies. Surprisingly, little information is published on histopathological changes about grass awn migration subcutaneously. This report describes histopathological characteristics of subcutaneous cellulitis of the thigh due to grass awn migration in a German shepherd dog.

Premature closure of a growth plate can result in angular deformity, limb shortening, or both. The condition, particularly in the distal radius and ulna, is not uncommon in dogs; the distal ulnar physis is commonly affected. Causes of premature closure may include growth plate trauma, abnormal nutrition, hereditary factors, and infection. A 6-month-old male German shepherd dog, weighting 19 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Shahrekord University, with a 5-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and persistent pyrexia associated with left forelimb lameness. Survey radiography revealed the premature closure of distal radial growth plate and moth-eaten osteolysis pattern of affected limb in comparison of normal forelimb. The present report describes clinical, paraclinical, and radiological findings of premature growth plate due to osteomyelitis conditions.

A 4-year-old male German shepherd with weight loss, alopecia, skin thickness, cachexia, black diarrhea, abnormal locomotion, and deformed nails was presented to the Veterinary Clinic of Shiraz University. The dog had not responded to antibiotic therapy, vitamin therapy, deworming, and ectoparasite treatment. All joints were intact by radiography. Leukocyte count was markedly raised. The concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, and albumin in serum were high. The result of a direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was positive (1:320 titer), and a dipstick test (rk39) confirmed visceral leishmaniasis in this case. No parasite was seen in touch smears and culture of spleen or in liver biopsy and bone marrow aspirate. Additionally, the result of polymerase chain reaction using specific primers (RV1, RV2) was negative.