1. Novel, user‐friendly landmarks for localizing Baxter's nerve: A cadaveric study
- Author
-
Inah Kim, Min Young Ahn, Yong Seok Nam, Minsuk Kang, Jong In Lee, and Kyung Eun Nam
- Subjects
Male ,Histology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medial malleolus ,Cadaver ,Humans ,Medicine ,Peripheral Nerves ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,0303 health sciences ,Foot ,business.industry ,030206 dentistry ,General Medicine ,Anatomy ,Middle Aged ,Lateral plantar nerve ,030301 anatomy & morphology ,Navicular tuberosity ,Female ,Calcaneus ,Anatomic Landmarks ,Quadratus plantae ,Ultrasonography ,business ,Cadaveric spasm - Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of Baxter's nerve (BN) has proven challenging for less experienced practitioners using ultrasonography due to a lack of adequate landmarks. This study aimed to establish novel, user-friendly anatomical landmarks and to describe useful structures to localize BN. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 10 fresh cadaveric feet and identified the interobserver agreement of measuring three surface landmarks: the most medially protruded point on the medial malleolus (P), the navicular tuberosity (Q), and the center of the calcaneus (B). Next, 24 fresh cadaveric feet were used to identify the point of BN entry into the quadratus plantae (QP) muscle, which corresponds to the proximal BN impingement site. The rectangular coordinate system consisted of the origin (point P), X-axis, extension line P-Q, and Y-axis (the perpendicular line to the X-axis). To consider various foot sizes, the X and Y values were divided by the P-Q length and were designated as the ratios X and Y. RESULTS Points P and Q showed smaller interobserver differences than that of point B. Ratios X and Y were 61.25 and 99.80%, respectively, for the QP. BN arose from the lateral plantar nerve in 20 of 24 specimens. The adjacent vessel was
- Published
- 2021