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Abstract Awareness about the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in the United States has increased during the last ten years. The increased awareness is reflected in the U.S. government's substantial efforts to address the problem of human trafficking through legislation including the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 and its four subsequent reauthorizations. Despite these policy efforts, addressing the needs of CSEC victims who are U.S.-born children continues to be a major challenge in the implementation of the federal anti-trafficking policy. This paper reviews and critiques the responses to CSEC in the United States. Following an overview of the literature on the identification, characteristics and needs of CSEC victims, the paper discusses issues in the identification of CSEC victims and their needs. Then, the paper examines and critiques the policy responses of the U.S to CSEC within its borders. Finally, the paper provides an overview of best practices for addressing the needs of CSEC victims and critiques the availability and accessibility of services. Implications and recommendations are discussed for each of the key issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to examine children's immigration status as predictors of immigration related psychological distress and poverty among household with unauthorized parents. Immigration related psychological distress included stressors associated with working in United States without legal working papers and living in constant fear of deportation. Poverty was assessed by looking into income-to-needs ratio. Children's immigration status accounted for unique significant variance for poverty. The results indicated that households with unauthorized children were more likely to experience poverty than households with mixed-status children. Similarly, household with mixed status children were more likely to experience poverty than household with documented children. Although immigration-related psychological distress initially differed by children's immigration status, these differences disappeared after accounting for the income-to-needs ratio, highlighting poverty as a key factor in this distress. The findings that households with unauthorized parents, regardless of their children's immigration status, face higher poverty rates and that poverty drives immigration-related distress highlights the need for policies like DAPA, which could alleviate economic hardship and mental health challenges for these families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child welfare agencies are increasingly required to leverage their limited resources to meet nearly limitless demands. As a result, agencies are searching for new opportunities to efficiently improve policy and practice, and advances in data availability and technology have brought increased attention to the utility of predictive modeling. While the literature has often highlighted the considerable potential of predictive models leveraging “big data”, discussions of the methodology and the associated best practices remain critically absent. To address this gap, this paper provides an illustrative case involving the development and testing of models used to predict the probability of whether U.S. foster children would achieve legal permanency. The models were trained and tested using a national administrative dataset of 233,633 foster care children that discharged from state child welfare systems in 2013. The optimal model, a boosted tree, predicted whether children would achieve permanency with 97.66% accuracy. The paper concludes with a discussion of best practices detailing how agencies can utilize predictive modeling to enhance policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Critically reviews the literature on interventions to support children with incarcerated parents. • Twenty-four studies reporting on child outcomes in the United States were reviewed. • Most research has focused on promoting parenting skills and improving visits. • Little research on programs supporting at-home caregivers. • Services are typically not developmentally specified and do not acknowledge systems of inequality. The United States' overreliance on incarceration has resulted in the imprisonment of millions of individuals – the majority of whom are parents of minor children. While mass incarceration has failed to effectively reduce crime or increase safety, it has dramatically harmed children and families in the United States. In turn, a wealth of research confirms the negative social, emotional, and psychological impacts of parental incarceration on children and the disproportionate impact on Black and Hispanic families and families living in poverty. As activists work towards dismantling this discriminatory and overly punitive system, it is also necessary to support children and adolescents currently impacted by parental incarceration. Using the Family Stress-Proximal Process (FSPP) model (Arditti, 2016) as a frame, the current paper critically reviews the literature on interventions to support children with incarcerated parents (CIP). The use of the FSPP frame highlights that while most intervention research has focused on promoting parenting skills of incarcerated parents and improving visit experiences, there is a dearth of research on interventions that (1) support at-home caregivers, (2) provide developmentally-targeted and −appropriate services and (3) acknowledge and counteract systems of inequality like structural racism and poverty that cause and exacerbate incarceration-related stress. These findings support a research agenda that prioritizes interventions framed around the intersectional identities of CIP and the intersecting systems that impact their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stigmatization of children with disabilities at school is a culturally widespread social justice challenge. The paper is the second of a two-part series. In the first paper (Haight, Kayama, Ku, Cho, & Lee, 2016), we described the problem of stigmatization from the perspectives of experienced elementary school educators in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the US. In this paper, we focus on the solutions provided by these same educators; specifically, their perspectives on socialization practices to minimize stigmatization and support the development of self for children with disabilities and their typically-developing peers. We conducted cross-cultural analyses of individual, semi-structured, audio recorded interviews with 26 Japanese, 43 South Korean, 16 Taiwanese and 18 US educators, including school social workers. Educators from all research sites described socialization practices to support children with disabilities and their typically-developing peers. For children with disabilities, US educators focused on individualized support provided in private to minimize stigmatization. East Asian educators intentionally involved peers in supporting children with disabilities. For typically-developing peers, educators described cultivating empathy (Japan), providing formal disability awareness programs (South Korea), teaching moral values (Taiwan) and respecting individual differences (US). We discuss these socialization practices within educators' sociocultural-historical contexts. Educators' perspectives can be used to develop culture- and stigma-sensitive intervention programs for children with disabilities and their peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stigmatization of individuals with disabilities is a widespread social justice issue. This paper introduces a study of disability, stigmatization and self for children with disabilities and their typically-developing peers. It is the first of two companion papers. It examines the problem of stigmatization from the perspectives of experienced elementary school educators practicing in diverse cultural contexts. We conducted cross-cultural analyses of individual, audio recorded interviews with 26 Japanese, 43 Korean, 16 Taiwanese and 18 US educators, including school social workers. Educators from all four cultural groups described disability and stigma as challenging children's development of self: children with disabilities may experience the self as isolated and inadequate, and typically-developing peers may experience the self as lacking culturally expected values of empathy and respect. Educators' understandings of children's experiences also were culturally nuanced. Educators variously described children with disabilities as experiencing a sense of not belonging [Japan], loss of motivation [South Korea], too much shame [Taiwan], and low self-esteem [US]. They variously described typically-developing children as challenged to show empathy [Japan], include children with disabilities in their peer group [South Korea], develop benevolence [Taiwan], and show respect for individual differences [US]. We contextualize educators' perceptions within their specific sociocultural-historical contexts. Our second paper will focus on solutions; specifically, educators' perspectives on how to minimize stigmatization and support the development of self for children with disabilities and their typically-developing peers. Together, these companion papers provide social workers with valuable perspectives for eliminating the stigmatization of children with disabilities in future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Black men are significantly underrepresented in family-based research. • Children experience positive outcomes when they experience male caregiver-child relationships. • Strategies to engage Black male caregivers in family-based programming are presented. • Cultural sensitivity, highlighting the value and empowerment of Black men were effective. • Implementing strategies may reduce disparities and promote a positive representation of Black men. Black men are less likely to participate in research studies due to historical abuses and mistrust, which has consequences for various health issues, including research to improve the sexual health and well-being of young girls and women. This paper aims to present strategies from research staff on how to engage Black male caregivers in family-based research. After our five Black research team members (i.e., researchers, recruiters, facilitators, and community liaisons) recruited 30 Black male caregivers into one-on-one interviews, ten into focus groups, six into theatre testing of an intervention, and 20 more into the pilot intervention, interviews explored their experiences engaging the targeted population in research. Interview questions included asking what strategies were successful, what challenges occurred, and future recommendations to engage Black male caregivers in research. Audio recordings and written response data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes included: 1) empowering Black communities through fatherhood initiatives, 2) utlizing culturally sensitive and respectful recruiters, 3) highlighting the value of Black men, and 4) implementing study materials enhancing positive representations of Black men. Implementing strategies to include Black men in family-based health research has the potential to reduce health disparities in the United States and increase their representation across the literature. These strategies will equip researchers to engage in research with minority and structurally-systemically disadvantaged groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Close oversight by a Community Coordinator, relationships built with community partners, and the use of telehealth were creative solutions used by the Infant Toddler Court Teams during COVID-19 to support timely access to services. • This study builds on a companion paper that examined receipt and access to child health services at multiple Infant-Toddler Court Teams prior to and during the first year of the pandemic and details the challenges faced and the solutions identified by ITCT partners to support access to child services in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic within the US. • Understanding the challenges and solutions faced by the Infant-Toddler Court Team Community Coordinators during COVID-19 will be important for future pandemics or crises that impact care for child welfare involved children. This qualitative study examines Infant-Toddler Court Teams' (ITCT) responses to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the accessibility and timeliness of services for children involved with an Infant Toddler Court Team (ITCT) within the United States. ITCTs utilize collaborative practice to improve, align, and integrate systems and build community capacity to improve outcomes for very young children and their families. This study reports findings from 350 transcripts of community partner interviews and an analysis of written case notes from ITCT Community Coordinators related to more than 700 instances of child service needs. We describe challenges faced and solutions and innovations developed by ITCTs to support and maintain child health services during the first year of the pandemic, as well as findings related to challenges associated with other types of services that reduced accessibility and timeliness. Understanding the challenges experienced and solutions developed can provide the child welfare field with insight and guidance on how to approach disruptions in care in the future and the persistent lack of service providers for court involved families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The home visiting field lacks a standard definition for what "high-quality" program implementation means. • We engaged experts from the field in a co-design process to develop a framework to understand home visiting quality. • The framework captures the multiple levels of the home visiting system and theorized key aspects of quality. Early childhood home visiting is a two-generation approach to promote positive health and well-being outcomes among people who are pregnant and families with infants and young children. A popular family support strategy for the past several decades, home visiting expanded exponentially in the United States when the federal Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program (MIECHV) was authorized in 2010 through a provision within the Affordable Care Act. MIECHV currently funds evidence-based home visiting services in underserved and historically marginalized communities in all 50 states, 22 tribes, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories. It is widely accepted that achieving intended child and family outcomes through home visiting services requires "high-quality" program implementation, but the field lacks a standard definition or empirical evidence for what "quality" means in the context of home visiting. With the rapid expansion of home visiting that has accompanied MIECHV, there is increased interest from the field in having a shared understanding of home visiting implementation quality that is applicable across models and accounts for dimensions of quality across the entirety of the home visiting implementation system. This paper describes the process used to develop a conceptual framework to understand home visiting quality. We engaged MIECHV awardees and other experts from the fields of home visiting, early childhood, implementation science, and health equity in a co-design process that involved initial brainstorming, a series of iterative framework drafts, and finalization of the model. The resulting framework captures the multiple levels (i.e., the contexts, agencies, entities, and individuals) that are part of the home visiting system and the theorized key aspects of quality that are applicable across the levels of the systems. We discuss potential uses of the conceptual framework, as well as lessons learned from the co-design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Child maltreatment is a complex problem requiring interdisciplinary collaboration. • A fellowships program was designed to support maltreatment prevention scholars. • The program created a densely connected interdisciplinary network of fellows. • Scientific collaborations between fellows increased over time. Child maltreatment is a complex problem requiring interdisciplinary collaborative research to generate innovative solutions. The Doris Duke Fellowships for the Promotion of Child Well-Being were designed to identify and nurture emerging scholars committed to child maltreatment prevention and create a supportive interdisciplinary learning network. This paper examines connectivity within the collaborative network created by the fellowships program using longitudinal social network data. Participants were 120 individuals selected as Doris Duke Fellows during their doctoral training at universities in the United States. Fellows completed annual, voluntary web-based surveys to assess their interactions with other fellows during the past year. Social network analysis methods were used to assess the strength and quality of the learning network over a four-year period. Across four years of data, there were increases in the number of connections, proportion of cross-cohort connections, and proportion of interdisciplinary connections. Network analyses showed a highly connected network consisting of primarily medium- and high-quality connections between fellows from different disciplines. The number of scientific journal articles authored by two or more fellows grew substantially over time. Findings indicate the collaborative network created by the fellowships program is growing and strengthening over time. The new Child Well-Being Research Network extends the fellowships network to a broader group of scholars and professionals to advance diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice in the field of child well-being research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Performance management systems provide child welfare agencies with tools to monitor program components, make real-time changes, and build an empirical base for the intervention. The two primary components of the performance management system discussed in this paper are balanced scorecards and dashboards. The goal is to provide an overview of the process, to describe how a performance management system was developed and the rationale behind it, and to provide examples of how the process was implemented at a national and site level. The paper provides an overview of performance management systems and an example of how performance management tools can be applied to child welfare agencies. These tools can assist in planning and quality improvement and can be used to support the ongoing development of an empirical base for service programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Juvenile court intake – the process in which state or local authorities determine whether to prosecute, divert, or dismiss alleged juvenile delinquency cases – is essential to juvenile justice administration and to juvenile justice goals. Yet it is generally under-studied and the roles of prosecutors and intake officers poorly understood. This paper operationalizes juvenile court intake using data from one southeastern state, with a focus on professionals' roles and relative power. Results demonstrate within-state variation in intake structures and procedures with regard to whether prosecutors or intake officers exert the greatest control. Further, results show that there is a geographic relationship to this variation – counties with heavy prosecutorial control are represented disproportionately among urban areas. Additional qualitative data offers insight into prosecutors' and intake officers' perspectives on each other's roles in intake. Findings indicate a range of questions to be explored in future research examining whether and how different intake structures affect intake decisions. • The roles and power of prosecutors and intake officers varies significantly. • Significant variation exists within a state subject to a uniform legal structure. • Counties with heavy prosecutorial control are disproportionately urban. • Proportion of African-Americans is higher among intake officers than prosecutors. • Qualitative data suggest prosecutors and intake officers view intake differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for childhood disruptive behavior disorders, such as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), have limited availability in community settings. Recent research highlights the importance of implementation support models to ensure full adoption and sustainability of an EBT. Although other EBT protocols have been disseminated using the learning collaborative (LC) model, these methods are only now being applied to PCIT. This paper will describe the first PCIT learning collaborative conducted in the US. Community clinicians successfully completing the program demonstrated high levels of treatment fidelity and coding reliability, and families who completed treatment through the program reported significant improvements in child internalizing and externalizing behaviors and parenting behaviors and stress. These preliminary results suggest community clinicians are successful in implementing PCIT with the support of the LC. • Community clinicians learning PCIT show high levels of fidelity and reliability. • Children exhibit improved internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. • Parents show improved interactions with children and reduced parenting stress. • Training completion varied with clinician comfort with EBTs and coaching parents. • Treatment completion did not vary by client or community characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Familial economic hardship, an adverse childhood experience (ACE) that increases children's risk for exposure to additional ACEs, can derail optimal child development. A compelling area with potential for reducing economic hardship and promoting healthy child development is housing. In the US, the largest contributor to family wealth is homeownership, which may contribute to a family's ability to provide their children opportunities to do better than previous generations. The objective of the current study was to examine the influence of homeownership on children's economic outcomes in adulthood. This study used data from two surveys conducted in the US, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Young Adult survey, to examine the association between mothers' homeownership in 1994 and children's economic outcomes 20 years later. Adults whose mothers owned homes in 1994 were over 1.5 times more likely to own homes, attained higher education, and were moderately less likely to receive public assistance in 2014 compared to adults whose mothers did not own homes. This paper highlights the potential of homeownership to break the intergenerational continuity of poverty. Programs that help families purchase affordable housing hold promise in helping ensure children reach their full potential and improving economic outcomes in future generations. Highlights • Preventing economic hardship is critical to assuring children's health and well-being. • Homeownership is the largest contributor to family wealth and economic security. • Mothers' homeownership related to children's economic outcomes 20 years later. • Promoting homeownership may improve economic outcomes in future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract While the body of research on effective interventions for children and young people who experience commercial sexual exploitation is growing, much remains unknown regarding intervention needs, particularly in relation to the role of residential care in meeting those needs. In an effort to fill the gap in this research, this paper will report on a study comparing case files for girls victimized (n = 73) and not victimized (n = 62) by commercial sexual exploitation who were living in a residential care setting in a large southwestern city in the United States. Findings indicate that sexually exploited girls were more likely to report experiences of child sexual abuse, substance misuse/addiction, dating violence, and gang affiliation; they were also significantly more likely to run away from the group home facility and be identified as having an ‘unsuccessful discharge’. In the second part of the article we will consider the results of this study in the context of a wider discourse on how best to intervene in the lives of CSEC survivors in the United States and throughout the world. Highlights • Comparing girls with CSEC experiences to those without helps understand their needs. • CSEC experiences are associated with gang involvement, drug use, and dating violence. • Girls who experienced CSEC are more likely to run away from a group home setting. • Traditional interventions may not be best suited to help and protect CSEC victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: “Accounts at birth” is an important idea at the frontier of savings and asset-building policy. How to make them effective is an important topic for research. This paper presents ideas and initial findings from the experience of American Indian nations—America''s first asset-builders—with such policies. It describes the motivations for creating “minors'' accounts,” which are offered by approximately 70 tribes. These tribes are the only jurisdictions in the nation to offer universal, unrestricted accounts for children. Increasingly, they also are using conditions and incentives to promote their policy goals. Their experiences offer important insights for mainstream policy makers and program managers (in the United States and elsewhere) about how to design effective children''s accounts policy. The paper closes by stressing a two-way flow of information, as ideas and research findings from non-tribal communities offer new ways to strengthen tribal minors'' account policies and further Native nations'' welfare-enhancing goals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the SEED Initiative, twelve community-based organizations (CBOs) across the United States and its territories were chosen to offer CDAs, establish best practices in delivering CDAs and demonstrate “proof of concept.” Since the inception of the SEED Initiative, a second wave of CDA programs has emerged at the local level. The purpose of this paper is to analyze these community and city-wide CDA innovations in the U.S. and to examine the role that CBOs play in these innovations. First, this paper explores the theory behind CBO engagement in asset building and the roles CBOs typically play at the local level. Second, this paper describes the specific roles performed by CBOs in the SEED Initiative and analyzes their relative strengths and weaknesses in delivering CDAs. Third, the paper describes several newer city-wide innovations that are designed to deliver CDAs on a larger scale and explains the role that CBOs play or may play in these innovations. Finally, the paper concludes with several key recommendations about the proper role for CBOs in providing support for CDA initiatives at the community level, city level, and beyond. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In comparison to much of the industrialized world, there is a dearth of family policy in the United States. This paper will demonstrate that one of the key reasons for the limited policies is the limited nature of the debate as a result of the way in which potential policies affecting children and families are framed. It will further examine the role of interest groups in this framing. In conclusion, this paper will provide suggestions for change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Research focused on the impact of community-based services and treatment interventions designed to intervene in the lives of runaway and homeless youth has increased in the last two decades in the U.S. and internationally. In light of the tremendous need for identifying effective strategies to end homelessness and its associated problems among youth, this paper summarizes and critiques the findings of the extant literature including U.S., international, and qualitative studies. Thirty-two papers met criteria for inclusion in the review. Among the conclusions are that comprehensive interventions which target the varied and interconnected needs of these youth and families may be worthy of more study than studies that isolate the intervention focus on one problem. Also, more research incorporating design strategies that increase the reliability and validity of study findings is needed. Other preliminary conclusions and future directions are offered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Over the past decade, the US welfare system has undergone a major transformation. How has welfare reform affected children and families, and the child welfare system? This paper provides an overview of welfare reform and its effects on children and families. It then reviews the reasons that there might be links between welfare reform and the child welfare system and the evidence on these links. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Immigration-related family separation is a crisis in the US. • There are many forms of immigration-related family separation. • Immigration-related family separation leads to poorer education outcomes for children. • Length of time of separation leads to poorer outcomes for immigrant children. • Family separation affects children from all countries and regions of origin. Forced separation of immigrant children from their parents in 2018 spurred calls for immigration reform. Research shows that immigrant children experience separation from parents during the immigration process for many reasons and that they experience a wide range of negative outcomes. This paper builds on the scholarship exploring the relationship between family separation and education outcomes of US immigrant children. Using the sample of immigrant children (n = 94,731) in the 2010–2018 American Community Survey, this study analyzes the association between separation and the likelihood of a peer education gap using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis. This paper supports prior scholarship and finds that immigrant children who experience separation are over 35% more likely to experience a peer education gap. It adds to the literature by exploring patterns of immigrant children from all countries of origin and examining the effects of length of separation on education outcomes. While children from all places of origin experience separation, the percentage of such children is much smaller when children come from wealthier countries and regions and, more importantly, the length of separation is much longer for immigrant children from poorer countries. This study finds that the length of separation correlates with poorer education outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Truancy has long been regarded a common problem in urgent need of effective intervention. Knowledge about factors associated with truancy can guide the development and implementation of interventions. Method This paper examined trends in truancy rates between 2002 and 2014 and correlates of truancy across racial/ethnic groups. Variables of interest included sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, gender, socio-economic background), behavioral factors (e.g., substance use, violence), and psychosocial factors (e.g., academic engagement, grades, parental control). Using data from a large sample of adolescents ( n = 209,393; 12–17 years) we estimated truancy prevalence rates and examined trends and correlates via regression analyses. Results Truancy rates remained constant between 2002 (10.8%) and 2014 (11.1%). Rates were highest among older youth, females, and Hispanic youth. For all racial/ethnic groups, truancy was significantly correlated with alcohol and marijuana use, fighting, the propensity to take risks, and lower academic engagement and school grades. Other factors were differentially associated with racial/ethnic groups. This divergence in risk patterns for different racial/ethnic groups points to some heterogeneity among truant youth. Discussion Despite truancy reduction efforts, truancy rates have remained stable. Efforts to prevent truancy and to intervene with truant youth may need to target risk factors more prevalent in specific racial/ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Finnish Baby Box provides parents of newborns with a wide range of infant clothing and other basics. • The cardboard box in which the infant can sleep was emphasized by the media and commercial companies outside Finland. • The box preventing SIDS was advanced by private companies and the media. • This was less the case in Wales and Scotland, a result of their being governed by authorities with a "left" orientation. For over 80 years the Finnish state has provided expectant mothers with a cardboard box containing an extensive collection of clothing, bathing products for the baby, nappies, bedding and a small mattress. Numerous jurisdictions have implemented it in some form. We investigated through a critical case study methodology whether its translation into the liberal welfare states of Canada, UK, and USA experienced message distortion (the box as a means of preventing SIDS), commercialization, watering down of content; and separation from the complex of Finnish welfare state policies that support families with children. We find that only Scotland and Wales recognized the decommodification and equity roles played by the baby box. This study identified numerous barriers to building progressive public policy in Canada, UK, and USA: the structures and processes of the liberal welfare state, commercial interests that skew public policymaking and media logic that limits news reporting to the concrete and simple, eschewing complex analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A review of social work's relationships with youth serving carceral systems in the United States. • The racialized origins of child welfare, juvenile justice, and school policing. • An examination of social work's professional values alongside these carceral practices. • Critical questions and guidance for the future of the profession. This paper traces social work's historical and current relationships with three major child and youth serving carceral systems in the United States—the child welfare system, the juvenile justice system, and school policing. In each section, we examine the racialized origins of these systems and the current practices that perpetuate racial harm, particularly for Black children, youth and families. Given this knowledge, we consider if social work's stated professional values to oppose racism, injustice, and oppression can exist alongside the carceral practices that these systems perpetuate. The article concludes with critical questions and guidance for the future of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stably nonemployment is most strongly associated with low income and poverty but not material hardship. • Unstably employed households, particularly those that experience only job losses are more likely to have material hardship than consistently employed households. • The safety net as a whole appears to be more effective for nonworking households than for unstably working households. • In-kind transfers appear more important for unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households facing job losses. • Cash transfers effectively buffer against the negative impact of stably nonemployment. Labor market structures and job characteristics have changed in the United States over the last few decades – often making work more unpredictable. Employment instability, or job churning, may have distinct consequences for households' economic well-being. Meanwhile, American social policies have shifted from cash-based benefits toward in-kind and work-conditioned programs. Yet, we know little about how social programs buffer the financial hardships imposed by economic shocks due to job churning. This paper harnesses novel data collected at 3-month intervals to study the associations between household members' employment trajectories and (1) household income packages, (2) poverty status, and (3) material hardships, paying particular attention to whether government benefit receipt buffers against the adverse financial consequences of unstable employment. We find that consistent unemployment is most strongly associated with low income and poverty but not material hardship. Unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households and experienced only job losses are significantly more likely to experience material hardship than consistently employed households. Our results also suggest that cash transfers effectively buffer against the negative impact of persistent unemployment, while in-kind transfers appear more important for unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households. Together, these results highlight the roles and extent of impacts of cash, in-kind benefits, and the tax system, which can inform future policy recommendations in an age of high levels of economic insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• InPlace® Learning is a feasible and acceptable approach to suicide prevention education for youth services workers in a large and varied workforce. • InPlace® Learning participants demonstrated knowledge and increased self-efficacy in suicide prevention skills. • Perception of training relevance and potential for transfer to practice was strong across human services roles and settings. • Leveraging implementation science frameworks and strategies strengthened the workforce education suicide prevention initiative. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for youth in the U.S. and equipping clinical and non-clinical staff in youth services to address suicide concerns is a challenge. This paper evaluates InPlace Learning, an innovative and sustainable blended learning approach to suicide prevention workforce education in youth services. InPlace Learning combines group video-guided workshops, follow-up Q&A via web-based 'office hours', and continual learning through job aids and brief refreshers. Hillside identified 25 programs to adopt InPlace Learning for suicide prevention training, and 1,162 staff to participate in the training. The purpose of the first phase of this program evaluation was to evaluate the feasibility of this approach, including examining adoption and reach of InPlace Learning, as well as education outcomes for staff, including knowledge, self-efficacy, and transfer of learning. The program evaluation sample consisted of 556 staff who completed post-training evaluations. Ten staff shared their experience and feedback through post-training interviews. Results show that 100 % (N = 25) of programs adopted InPlace Learning and 64 % of staff participated in the training, showing evidence of reach. Post-training evaluations indicated participants learned skills in suicide prevention. Self-efficacy in connecting around and assessing and responding to suicide concerns rose significantly for both clinical and non-clinical staff. Non-clinical staff who had lower ratings for self-efficacy before training showed the greatest gains post-training. The perception of transfer of learning to practice was high. Staff interview data aligned with quantitative findings. Taken together, these findings indicate that InPlace Learning is a feasible and acceptable approach to suicide prevention workforce education in youth services with a positive impact on educational outcomes for staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 340 Citizen Review Panels (CRPs) continue to engage thousands of volunteers across the United States to improve their state and local child protection services (CPS) systems. Despite sharing a common federal mandate, they differ widely across states in their structure and function. Very little is known about their effectiveness. Available evidence points to persistent challenges of capacity to fulfill their mandate, and difficult relationships with their respective CPS systems. This paper outlines the actions at the federal level in the development of CRPs, and argues that the mandate is largely misunderstood, the panels are neglected as institutions, and consequently, severely underutilized. Recommendations to improve their relevance and effectiveness are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes empirical differences in adoption services of public and private agencies. The empirical investigation includes cross-sectional time series aggregated data for the 50 states within the United States from 1996 to 2010 with detailed statistical analysis of the period from 2000 through 2010 for which consistent and comprehensive data exists. Under private agencies, only 11.6 months elapse from the time the courts terminate the natural parents' custody until the child is adopted, while with public agencies the same process lasts for 16 months. Furthermore, during the decade from 1996 to 2006 private agencies completed more adoptions than public agencies. However, the performance gap in favor of private agencies was eliminated in 2006 and in the following years. The results suggest that privatization of adoption of young and healthy children did not show an advantage for private services. However, transitioning adoption services to private agencies for older children or children with complex special needs, improves the adoption services compared with those of public agencies. Subsidization especially improves the adoption of older children and of all children with special needs while it appears to be statistically insignificant or implied as unnecessary for healthy babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance use among Latino adolescents continues to be a growing concern for researchers and clinicians. This paper reviews relevant literature regarding the impact of inter-parental conflict (IPC), deviant peer associations (DPA) and parenting behaviors, namely as parental support, psychological control, and parental monitoring knowledge on substance use among Latino adolescents. Although mediating models of IPC and similar parenting behaviors on adolescent externalizing behaviors have been represented in empirical studies, none have included the influence of peer associations or have analyzed these factors with substance use among Latino adolescents in the U.S. This study investigated direct relationships of IPC and DPA with adolescent substance use, and tested parental support, psychological control and parental monitoring knowledge as mediators between those relationships in Latino adolescents. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze direct and indirect relationships of the variables mentioned among 744 Latino adolescents. Results indicated that DPA was positively associated with substance use, parental monitoring knowledge was negatively associated with substance use and that parental monitoring knowledge partially mediated the relationship between DPA and substance use. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of areas of focus for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite some reductions in recent years, African American children in the United States continue to be disproportionately placed into out-of-home care. This paper describes a secondary analysis of data collected by Minnesota's African American Disparities Committee to identify whether factors in the casework process were contributing to Minnesota's extreme rates of disproportionality. The study, first described in a 2005 Minnesota Department of Human Services report, identified over 200 non-Hispanic, non-immigrant, white and African American child neglect cases substantiated in 2001 in four counties. Cases were then followed until case closure or for at least 18 months following the time of report to detail the casework process. This analysis used recursive partitioning to more accurately identify primary factors and potential interactions related to worker decision-making. African American and white children were matched by type of neglect, gender, age group, and county using administrative data. After rigorous data cleaning, 81 matched pairs were identified from a final sample of 180 cases. The progress of the children through the system was evaluated for potential race-based differences in the decision to refer a child for ongoing placement. Number of children, age, history of maltreatment, and report source were associated with placement decisions. Logistical regression follow-ups did not identify race-based interaction effects on placement decisions. However, African American cases statistically differed from white counterparts on presence of biological father and number of children in the household, identity of the perpetrator, parental and household risk factors, and whether an informal placement was arranged by police, some of which were associated with placement. Results are informed by a more detailed, qualitative follow-up analysis in a separate article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1968 and 2013, the poverty rate of young children age 0 to 5 years fell by nearly one third, in large part because of the role played by anti-poverty programs. However, young children in the U.S. still face a much higher rate of poverty than do older children in the U.S. They also continue to have a much higher poverty rate than do young children in other developed countries around the world. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of trends in poverty and the role of anti-poverty programs in addressing poverty among young children, using an improved measure of poverty, the Supplemental Poverty Measure. We examine changes over time and the current status, both for young children overall and for key subgroups (by child age, and by child race/ethnicity). Our findings can be summarized in three key points. First, poverty among all young children age 0–5 years has fallen since the beginning of our time series; but absent the safety net, today's poverty rate among young children would be identical to or higher than it was in 1968. Second, the safety net plays an increasing role in reducing the poverty of young children, especially among Black non-Hispanic children, whose poverty rate would otherwise be 20.8 percentage points higher in 2013. Third, the composition of support has changed from virtually all cash transfers in 1968, to about one third each of cash, credit and in-kind transfers today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Indian Child Welfare Act is a federal law that applies to American Indian children and families involved in the child welfare system. • Evidence on ICWA effectiveness was overall generally positive, with some mixed results across outcomes, including foster care placement, adoption, and reunification. • Implementation issues included child welfare employee characteristics and actions, logistical challenges, assessment issues, and stakeholder interaction. This paper is a systematic review of studies that examined the implementation and/or effectiveness of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). ICWA was enacted in 1978 in response to the disproportionate number of American Indian children in non-American Indian out-of-home placements and to enhance the stability of American Indian families and tribes. Searches of 7 bibliographic databases and 3 advocacy organization websites yielded 408 studies completed since November 1978. Following duplicate removal and double-independent screening based on a priori inclusion criteria, 16 studies were included for review. Studies on the effectiveness of ICWA were mixed, though numerous positive results were found. Several studies found that children were placed with relatives or tribal affiliates in accordance with ICWA. One study also found active efforts to prevent the break-up of the family. Studies on the implementation of ICWA found limited capacity for many ICWA programs, improvements from cultural training, underfunding for many programs, lack of tracking systems, use of qualified experts, communication with tribes, and identification practices for American Indian children. Noteworthy facilitators of ICWA implementation included use of Child and Family Service plans and case worker training on ICWA. Barriers to ICWA included cultural differences between tribes and the child welfare system, lack of a specific unit dedicated to American Indian child welfare, and a lack of American Indian foster homes and tribal resources to respond to notices. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mothers have experienced a significant amount of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders in the US, which can have major implications for children's health and development; attention should be paid to developmental timing and unfolding of developmental trajectories following this pandemic. • Mothers have used a variety of strategies to cope; as more parents navigate social disruptions, they may benefit from additional resources and supports, such as innovations in childcare modalities, paid leave policies, and strengthening whole family processes using adaptive coping mechanisms. • Mothers with low income and/or children with special needs may experience more vulnerability to the sequalae of the pandemic; it is important to provide financial security, mental health, and educational and social support to relieve stress during the pandemic. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of mothers' lived experiences during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United States. An analysis of open-ended interviews with 44 mothers who had children ages zero-to-five identified two main themes: (1) increased stress among mothers; and (2) resilience through the use of coping mechanisms. The findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to higher stress among mothers due to issues of work-family life balance, family and children's needs, decision-making about getting sick, concerns for children's development, and lack of clarity from government officials. Mothers described using a variety of problem-focused and emotion-focused methods to cope with this stress. The lived experiences of mothers during the pandemic highlights the need for innovations in childcare modalities, paid leave policies to relieve stress, and strengthening whole family processes and resilience through the use of coping mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serious child illness and hospitalization can have a lasting negative impact on children and their families. Pediatric psychosocial care (PPC) approaches are implemented to promote child resilience within medical settings and to optimize quality of life for children affected by chronic health conditions. However, numerous opportunities remain to adopt best practices and enhance the well-being of children facing illness and hospitalization in the United States and globally. This paper situates contemporary approaches to PPC within their historical context, beginning in the early 20th century. Prominent theories that guide PPC professionals' work with hospitalized children and their families are reviewed, highlighting the practical implications of these theories for family systems-oriented practitioners working with hospitalized children. An approach to integrating theory with practice for the eclectic practitioner is illustrated using a hypothetical case study. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations for building the evidence base for PPC through theory-driven research and quality improvement initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Private Child Welfare Agencies (PCWAs) perform while navigating dynamic contexts. • Little empirical evidence identifying complexity factors impacting PCWA performance. • We found PCWAs strategies managed their inter-dependent and self-organizing nature. This paper studies the performance outlook of private child welfare agencies (PCWAs) from a complexity theory lens. We argue that even though these agencies play a key role in delivering safety net services for families, while navigating dynamic environments, there is little empirical evidence identifying concrete complexity factors (i.e., inter-dependence, unpredictability and self-organization) and examining their impact on agency performance. To address this gap, we first conceptualize PCWAs as complex systems as they exhibit the three factors of interest. Then, we operationalize inter-dependence as the number and diversity of services provided, fiscal unpredictability based on managerial report, and self-organization as agency use of inter-organizational ties requiring heavy investment of agency resources. This study presents results from a survey data analysis of 229 PCWA managers in six states in the United States. Results show PCWAs efforts to adapt to organizational complexity can also pose a burden in meeting the needs of consumers and frontline staff. Nonetheless, external accountability through accreditation and a transformational leadership style that is characterized by compassion and attention to front-line workers' individual needs and goals may be promising strategies to manage the inter-dependent and self-organizing nature of private child welfare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a 2018 report by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, more than 400,000 students live in foster care. Among other obstacles to success, involvement in the child welfare system is associated with negative school outcomes, including school instability, disproportionate placement in restrictive special education settings, and risk of school disengagement. Educational professionals, such as teachers, administrators, school psychologists, counselors, social workers, and paraprofessionals, are positioned to help reduce risks of school failure and promote educational resilience for students in foster care by providing safe and supportive school services. When engaging in the provision of school-based services, there are several legal obligations which educators must follow in order to uphold the rights of students in foster care and promote student resilience. The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature regarding educational professionals' legal obligations when serving students in foster care. Actionable recommendations that increase the likelihood of student success are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the large majority of the research literature on kinship care in the United States has focused on the similarities and differences between children and caregivers in “public” or “formal” vs. “private” or “informal” care. Our understanding of children's living arrangements in the homes of their relatives, however, is becoming more nuanced and complex. The stark differences between public and private care are increasingly mediated by hybrid kinship models that may be government facilitated, but are not considered fully public in nature. This paper lays out a framework for understanding the multiple custodial options available to non-indigenous children in the United States who need alternative care from a related adult. We introduce a taxonomy in which care arrangements are characterized as state mandated, state mediated, or state independent. The variability in custodial arrangements raises questions about the routes by which children arrive to care, and the sorting process that shuttles children into arrangements that may offer more or fewer services and supports. Policies that promote consistency within care types are recommended. Practices that make more transparent access across models and a research agenda to fill gaps in knowledge are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of the Child Support Performance and Incentive Act (CSPIA) of 1998 on the establishment of child support orders for never-married mothers who receive welfare assistance compared to those that do not. We primarily focus on the first year of motherhood after the birth of the first child. Using Survey on Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data, we find that CSPIA changed the provision of service by 12 percentage points between these two groups, largely due to a significant increase in child support orders for non-welfare families; CSPIA did not substantially alter the order establishment rate for families receiving welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Congress priorities the immigration debate on increased border security, the fate of an estimated 11 million undocumented citizens remains uncertain. Stuck in between partisan politics and practical solutions are mixed-status families in which some members of the family are U.S. citizens while other members are in the country without proper authorization. This paper, examines the relationship between risk of deportation and Medicaid use drawing from a nationally sample of mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey. These data are then merged with data from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to create a contextual risk of deportation measure. Findings suggest that an increase in risk of deportation is associated with a decrease in Medicaid use. The implications of this work have tremendous impacts for health service providers and policy makers interested in preventing and reducing health disparities in complex family structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides a framework for strengthening youth participation in civic engagement, especially within the field of social work. Through a review of peer-reviewed social work literature over the last decade, this paper explores the central question: How does the CRC shape social work scholarship about youth participation in civic engagement? We find that the CRC is reflected in scholarship' outside of the U.S., while U.S. social work scholarship rarely draws on the CRC and concepts related to child rights. This results in qualitative differences between youth civic engagement scholarship in countries where the CRC has been ratified and scholarship in the U.S., with divergent research and practice models for working with youth. Non-U.S. social work literature offers framing, perspectives, and practice examples that can be of value for positioning youth civic engagement within U.S. social work practice. We discuss the implications of the CRC for youth participation in civic engagement in the U.S. and explore potential future directions for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportion of children born out of wedlock is now over 40%. At birth, about half of these parents are co-habiting. This paper examines data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study (N = 4271) to describe for the first time the role of welfare state benefits in the economic lives of married, cohabiting, and single parent families with young children. Surprisingly, total welfare state benefits received by the three family types are relatively similar. Nearly half of the full incomes of fragile families come from welfare state transfers. For single parent families the proportion is slightly more than two thirds. Though aggregate welfare state transfers are approximately equal across family type and thus change very little as marital status changes, these transfers and the taxes required to finance them cushion family status changes and substantially narrow the gap in full income between married and fragile families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking of young people is a social problem of growing concern. This paper reports selected findings from an evaluation of three programs serving domestic minor victims of human trafficking. Participants in this study were funded to identify and serve male and female victims of sex or labor trafficking who were less than 18 years old and were U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents. Programs provided case management and comprehensive services, either directly or through community collaboration. Evaluation data included data on client characteristics, service needs and services delivered; key informant interviews with program staff and partner agencies; and case narrative interviews in which program staff provided in-depth descriptions of clients' histories. All clients served were known or believed to be sex trafficked. The majority of clients needed crisis intervention, safety planning, educational support, mental health services, and employment services. Although they were diverse in terms of demographics and circumstances, two common patterns were of homeless young people exchanging sex to meet survival needs and young people were emotionally engaged with their trafficker. Key findings include the diversity of trafficked minors, the challenge of initial and continued engagement with service delivery, the structural and resource barriers to long-term support for young people, and the potential contribution of programs specifically addressing trafficked minors. A framework linking services to young people's circumstances and outcome areas is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that children with involved and engaged fathers tend to have more positive outcomes relative to physical, cognitive, and social emotional health. Of children who become involved in the child welfare system, involving multiple parents in the case (e.g. mother and father) often results in a greater chance of a child returning home, fewer placement episodes, and reduced trauma that may be caused by separation anxiety. With the rise of single parenting homes (which are mostly maternal) in the United States, child welfare agencies are examining the efficacy of engaging multiple caregivers (esp. fathers) in the child welfare process. Research suggests that in order to involve fathers in child welfare processes, practices and policies must be intentional in implementing systems and protocols that encourage involvement of all parents regardless of relationship status of the parents. However, few child welfare agencies are required to inquire about fathers or involve fathers in the child’s case. The purpose of this paper is to highlight efforts of the Connecticut Comprehensive Outcome Review (CCOR) process and discuss challenges and lessons learned from interviews and listening forums/focus groups that included social workers and fathers who are involved in the child welfare system in the state of Connecticut. Recommendations and considerations on engaging and involving fathers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen years has passed since the Chafee Foster Care Independence Program was created under the Social Security Act, which marked an increased role of the U.S. federal government in supporting foster care youth to independence. It was not until the National Youth in Transition Database (NYTD) was launched in 2010 that all 50 states reported standard data on receipt of the 13 types of Chafee independent living services. This paper, which draws on the first two years of NYTD data, analyzes Chafee service receipt across the U.S. among youth in foster care (ages 16–21). About half of the 131,204 youth included in this analysis received at least one type of Chafee service, and considerable variation existed in the proportion of youth that received each of the 13 specific types of services. Females were more likely than males to receive all but one type of service, and African Americans were less likely to receive most of the services. An interaction effect indicated that Black youth were significantly less likely to receive services in large urban areas than other racial/ethnic groups. Young people with disabilities or medical/psychological conditions were generally more likely to receive services than youth without disabilities. Youth in large urban regions receive fewer services than youth residing in other areas, and substantial variation exists between states in proportions of service recipients. Recommendations are made for targeting services, future data collection, and research, including suggestions on ways to improve measurement of Chafee services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Differences in income explain some racial inequities in child welfare contact. • Differences in hardship do not explain racial inequities in child welfare contact. • Material hardship predicts child welfare contact across racialized groups. Child protective services (CPS) contact is consistently linked with poverty in the US, and empirical evidence is mounting to indicate that disparate exposure to income poverty explains a substantial portion of racial inequities in CPS involvement. Evidence about the different distributions of income poverty and material hardship also suggests that income poverty may not sufficiently capture economic wellbeing among families. This paper assessed whether differences in exposure to income poverty and/or material hardship explain racial inequities in CPS contact and further examined whether income poverty and material hardship predict CPS contact differently within racialized groups. We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), an urban cohort representative of births in large US cities in 1998–2000. The FFCWS data are ideal for this study in capturing each of the key constructs: racialized group membership, income, material hardship, and CPS contact. We measured income poverty and material hardship when children were age 1 and measured any CPS contact by age five. Our final sample included 3,517 families, including 1,848 Black, 614 white, and 1,055 Latinx families. We employed logistic regression to assess the associations between income poverty and material hardship, independently and jointly, and CPS contact. We conducted analyses in our full analytic sample and among subsamples of the Black, white, and Latinx families. We found that differences in income-to-poverty ratio account for differences in CPS contact between Black and white families. Differences in CPS contact between Black and Latinx families were not explained by economic wellbeing measures alone but were ameliorated when differences in income poverty, material hardship, and a full set of family characteristics were considered. Additionally, we found that material hardship was a consistent predictor of CPS contact in the full sample and within each of the Black, white, and Latinx subsamples, even accounting for differences in income and other family characteristics. The clear role of income poverty in explaining inequities in CPS contact between Black and white families and the consistent importance of material hardship in predicting CPS contact across all families underscore the critical importance of reducing income poverty and hardship and of distinguishing material need from maltreatment in the context of CPS. Our findings offer clear implications for policy intervention to reduce income poverty and material hardship. Such interventions might include extending the temporarily expanded Child Tax Credit and expanded food and housing assistance benefits, toward the ends of supporting child and family wellbeing and reducing economic and racial inequities in CPS contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In all states, public and private child welfare agencies partner in an effort to deliver effective and accountable services to children and families (Collins-Camargo, Ensign, & Flaherty, 2008). While anecdotal information suggests that managers in competitive markets have incentives to carefully select and implement performance management strategies (McBeath, Briggs, & Aisenberg, 2009; Smith, 2010), little is known about the effectiveness of these strategies. This paper explores managerial perceptions regarding the usefulness of three techniques for performance management: supervisory review within the human resources model; priority review within internal processes; and outcomes management within the rational goal model. Managerial perceptions of the effectiveness of these efforts are examined in relation to organizational characteristics, capacity, and interagency competition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A central hypothesis of Child Development Accounts (CDA) suggests that savings accounts in childhood lay a foundation for connecting to mainstream banking institutions and diversifying asset portfolios in young adulthood and beyond. While children may have limited savings to invest initially, they are financial actors who may increasingly invest money into different types of savings products over time. This paper uses propensity score weighted, longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its supplements to examine the types of financial and nonfinancial assets owned by young adults and whether or not they are more likely to own these assets when they have savings accounts as children. The most commonly owned assets in young adulthood included savings accounts (89%), vehicles (54%) and credit cards (51%). Smaller percentages owned stocks (9%), bonds (6%), and homes (8%). On average, young adults owned two to three different assets. Having savings accounts in childhood was associated with being two times more likely to own savings accounts, two times more likely to own credit cards, and four times more likely to own stocks in young adulthood, compared to not having savings accounts in childhood. Young adults' ownership of more total financial assets was also associated with having savings accounts in childhood. Findings provide some supporting evidence of demand for children's savings accounts. Policy endeavors that remove barriers to account ownership may be advantageous for children and mainstream banks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, research examining determinants and consequences of the means-tested child care subsidy program (the Child Care and Development Fund [CCDF]) has grown dramatically. To measure subsidy utilization, existing studies typically rely on parent-reported measures of subsidy receipt drawn from large surveys. As the research literature on child care subsidies has grown, however, so have concerns about the trustworthiness of parent-reported subsidy use. One way to assess the quality of parent-reported subsidy use is to examine its overlap with another subsidy receipt measure, drawn from a different source. The current paper uses the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study (FFCWS), the only existing survey data source that contains an alternate measure of subsidy receipt — based on child care provider report — which permits a comparison to parent-reported measures. We find evidence that increases our confidence in the trustworthiness of parents as accurate reporters of subsidy receipt. In recognition that neither data source reflects “true” subsidy receipt, however, we conclude with a discussion of limitations and steps for future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, through the vignette of a three-year old boy''s case, examines how child welfare workers in three countries, Norway, England and the United States (California), decide whether to recommend forced adoption. Legislation and policy recommendations for the termination of parental rights and adoption vary among these three countries, but they all regard permanency for the child as the overarching goal for children in care. We find that a majority of the workers suggest forced adoption, and their main justifications were related to parental behaviour and their failure to fulfil visitation arrangements, followed by arguments about how adoption would provide both permanency and solid attachment for the child. It was Norwegian workers (41%) that decided against forced adoption, and their main objections were the lack of parental consent and the fact that forced adoption is uncommon in Norway. The findings of this study show that the reasoning of child welfare workers clearly reflects the policies and guidelines of their respective countries, which demonstrates the impact of each country''s policy instruments. The workers'' reasoning also reflects their knowledge of the basic premises for promoting adoption and permanency for children in care. As such, the state power that child welfare workers exercise rests on a rationale that is evidence oriented and extends beyond a mere reflection of policy guidelines and instructions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Due to the high incidence of poverty among custodial-parent families, most countries have a variety of policies designed to increase these families'' income security, including child support. However, despite policy efforts, in a wide range of countries the majority of custodial-parent families do not receive these transfers. Does this suggest that a low receipt rate is a core issue of child support policy across contexts? To explore this question, this paper focuses on child support receipt in two very different countries, Colombia and the United States. The overarching question is whether the country of residence is associated with the likelihood of child support receipt. The Colombian 2008 Quality of Life Survey and the U.S. 2008 Current Population Survey‐Child Support Supplement provide information on 6751 custodial mothers. Based on a series of probit models, our study shows that living in the U.S. is associated with an increase in the likelihood of child support receipt. However, once we control for custodial mother''s characteristics, the marginal effect of country of residence decreases significantly, and variables such as custodial mother''s education and income quintile become important as well. These findings suggest that in both countries custodial mothers have similar issues when it comes to receiving financial support from their children''s father, despite the differences in economic development and attention to child support policy in Colombia and the U.S. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]