2,768 results
Search Results
2. Biological approach in deinking of waste paper using bacterial cellulase as an effective enzyme catalyst
- Author
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Ayman A. Ghfar, T. Indumathi, P. Senthil Kumar, Mary Isabella Sonali J, Rita Jayaraj, Saravanan Govindaraju, and Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Cellulase ,engineering.material ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,Environmental Chemistry ,Hemicellulose ,Recycling ,Fiber ,Cellulose ,biology ,Bacteria ,Chemistry ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Potassium nitrate ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Deinking ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,engineering ,biology.protein ,Degradation (geology) ,Ink - Abstract
Paper has become the basic elixir in everyone's activities and usage of paper has increased day by day, the waste generated by paper is also enormous. The primary source of paper is wood (tree) yet, waste paper is environmentally good and biodegradable; however, it is the primary source of deforestation. Current research aims to find an alternate way to recycle paper in the biological approach. Hence in our work, twelve cellulose-producing bacteria were isolated, out of which one bacterial strain proved to be the best. Cellulase enzyme was extracted and purified, and used for enzymatic de-inking of photocopy papers. The optimal conditions for cellulase synthesis were at 60 °C, glucose as the only carbon source, and potassium nitrate as the nitrogen source. The enzyme demonstrated excellent de-inking at a lower pulp consistency of 3% with a 20% enzyme dose. The cellulose and hemicellulose levels decreased, which can be attributed to fiber breaking. Further, the changes in the functional groups identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and the changes in the surface morphology of the pulp fibers were obtained using scanning electron microscope analysis.
- Published
- 2021
3. Sequential treatment of paper and pulp industrial wastewater: Prediction of water quality parameters by Mamdani Fuzzy Logic model and phytotoxicity assessment
- Author
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Sadat Mazhar, Laura Bulgariu, Munir Ahmed, Allah Ditta, Ata Allah Nadiri, and Iftikhar Ahmad
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Biochemical oxygen demand ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Industrial Waste ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,01 natural sciences ,Water Purification ,Industrial wastewater treatment ,Fuzzy Logic ,Water Quality ,Environmental Chemistry ,Recycling ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Models, Theoretical ,Total dissolved solids ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Phytotoxicity ,Water quality ,Anaerobic exercise ,Mustard Plant - Abstract
Recycling of industrial wastewater meeting quality standards for agricultural and industrial demands is a viable option. In this study, paper and pulp industrial wastewater were treated with three biological treatments viz. aerobic, anaerobic and sequential (i.e. 20 days of anaerobic followed by 20 days of aerobic cycle), associated with simulation modeling by Mamdani Fuzzy Logic (MFL) model of some selected parameters. Electric air diffuser and minimal salt medium in sealed plastic bottles at control temperature were used for aerobic and anaerobic treatments, respectively. The significant reduction in chemical (COD: 81%) and biological oxygen demand (BOD: 71%), total suspended (TSS: 65%), dissolved solids (TDS: 60%) and turbidity (68%) was recorded during sequential treatment. The treated water was irrigated to determine its phytotoxic effects on seed germination, vigor and seedling growth of mustard (Brassica campestris). Sequential treatment greatly reduced phytotoxicity of wastewater and showed the highest germination percentage (90%) compared to aerobic (60%), anaerobic (70%) treatments and untreated wastewater (30%). Regression analysis also endorsed these findings (R2 = 0.76–0.95 between seed germination, seedling growth and vigor). MFL technique was adopted to simulate sequential treatment process. The results support higher performance of MFL model to predict TDS, TSS, COD, and BOD based on the physico-chemical water quality parameters of raw wastewater, time of treatment and treatment type variation. Based on these findings, we conclude that the sequential treatment could be a more effective strategy for treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater with efficiency to be used for agricultural industry without toxic effects.
- Published
- 2019
4. Characterization of persistent organic pollutants and culturable and non-culturable bacterial communities in pulp and paper sludge after secondary treatment
- Author
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Sonam Tripathi, Sangeeta Yadav, Diane Purchase, Kaman Singh, Hind A. AL-Shwaiman, and Ram Chandra
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Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Bacteria ,Sewage ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Industrial Waste ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Pollution ,Persistent Organic Pollutants ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry - Abstract
Due to the presence of various organic contaminants, improper disposal of pulp-paper wastewater poses harm to the environment and human health. In this work, pulp-paper sludge (PPS) after secondary treatment were collected from M/s Century Pulp-paper Mills in India, the chemical nature of the organic pollutants was determined after solvent extraction. All the isolates were able to produce lipase (6.34–3.93 U ml− 1) which could account for the different fatty acids detected in the PPS. The dominant strains were in the classes of α and γ Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes. The Shannon-Weiner diversity indexes for phylotype richness for the culturable and non-culturable bacterial community were 2.01 and 3.01, respectively, indicating the non- culturable bacterial strains has higher species richness and diversity compared to the culturable bacterial strains. However, the culturable strains had higher species evenness (0.94 vs 0.90). Results suggested only a few isolated strains were resistant to the POPs in the PPS, whereas non-cultural bacteria survived by entering viable but non-cultural state. The isolated strains (Brevundimonas diminuta, Aeromonas punctata, Enterobacter hormaechei, Citrobacter braakii, Bacillus pumilus and Brevundimonas terrae) are known for their multidrug resistance but their tolerance to POPs have not previously been reported and deserved further investigation. The findings of this research established the presence of POPs which influence the microbial population. Tertiary treatment is recommended prior to the safe disposal of pulp paper mill waste into the environment.
- Published
- 2022
5. Layered filter paper-silver nanoparticle-ZIF-8 composite for efficient multi-mode enrichment and sensitive SERS detection of thiram
- Author
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Zixiang Ben, Mengren Xuan, Fugang Xu, Guangran Ma, and Wenjuan Shang
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Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Thiram ,Silver ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Metal Nanoparticles ,engineering.material ,Spectrum Analysis, Raman ,Silver nanoparticle ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Coating ,Environmental Chemistry ,Detection limit ,Filter paper ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Reproducibility of Results ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,engineering ,Zeolites ,Zeolitic imidazolate framework - Abstract
A SERS substrate FP/Ag/ZIF-8 composed of filter paper (FP), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) film arranged in a layered structure was developed for sensitive detection of pesticide thiram in various samples. Roles of these components in analyte adsorption and Raman signal enhancement were studied using a pesticide intermediate 4-Aminothiophenol (4-ATP) as the probe. The substrate showed high adsorption and optimized SERS response with thick metal organic framework (MOF) coating (125 nm), which is different from previous reported plasmonic particle-MOF composite substrate, where thinnest MOF coating produced the strongest SERS signal. Detection limit for 4-ATP improved 1000-fold on FP/Ag/ZIF-8 (3 pM) compared with that on FP/Ag (3 nM). Importantly, the FP/Ag/ZIF-8 with porous and flexible property can efficiently capture pesticide thiram in different real samples using soaking, filtration or swabbing operation. The subsequent SERS detection of thiram showed advantages of low detection limit (soaking, LOD: 0.04 nM in lake water), fast detection (filtration, within 1 min in peach juice) and suitable for curve surface analysis (swabbing, LOD: 0.1 ng/cm2 on apple peel), respectively. The substrate also displayed good reproducibility, high stability and size-selective response for thiram detection. Such a layered plasmonic particle/MOF hybrid may hold great promise for toxicant analysis in environment and food.
- Published
- 2021
6. Bisphenol A and its alternatives in Austrian thermal paper receipts, and the migration from reusable plastic drinking bottles into water and artificial saliva using UHPLC-MS/MS
- Author
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Philipp Steinbichl, Paul Kemp, Maria Fürhacker, Lea Breul, Rojin Banaderakhshan, and Christina Hartmann
- Subjects
Bisphenol A ,Environmental Engineering ,Bisphenol ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bisphenol AF ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phenols ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Polycarbonate ,Benzhydryl Compounds ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Chromatography ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Saliva, Artificial ,Water ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Epoxy ,Thermal paper ,Pollution ,Food packaging ,chemistry ,Endocrine disruptor ,visual_art ,Austria ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Plastics - Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) a synthetic, high production volume chemical identified as endocrine disruptor and toxic to reproduction is mainly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, in epoxy resins, polyvinylchloride, thermal papers as color developer, and is present in a wide range of consumer goods such as food packaging materials, storage containers, and cash receipts. Due to its effects on health and legal restrictions, BPA is increasingly replaced by other bisphenols. In this study, BPA and 13 alternatives including BPS, Bisphenol F (BPF), Bisphenol B (BPB), Bisphenol C (BPC), Bisphenol Z (BPZ), Bisphenol M (BPM), Bisphenol P (BPP), Bisphenol AF (BPAF), Bisphenol FL (BPFL), Bisphenol C12 (BPC12), Tetramethylbisphenol A (tmBPA), 4,4-bisphenol (BP-4,4), and p,p-oxybisphenol were analyzed in thermal paper cash receipts (content) and migration studies were carried out in BPA-free labelled reusable plastic drinking bottles using a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. The receipts contained almost only BPA and BPS, whereas BPS was found in all samples ranging at levels up to 38 μg/g. BPA was detected at low concentrations, only in one sample 11,000 μg/g were found, exceeding the EU limit of BPA in thermal paper of 0.02% per weight. In leaching solutions from the drinking bottles BPA, BPS and BPF were found at concentrations up to 0.047 μg/L BPA, 0.043 μg/L BPS, and
- Published
- 2021
7. Supercritical water oxidation of chlorinated waste from pulp and paper mill
- Author
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Sergey V. Morozov, Anatoly A. Vostrikov, and Oxana N. Fedyaeva
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Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Water Purification ,Chlorine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic matter ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Supercritical water oxidation ,Sewage ,Carbonization ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Water ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Supercritical fluid ,020801 environmental engineering ,chemistry ,engineering ,business ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Nuclear chemistry ,Waste disposal - Abstract
The article presents the research results of the oxidation of watered toxic waste from the pulp and paper industry (sludge-lignin, the empirical formula of organic matter CH1.51N0.05S0.03Cl0.01O0.54) in supercritical water-oxygen (SCW/O2) fluid. The experiments were carried out using a flow tube reactor at a pressure of 25 MPa, temperature gradient along its vertical axis (from top to bottom: 390–600 °C), sludge-lignin flow rate of 9.5–14.5 g/min, oxygen ratio OR = 0.73–2.52, using NaOH (1.6 wt%) as a catalyst. Employing gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, polychlorophenols were identified in the composition of sludge-lignin, in which 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was the main component. The total yield of extracted phenols and chlorophenols per sludge-lignin organic matter was 20.82 and 2.88 μg/g, respectively. It is revealed that the conversion rate of sludge-lignin in SCW/O2 fluid is limited by heterogeneous oxidation of the carbonized residue, and is determined by the O2 content in the reaction mixture. At OR ≥ 1.16, only CO2, CO, N2, and N2O were detected in the volatile oxidation products. An increase in OR from 0.73 to 2.52 leads to a decrease in the total content of phenols (from 45540.1 to 129.3 μg/dm3) and chlorophenols (from 51.4 to 2.2 μg/dm3) in the water collected at the reactor outlet. It is shown that 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol are the most resistant to oxidation. From the analysis of the initial sludge-lignin and mineral residues, it follows that the bulk of the chlorine contained in its organic matter is converted into NaCl in the course of oxidation.
- Published
- 2021
8. Degradation kinetics of toilet paper fiber during wastewater treatment: Effects of solid retention time and microbial community
- Author
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Guoqiang Liu, Zhuangzhuang Wu, and Simeng Li
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Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrolysis ,Activated sludge ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Environmental Chemistry ,Degradation (geology) ,Hemicellulose ,Sewage treatment ,Fiber ,Cellulose ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Toilet paper (TP) fiber is a major slowly biodegradable constituent of municipal wastewater. Oftentimes, they cannot be efficiently removed during the preliminary treatment of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), especially for those without installation of primary clarifiers. Although fine-mesh sieves are effective in removing fibers, their applications are not common in current WWTPs. Therefore, it is critical to understand the degradation of TP fibers during the secondary wastewater treatment. In this study, the effects of solids retention time (SRT) and microbial community on the hydrolysis kinetics of TP were investigated in sequencing-batch activated sludge systems. Meanwhile, the influence of the addition of readily biodegradable organics such as glucose on fiber degradation was also studied. It was found that the overall degradation of TP linearly increased versus SRT. At 40-day SRT, approximately 83% of TP was degraded. The hydrolysis coefficient at 40-day SRT (0.116–0.137 d−1) significantly increased compared to those at SRTs smaller than 20 days (0.025–0.034 d−1), which was probably due to the stepwise hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose fibers, as well as the synergistic enzymatic activities owing to the enhanced microbial diversity at larger SRTs. Actively functioning fiber-degrading Cellvibrio genus was identified as the dominant driver of fiber hydrolysis. Interestingly, it was discovered that fiber-degrading microbial communities were inefficient at consuming either glucose or acetate. Therefore, the addition of these substrates did not enhance TP degradation.
- Published
- 2019
9. Bisphenol A and alternatives in thermal paper receipts - a German market analysis from 2015 to 2017
- Author
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Thomas J. Simat and Martin Eckardt
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Paper ,0301 basic medicine ,Bisphenol A ,Environmental Engineering ,Food contact materials ,Bisphenol ,Skin Absorption ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Color developer ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Toxicology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phenols ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic chemistry ,Sulfones ,Benzhydryl Compounds ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Exposure ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Thermal paper ,Ascorbic acid ,Pollution ,030104 developmental biology ,Bisphenol S ,Human exposure ,Environmental Pollutants - Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) was commonly used as color developer for thermal paper such as cash register receipts, labels or tickets. Therefore, thermal paper was considered by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as the main source of human exposure to BPA beside epoxy based food contact materials. In this study, a German market analysis on the use of BPA and alternative color developers in thermal paper receipts is provided for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017.114 (2015), 98 (2016) and 99 (2017) samples were randomly collected and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. In summary, BPA was still the most frequently found color developer (48.2% in 2015, 46.9% in 2016 and 52.5% in 2017). The most commonly used alternative was the phenol-free substance Pergafast® 201 (34.2%, 33.7%, 40.4%). The bisphenol analogs bisphenol S (BPS; 11.4%, 9.2%, 6.1%) and D8 (6.1%, 7.1%, 1.0%) were less common. Another phenol-free substituent, a urea urethane compound (UU), was also detected (3.1% in 2016). Concentrations of color developers in thermal paper ranged from 1.4 to 32.4 mg/g (median values between 2.5 and 15.9 mg/g). Concentrations of BPA were found to be highest followed by BPS, UU, Pergafast® 201 and D8. In addition, two pharmacologically active substances, dapsone (6.0 mg/g) and tolbutamide (5.5 mg/g), were detected in a non-marketed thermal paper, that was supposed to use ascorbic acid as initial color developer. Different release experiments of the detected color developers were performed. Sensitizers 1,2-diphenoxy-ethane, 1-phenylmethoxy-naphthalene and diphenylsulfone, used frequently in the thermal paper processes, were quantified.
- Published
- 2017
10. Sorting the main bottlenecks to use paper-based microbial fuel cells as convenient and practical analytical devices for environmental toxicity testing
- Author
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María Jesús González-Pabón, Federico Figueredo, and Eduardo Cortón
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Environmental Engineering ,Microbial fuel cell ,Bioelectric Energy Sources ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Toxicity Tests ,Environmental Chemistry ,Bioassay ,Electrodes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Bacteria ,Planktonic bacteria ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biofilm ,Sorting ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Paper based ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Biofilms ,Environmental toxicology ,Environmental science ,Biochemical engineering - Abstract
Three of the primary bottlenecks, which should be consider for practical, point-of-need use of microbial fuel cell (MFC) analytical devices were surpassed in this work: i) the use of a diffusive barrier, hence, an electrogenic biofilm; ii) longer enrichment/stabilization times to produce a biofilm, made in a laboratory environment, over the electrode; and iii) difficulty comparing results obtained from MFCs based on electrogenic biofilms with standardized bioassays, a setback to be adopted as a new method. Here we show an easy way to determine water toxicity employing planktonic bacteria as biorecognition agents. The paper-based MFC contain an electron carrier (or mediator) to facilitate charge transfer from bacteria to the anode. In this way, there is no need to use biofilms. As far as we know this is the first paper-based MFC containing P. putida KT2440, a well characterized non-pathogenic bacteria previously used in standardized water toxicity bioassays. Results were obtained in 80 min and an effective concentration 50 of 9.02 mg L−1, calculated for Zn2+ (a reference toxic agent), was successfully compared with previously published and ISO standardized bioassays, showing a promising future for this technology. The practical design and cost (less than one U.S. dollar) of the paper-based MFC toxicity test presented will open new market possibilities for rapid and easy-to-use MFC analytical devices.
- Published
- 2020
11. Integrated enzyme hydrolysis assisted cellulose nanofibril (CNF) fabrication: A sustainable approach to paper mill sludge (PMS) management
- Author
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Jing Li, Navid E. Alamdari, Burak Aksoy, Mahesh Parit, and Zhihua Jiang
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Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2023
12. Black liquor increases methane production from excess pulp and paper industry sludge
- Author
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Xie Tian, Wang Shuang-fei, Wu Wan-Li, Pan Yuan-Fang, Zhang Jian, Xie Gong-nan, Lin Hong-Fei, and Wu Qin
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Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Industrial Waste ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Environmental Chemistry ,Anaerobiosis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Sewage ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Pulp (paper) ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,equipment and supplies ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Anaerobic digestion ,Soda pulping ,engineering ,Sewage sludge treatment ,business ,Black liquor - Abstract
The aim of the study was to use black liquor produced during the soda pulping process in a pulp and paper mill to increase methane production during pulp and paper industry sludge treatment and decrease the treatment cost. The effects of black liquor on sludge solubilization and methane production were assessed and the economic feasibility of the process was evaluated. Black liquor and NaOH were found to be equivalent in the thermochemical pretreatment process to solubilize sludge and disintegrate flocs. However, adding black liquor increased the background chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acid concentration and increased the amount of methane produced by approximately 7-30%. A start-up delay was emphasized by first-order kinetics model due to black liquor addition while methane production remained stable. Economic assessments of five scenarios were performed. It was found to be economically feasible to use black liquor to replace NaOH for the thermal pretreatment process. The surplus methane generated suggested that co-digestion of sludge and black liquor allows surplus bioenergy to be produced during the thermochemical pretreatment anaerobic digestion process.
- Published
- 2021
13. Bisphenol A and replacements in thermal paper: A review
- Author
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Jacob de Boer, Ana Ballesteros-Gómez, Maria K. Björnsdotter, E&H: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, and AIMMS
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0301 basic medicine ,Paper ,Bisphenol A ,endocrine system ,Environmental Engineering ,Daily intake ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Color developer ,010501 environmental sciences ,Endocrine Disruptors ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Human health ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phenols ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Benzhydryl Compounds ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Waste management ,urogenital system ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Thermal paper ,Pollution ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrine disruptor ,chemistry ,Bisphenol S ,Human exposure ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental Pollutants ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists - Abstract
Thermal paper contains potentially toxic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), which is used as a color developer. BPA has been reported in thermal paper in concentrations up to 42,600 μg g−1. The exposure to BPA via dermal transfer has been recently discussed as a significant contribution to the overall human exposure and the estimated daily intake (EDI) has been reported up to 218 μg d−1. BPA has been also detected in recycled paper with concentrations up to 46 μg g−1. Due to the fact that BPA is a known endocrine disruptor and migrates from materials, regulatory restrictions have been established to prevent risks for the human health. As a consequence, structural analogues, such as bisphenol S (BPS) have been introduced into the market. Little is known about the presence and toxicity of these emerging replacements, and concern has risen about them. The present review gives an overview of the occurrence and levels of BPA and replacements in thermal paper. BPA is still the most common color developer found in thermal paper, followed by BPS. The analytical methods used for quantification of BPA and BPA replacements in paper products are also reviewed. BPA is transferred from thermal paper products to the finger pads upon handling it. Paper-skin transfer followed by penetration of BPA depends on conditions (e.g. greasiness of fingers and use of hand cream). It is, however, still debated whether thermal paper as a source for human exposure contributes significantly to the overall internal BPA exposure.
- Published
- 2017
14. Unexpected promotion of PCDD/F formation by enzyme-aided Cl2 bleaching in non-wood pulp and paper mill
- Author
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Minghui Zheng, Li Guo, Linyan Huang, Yuyang Zhao, Wenbin Liu, Liping Fang, and Guorui Liu
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Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Organic molecules ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental Chemistry ,Lignin ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Waste management ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Environmental practices ,Xylanase ,engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Enzyme-aided Cl 2 bleaching is widely considered as promising replacements for conventional Cl 2 bleaching in wood pulp and paper mills. However, the effects of using enzyme-aided bleaching on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the non-wood pulp and paper mills are unclear. A field study was performed to investigate PCDD/F formation when enzyme-aided Cl 2 bleaching was used to replace conventional Cl 2 bleaching in non-wood pulp and paper mills. Unexpectedly, the PCDD/F toxic equivalents (TEQs) in solid samples were higher when using enzyme-aided bleaching (0.49–5.4 pg TEQ/g) than that using conventional Cl 2 bleaching (0.15–2.44 pg TEQ/g). Large amounts of octachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin were formed during the enzyme-aided bleaching process. This could have been because enzyme strongly promoted the release of organic molecules bound to lignin and thus accelerated the formation of octachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin through organic molecular precursors. Although enzyme-aided Cl 2 bleaching was previously considered to be efficient for reducing PCDD/F releases and to be the best available technologies and best environmental practices for wood pulp and paper mills, the results obtained in this study suggested the necessity and urgency to evaluate the suitability of enzyme-aided Cl 2 bleaching for non-wood pulp and paper mills that intensively practiced in developing countries.
- Published
- 2017
15. A primary estimation of PCDD/Fs release reduction from non-wood pulp and paper industry in China based on the investigation of pulp bleaching with chlorine converting to chlorine dioxide
- Author
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Hongchen Wang, Xiaoqian Song, Wenchao Li, Yuanna Zhang, and Qingcong Xiao
- Subjects
Paper ,China ,Flue gas ,Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,Dioxins ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chlorine ,Industry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Recovery boiler ,Benzofurans ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chlorine dioxide ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Oxides ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,chemistry ,engineering ,Pulp bleaching ,Chlorine Compounds ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Chlorine bleaching technology (C process, CEH process, H process and theirs combination), which was identified as a primary formation source of PCDD/Fs, is still widely used by the vast majority of Chinese non-wood pulp and paper mills (non-wood PMs). The purpose of this study was to provide information and data support for further eliminating dioxin for non-wood PMs in China, and especially to evaluate the PCDD/Fs release reduction for those mills converting their pulp bleaching processes from CEH to ECF. The PCDD/Fs concentrations of the bleached pulp and bleaching wastewater with ECF bleaching were in the ranges of 0.13–0.8 ng TEQ kg −1 , and 0.15–1.9 pg TEQ L −1 , respectively, which were far lower than those with CEH process, indicating that the ECF process is an effective alternative bleaching technology to replace CEH in Chinese non-wood PMs to reduce dioxin release. The release factor via flue gas of the alkali recovery boiler in Chinese non-wood PMs was first reported to be 0.092 μg TEQ Ad t −1 in this study. On the assumption that pulp bleaching processes of all Chinese non-wood PMs were converted from CEH to ECF, the annual release of PCDD/Fs via the bleaching wastewater and bleached pulp would be reduced by 79.1%, with a total of 1.60 g TEQ.
- Published
- 2017
16. How incense and joss paper burning during the worship activities influences ambient mercury concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments of an Asian temple?
- Author
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Iau-Ren Ie, Yi-Hsiu Jen, Chung-Shin Yuan, Huazhen Shen, and Cheng-Mou Tsai
- Subjects
Paper ,Asia ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Atmospheric mercury ,chemistry.chemical_element ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Incense ,Air pollutants ,Environmental Chemistry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Air Pollutants ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental engineering ,Mercury ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Mercury (element) ,Religion ,chemistry ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This study firstly investigated the species, concentration variation, and emission factors of mercury emitted from the burning of incenses and joss papers in an Asian temple. Both indoor and outdoor speciated mercury (GEM, GOM, and PHg) were sampled by manual samplers, while ambient GEM at an indoor site was in-situ monitored by a continuous GEM monitor. Field measurement results showed that the total atmospheric mercury (TAM) concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments were in the range of 8.03-35.72 and 6.03-31.35 ng/m3, respectively. The indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) of TAM in the daytime and at nighttime were in the range of 0.64-0.90 and 1.50-2.04, respectively. The concentrations of GEM, GOM, and PHg during the holiday periods were approximately 1-4 times higher than those during the non-holiday periods. GEM was the dominant mercury species in the indoor and outdoor environments and accounted for 63-81% of TAM, while the oxidized mercury accounted for 19-37% of TAM. Burning incenses and joss papers in a combustion chamber showed that the concentration of GEM from joss paper burning ranged from 4.07 to 11.62 μg/m3, or about 13.97 times higher than that of incense burning, while the concentration of PHg from incense burning ranged from 95.91 to 135.07 ng/m3, or about 3.29 times higher than that of joss paper burning. The emission factors of incense burning were 10.39 ng/g of GEM and 1.40 ng/g of PHg, while those of joss paper burning were 12.65 ng/g of GEM and 1.27 ng/g of PHg, respectively. This study revealed that speciated mercury emitted from worship activities had significant influence on the indoor and outdoor mercury concentrations in an Asian temple. Higher intensity of worship activities during holidays resulted in a higher concentration of speciated mercury in indoor and outdoor air, which might cause health threats to worshipers, staffs, and surrounding inhabitants through long-term exposure.
- Published
- 2017
17. Photosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded paper for sensing mercury presence in environmental water
- Author
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Karnan Singaravelu Dharshini, T. Yokesh, Mariappan Mariappan, Fuad Ameen, M. Amirul Islam, and Anbazhagan Veerappan
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2023
18. Corrigendum to 'Photosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded paper for sensing mercury presence in environmental water' [Chemosphere 329 (2023) 138610-138616]
- Author
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Dharshini Karnan Singaravelu, T. Yokesh, Mariappan Mariappan, Fuad Ameen, M. Amirul Islam, and Anbazhagan Veerappan
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2023
19. Converting commonly-used paper into nano-engineered fluorescent biomass-based platform for rapid ClO− quantitative detection in living cells and water sources
- Author
-
Nihao Li, Huie Jiang, Lijuan Chen, Zhijian Li, Qingxin Han, Lulu Ning, Zhenjuan Chen, Suqiu Zhao, and Xinhua Liu
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2023
20. Solar distillation of highly saline produced water using low-cost and high-performance carbon black and airlaid paper-based evaporator (CAPER)
- Author
-
Lin Chen, Pei Xu, Sarada Kuravi, Huiyao Wang, and Krishna Kota
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Heat transfer coefficient ,010501 environmental sciences ,Solar still ,01 natural sciences ,Desalination ,Water Purification ,law.invention ,Soot ,law ,Environmental Chemistry ,Distillation ,Evaporator ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Water ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Produced water ,020801 environmental engineering ,Heat transfer ,Solar desalination - Abstract
The current technologies to treat hypersaline produced water (PW), such as thermal evaporation, are usually energy-intensive and cost-prohibitive. This study developed a low-cost, robust, solar-driven carbon black and airlaid paper-based evaporator (CAPER) for desalination of PW in the Permian Basin, United States. The study aims to better understand the removal of aromatic organic compounds and heavy metals during solar distillation, water output, and heat transfer. Outdoor experiments using CAPER assisted with polystyrene foam in a single slope, single basin solar still achieved an enhanced average evaporation rate of 2.23 L per m2 per day, 165% higher than that of a conventional solar still. Analysis of heat transfer models demonstrated that CAPER solar evaporation achieved an evaporative heat transfer coefficient of ∼28.9 W m−2·K−1, 27.9% higher than without CAPER. The maximum fractional energy of evaporation and convection heat transfer inside the solar still with and without CAPER was ∼81.4% and ∼78.2%, respectively. For the PW with a total dissolved solids concentration of 134 g L−1, solar distillation removed 99.97% salts and over 98% heavy metals. The high removal efficiency of 99.99% was achieved for Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sr, and V. Organic characterization revealed that solar distillation removed over 83% aromatic compounds. Solar desalination using CAPER provides a low-cost and high-performance process to treat PW with high salinity and complex water chemistry for potential fit-for-purpose beneficial uses.
- Published
- 2021
21. Immobilization of chitosan-templated MnO2 nanoparticles onto filter paper by redox method as a retrievable Fenton-like dip catalyst
- Author
-
Jinfan Yang, Sufeng Zhang, Hao Wu, and Ao Zhifeng
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Filter paper ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Nanoparticle ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Redox ,020801 environmental engineering ,Catalysis ,Chitosan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Degradation (geology) ,Cellulose ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
By exploiting the hydrophilicity of cellulose filter paper (FP) and the excellent chelating property of chitosan (CH) for Mn2+, we have designed an efficient and retrievable dip catalyst MnO2/CH-FP for Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue (MB) over a wide pH range from 2.8 to 11.2. The MnO2 nanoparticles were uniformly immobilized in the CH-FP matrix by in-situ redox precipitation method where Mn(NO3)2 was treated with KMnO4 at mild conditions. A series of MnO2/CH-FP hybrids with different MnO2 loading were fabricated via varying concentration of Mn(NO3)2 solution, and their structure-function relationships were discussed based on detailed characterization. The optimal catalyst 1.0MnO2/CH-FP could cooperate with multiple low-concentration dosages of H2O2 to efficiently degrade 95.6% MB in 90 min (50 mg L−1 MB, 1 g L−1 catalyst, 30 mg L−1 H2O2, pH 7). It is also shown that 1.0MnO2/CH-FP could still keep 83.3% degradation efficiency of MB after six cycles. Moreover, the activity of this composite greatly surpassed that of bare MnO2 for nearly 50%, owing to its larger surface area and more accessible active sites. This method for preparing MnO2/CH-FP could effectively avoid the agglomeration of MnO2 nanoparticles and make the reaction turn on/off almost instantaneously by mere insertion/removal.
- Published
- 2021
22. Drinking hot beverages from paper cups: Lifetime intake of microplastics
- Author
-
Anuja Joseph, Naseeba Parveen, Ved Prakash Ranjan, and Sudha Goel
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2023
23. A highly facile and selective Chemo-Paper-Sensor (CPS) for detection of strontium
- Author
-
Yun Suk Huh, Chang-Soo Lee, Changhyun Roh, Sung-Min Kang, and Sung-Chan Jang
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Colorimetric sensor ,Limit of Detection ,Environmental Chemistry ,Colorimetry ,Ions ,Detection limit ,Strontium ,Aqueous solution ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Water ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pollution ,0104 chemical sciences ,Linear relationship ,P-Aminoazobenzene ,chemistry ,p-Aminoazobenzene ,RGB color model ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Chemosensors have attracted increasing attention for their usefulness on-site detection and monitoring. In this study, we elucidated a novel, facile, and highly selective Chemo-Paper-Sensor (CPS) for detection and monitoring of strontium (Sr(2+)) ions, which means a potent colorimetric sensor based on a Chrysoidine G (CG)-coated paper strip. The CPS for highly selective colorimetric detection of strontium ion was handily analyzed to determine the red-green-blue (RGB) value using portable devices such as desktop digital scanner and mobile phone camera, quantitatively. Interestingly, an orange to dark orange color transition was observed when the aqueous and solid paper colorimetric sensor was introduced to Sr(2+) ion, respectively. It was demonstrated that the value of the signal has a linear relationship with concentrations of the strontium in the 500 ppm to 100 ppb range with a detection limit of 200 ppb. We believe that a newly developed Chemo-Paper-Sensor will be useful in a wide range of sensing applications.
- Published
- 2016
24. This letter is a response to the comment submitted to chemosphere by Melleton et al. on our paper (Delplace et al., 2022), entitled 'pedo-geochemical background and sediment contamination of metal(loid)s in the old mining-district of Salsigne (Orbiel valley, France)' by Gauthier Delplace, Jérôme Viers, Eva Schreck, Priscia Oliva and Philippe Behra (2022), published online in Chemosphere in September 2021
- Author
-
Gauthier Delplace, Jérome Viers, Eva Schreck, Priscia Oliva, and Philippe Behra
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Metals ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,France ,Pollution ,Mining ,Environmental Monitoring - Published
- 2022
25. An improved surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic method using a paper-based grape skin-gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide substrate for detection of rhodamine 6G in water and food
- Author
-
Kandi Sridhar, Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj, and Bing-Huei Chen
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Rhodamines ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Metal Nanoparticles ,Reproducibility of Results ,Water ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Spectrum Analysis, Raman ,Pollution ,Environmental Chemistry ,Graphite ,Vitis ,Gold - Abstract
Organic toxins are persistent chemicals of global concern capable of accumulating in environment and food. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising technique that facilitates onsite detection of organic toxins. However, the fabrication of a SERS substrate is complicated and difficult to provide flexibility, fastness and cost-effectiveness. This study aims to develop a paper-based SERS method using grape skin-gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide (GE-AuNPs/GO) as SERS substrate and evaluate its efficiency with rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) as a model organic toxin and a real water and food contaminant. GE-AuNPs synthesized by green method using grape skin waste extract and GE-AuNPs/GO showed a surface plasmon resonance at 536 and 539 nm, particle size 18.6 and 19.5 nm, and zeta potential -44.6 and -59.7 mV, respectively. Paper-based SERS substrates were prepared by coating a hydrophobic thin-film of 30% polydimethylsiloxane solution in hexane on Whatman no. 1 filter paper, followed by drop-casting GE-AuNPs or GE-AuNPs/GO and drying. The SERS signals of Rh6G showed an enhancement factor of 5.8 × 10
- Published
- 2022
26. Enhanced paper sludge dewatering and in-depth mechanism by oxalic acid/Fe2+/persulfate process
- Author
-
Xin Zhang, Hongtao Zhang, Zhenchang Wang, Tao Liu, Daliang Guo, and Zhijun Hu
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2023
27. Effects of substrate organic composition on mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and paper waste
- Author
-
Xiangyu Chen, Benyi Xiao, Ke Zhang, and Rongzhan Liu
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Alkalinity ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Biogas ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic matter ,Food science ,Anaerobiosis ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Sewage ,Chemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Substrate (chemistry) ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Refuse Disposal ,Food waste ,Food ,Biofuels ,Digestate ,Digestion ,Mesophile - Abstract
Facing the huge output of food waste (FW) and paper waste (PW), long-term semi-continuous experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the substrate organic composition on mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic co-digestions (Co-ADs) of their mixtures. The experimental results showed that the organic composition of the substrate affected the biogas and methane production and yield of the two Co-ADs of the FW and PW mixtures, and its effect on thermophilic Co-AD (Co-TAD) was lower than that on mesophilic Co-AD (Co-MAD). The two Co-ADs had similar biogas (2.158 ± 0.136 L/L/d and 2.183 ± 0.142 L/L/d) and methane production (1.245 ± 0.082 L/L/d and 1.279 ± 0.088 L/L/d), and organic matter degradation (81.79 ± 1.07% and 83.81 ± 1.09%) when the substrate organic composition was carbohydrates:proteins:lipids = 6.8:1.8:1 (low carbohydrate composition, FW:PW = 4:1). When the substrate organic composition was carbohydrates:proteins:lipids = 13.5:2:1 (high carbohydrate composition, FW:PW = 1:1), the thermophilic temperature was more favorable than the mesophilic temperature for the Co-AD of FW and PW mixtures. The characteristics (pH, total ammonia, total volatile fatty acids, and total alkalinity) of the Co-TAD digestate were more sensitive to changes in the organic composition of the substrate than those of the Co-MAD digestate. Increasing the carbohydrate content of the FW:PW mixture lowered the production of biogas and methane, and degradation of organic matter in both Co-ADs.
- Published
- 2021
28. Corrigendum to 'Study of the impacts of process changes of a pulp and paper mill on aerated stabilization basin (ASB) performance' [Chemosphere 211 (2018) 767–774]
- Author
-
Rosmala Lewis, David Lewis, Jonathan Cohen, Graham Burch, H. Burger, J. Marzouk, John van Leeuwen, and John Awad
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Process changes ,Structural basin ,engineering.material ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Aeration ,business - Published
- 2020
29. Comment on the paper ‘Soil microplastic pollution under different land uses in tropics, southwestern China’
- Author
-
Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Jin-Yong Lee, and Jihye Cha
- Subjects
China ,Soil ,Environmental Engineering ,Microplastics ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Plastics ,Pollution ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Research on soil microplastics is currently at an early stage, and there is no widely approved sampling protocol. Even so, any basic research should minimize errors to ensure that they are not amplified in future research. This paper examines some weaknesses of the original research paper 'Soil microplastic pollution under different land uses in tropics, southwestern China' recently published in this journal. The authors neglected to report the equipment used for soil sampling and did not use field blank samples. There is also a soil layer that was incorrectly named. The type and pore size of filter paper used for filtration during pre-analytical soil sample preparation is very important. In this paper the nature of the filter paper used, and its larger pore sizes are questionable by today's scientists. In addition, the authors in the original paper also overlooked reporting the statistical package used for statical analysis and ensuring if all data sets obey normality, homogeneity, and equality before running the one-way ANOVA test. This statistical step is widely considered mandatory, especially in the soil science community. So, this makes it difficult to trust the results documented. Furthermore, in the original paper, the needle and stereo microscope instruments used to sort microplastic-like materials prior to proper analysis are not reliable.
- Published
- 2022
30. Fe-zeolite catalyst for ozonation of pulp and paper wastewater for sustainable water resources
- Author
-
Hafiz Muhammad Shahzad Munir, Nadeem Feroze, Naveed Ramzan, Muhammad Sagir, Muhammad Babar, Muhammad Suleman Tahir, Jaweria Shamshad, Muhammad Mubashir, and Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Water ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Wastewater ,Pollution ,Catalysis ,Water Purification ,Ozone ,Water Resources ,Zeolites ,Environmental Chemistry ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
The pulp and paper industry consumes enormous quality of freshwater, leading to wastewater. It must be treated to remove pollutants, particularly residual dyestuffs, before releasing them to water bodies to avoid adverse environmental effects. The traditional wastewater treatment methods used for the pulp and paper industry are less efficient in colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The current study is aimed at developing a novel catalyst for the catalytic ozonation of pulp and paper wastewater with better colour and COD removal for sustainable resources of clean water. The proposed catalyst is impregnated by iron on natural zeolites. Various parameters such as catalyst dose, pH, ozone dose, initial COD concentration, and reaction time are studied and optimized. The performance was evaluated by comparing the results with the single ozonation process (SOP) and catalytic ozonation process (COP). The highest COD and colour reduction efficiencies have been achieved, i.e., 71%, and 88% at a natural pH of 6.8. The proposed process achieved higher COD and colour efficiencies than the single ozonation process and catalytic ozonation process using raw zeolites. The improvement in efficiencies are 23% and 29% for SOP and 17% and 19% for COP, respectively. Hence, the results proposed the sustainability and applicability of COP to treat paper and pulp sector effluent.
- Published
- 2022
31. A novel use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in enhancing the primary treatment of paper mill effluent
- Author
-
Hassiba Zemmouri, Zoubida Bendjama, Nadjib Drouiche, and Soumia Boulaadjoul
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial waste ,Moringa ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sulfate ,Turbidity ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Moringa oleifera ,Alum ,business.industry ,Plant Extracts ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Primary treatment ,Powders ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
In this study, Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) performance as an eco-friendly coagulant in the enhanced primary treatment of paper mill effluent was investigated. Its performance in terms of turbidity removal and COD abatement was examined. Local M. oleifera seed powder from ADRAR-city, South of Algeria, was used. Conventional jar tests were conducted for enhancing the primary treatment of paper mill effluent from paper factory. For this reason, comparative coagulation tests were performed using aluminum sulfate (alum). Indeed, in terms of turbidity abatement, 96.02% and 97.1% were obtained for Moringa and alum, respectively. However, in the case of COD abatement, the abatement rate of M. oleifera seeds was slightly higher than that of alum, 97.28% and 92.67%, respectively. Because M. oleifera is a natural resource that is locally available, an eco-friendly coagulant, non-toxic, and biodegradable and does not affect the pH of water; thus, its use allows to avoid numerous disadvantages of conventional coagulants like alum.
- Published
- 2017
32. Capture and characterisation of microplastics printed on paper via laser printer's toners
- Author
-
Dandan Zhang, Xian Zhang, Cheng Fang, Ravi Naidu, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Christopher T. Gibson, Yunlong Luo, Youhong Tang, and Zahra Sobhani
- Subjects
Microplastics ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Light ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Lasers ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Environmental Chemistry ,Plastics ,Powder mixture ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Microplastics are among the ubiquitous contaminants in our environment. As emerging contaminants, microplastics are still facing with lots of challenges on the characterisation, including their capture, identification and visualisation, particularly from a complex background. For example, when we print documents using a laser printer, we are printing microplastics onto paper, because the plastics are the main ingredient of the toner powder mixture. Characterisation of these microplastic mixture meets an even more complicated challenge, because plastic's signals might be shielded by other toner powder ingredients such as the pigments, the dyes, the black carbon, and the paper fabrics as well. To solve this challenge, we employ various techniques, including SEM, TEM, XPS, FT-IR, TGA and Raman, to characterise the microplastics printed via the toner powders. Interestingly, we show that Raman can distinguish and visualise the distribution of the microplastics from the complex background of the mixture. We estimate the millions of toner powders, each of which is ~4–6 μm in size, are printed out per A4 sheet as microplastics. The findings send a strong warning that millions of microplastics might be generated from the printing activities in our daily lives.
- Published
- 2021
33. Bifunctional two-dimensional copper-aluminum modified filter paper composite for efficient tetracycline removal: Synergy of adsorption and reusability by degradation
- Author
-
Wei Wang, Xun Liu, Hongbing Yang, Ming Gao, and Mengbo Cao
- Subjects
Langmuir ,Environmental Engineering ,Exothermic process ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,law.invention ,Water Purification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,law ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Zeta potential ,Environmental Chemistry ,Calcination ,Bifunctional ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Tetracycline ,Pollution ,Kinetics ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Selective adsorption ,Copper ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Electrode potential ,Aluminum - Abstract
Herein, bifunctional two-dimensional copper-aluminum modified filter paper composite (2D-Cu/Al–C) was successfully prepared by simple calcination and showed ultrahigh adsorption performance and degradation potential. The adsorption removal of TC on 2D-Cu/Al–C all exceeded 92.2% under solution conditions of 10–200 mg/L TC, 100 mg/L 2D-Cu/Al–C, pH 8 and 298 K. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models better fitted the kinetic and isotherm data via spontaneous and exothermic process, and the maximum capacity of the 2D-Cu/Al–C was 2391.78 mg/g. Additionally, 2D-Cu/Al–C showed desired specific adsorption for TC (TC: 98.7%, norfloxacin: 5.8%, sulfamethoxazole: 2.1%, and ciprofloxacin: 1.8%) and it could effectively adsorbed TC even in the binary system (various coexisting ions or natural organic matter). After TC adsorbed on adsorbent was mineralized into CO2 and H2O by adding peroxydisulfate to generate high electrode potential radical in another limited systems, the 2D-Cu/Al–C still had ∼89.12% on TC removal (initial concentration of 50 mg/L) after five experimental cycles. Zeta potential, FT-IR and XPS results indicated that the multi-adsorption mechanism, including electrostatic interactions, complexation, and H-bonds, played a vital role in the fast and efficient adsorption process. Thus, the way of combining adsorption and regeneration via degradation are green, non-polluting strategy which are expected to be applied for water purification in future environmental remediation.
- Published
- 2021
34. Efficacy of bioconversion of paper mill bamboo sludge and lime waste by composting and vermiconversion technologies
- Author
-
I. Sinha, Pradip Bhattacharyya, Nirmali Gogoi, Satya Sundar Bhattacharya, P. Sharma, Banashree Sahariah, and Linee Goswami
- Subjects
Bamboo ,Environmental Engineering ,Nitrogen ,Bioconversion ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bambusa ,Carbonates ,Industrial Waste ,engineering.material ,Poaceae ,Feces ,Nutrient ,Metals, Heavy ,Animals ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental Chemistry ,Oligochaeta ,Lime ,Sewage ,biology ,Waste management ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Bambusa tulda ,Oxides ,Phosphorus ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Calcium Compounds ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulp and paper industry ,Phosphate solubilizing bacteria ,Pollution ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Potassium ,engineering ,Cattle ,Capsicum ,business ,Cow dung - Abstract
Paper Mill Bamboo Sludge (PMBS) and Paper Mill Lime Waste (PMLW) are extensively produced as solid wastes in paper mills. Untreated PMBS and PMLW contain substantial amount of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr) in soluble forms. Efficiency of vermiconversion and aerobic composting with these wastes is reported here. Adopted bioconversion systems enhanced the availability of some essential nutrients (N, P, K and Zn) in various combinations of cow dung (CD) with PMBS and PMLW. Colonization of nitrogen fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria considerably intensified under the vermiconversion system. Moreover, significant metal detoxification occurred due to vermiconversion. Various combinations of bioconverted PMBS and PMLW were applied to tissue cultured bamboo ( Bambusa tulda ) and chilli ( Capsicum annum ). Accelerated nutrient uptake coupled with improved soil quality resulted in significant production of chilli. Furthermore, vermiconverted PMBS + CD (1:1) and PMLW + CD (1:3) confirmed as potential enriching substrate for tissue cultured bamboo.
- Published
- 2014
35. Color removal from secondary treated pulp & paper industry effluent using waste driven Fe–TiO2 composite
- Author
-
Sonali Puri and Anoop Verma
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution - Published
- 2022
36. Perfluoroalkyl acids in surface waters and tapwater in the Qiantang River watershed-Influences from paper, textile, and leather industries
- Author
-
Xiao-Cai Yin, Hai-Tao Piao, Ke-Yan Tan, Peng Zhang, Yong-Liang Yang, Shu Chen, Xiao-Chun Wang, Xing-Chun Jiao, Guo-Hui Lu, and Nan Gai
- Subjects
Paper ,China ,Environmental Engineering ,Watershed ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,River watershed ,Fresh Water ,010501 environmental sciences ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Surface-Active Agents ,Tap water ,Rivers ,Environmental Chemistry ,Industry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Fluorocarbons ,Drinking Water ,Textiles ,Solid Phase Extraction ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental engineering ,Water ,Tanning ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Contamination ,Pollution ,Alkanesulfonic Acids ,Environmental chemistry ,Textile Industry ,Environmental science ,Surface water ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely used as multi-purpose surfactants or water/oil repellents. In order to understand the contamination level and compositional profiles of PFAAs in aqueous environment in textile, leather, and paper making industrial areas, surface waters and tap waters were collected along the watershed of the Qiantang River where China's largest textile, leather, and paper making industrial bases are located. For comparison, surface water and tapwater samples were also collected in Hangzhou and its adjacent areas. 17 PFAAs were analyzed by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results show that the total concentrations of PFAAs (ΣPFAAs) in the Qiantang River waters ranged from 106.1 to 322.9 ng/L, averaging 164.2 ng/L. The contamination levels have been found to be extremely high, comparable to the levels of the most serious PFAA contamination in surface waters of China. The PFAA composition profiles were characterized by the dominant PFOA (average 58.1% of the total PFAAs), and PFHxA (average 18.8%). The ΣPFAAs in tap water ranged from 9.5 to 174.8 ng/L, showing PFAA compositional pattern similar to the surface waters. Good correlations between PFAA composition profiles in tap waters and the surface waters were observed.
- Published
- 2017
37. Hazard remediation and recycling of tea industry and paper mill bottom ash through vermiconversion
- Author
-
Arbind Kumar Patel, Nirmali Gogoi, Satya Sundar Bhattacharya, Ganesh Dutta, Linee Goswami, and Pradip Bhattacharyya
- Subjects
Paper ,Eisenia fetida ,Environmental Engineering ,Bioconversion ,Environmental remediation ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Coal Ash ,Soil ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Recycling ,Organic matter ,Oligochaeta ,Phaseolus ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Tea ,biology ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Sulfur ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Metals ,Bottom ash ,Environmental Pollutants ,business ,Organic fertilizer - Abstract
Considerable amount of bottom ash (BA) is produced by tea and paper factories in Northeast India. This significantly deteriorates soil and surface water quality through rapid acidification, releasing sulfur compounds and heavy metals. The present investigation endeavoured to convert this waste to organic manure through vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida. Substantial increment in bioavailability of N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn along with remarkable decline in toxic metal like Cr due to vermicomposting was noteworthy. Furthermore, vermicomposted mixtures of Tea Factory BA (TFBA) or Paper Mill BA (PMBA) with organic matter (OM) attributed profuse pod yield of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Hence, bioconversion of TFBA and PMBA is highly feasible through vermicomposting and the converted materials can be utilized as potential organic fertilizer.
- Published
- 2013
38. α-FeOOH nanowires loaded on carbon paper anodes improve the performance of microbial fuel cells
- Author
-
Chenchen Ding, Zhe Li, Hua Ma, Jixiang Yang, Fuyi Cui, Yan Liu, and Jiali Xian
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Microbial fuel cell ,Materials science ,Bioelectric Energy Sources ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Nanowire ,Nanoparticle ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Conductivity ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Electricity ,Environmental Chemistry ,Electrodes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Power density ,Minerals ,Nanowires ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Carbon ,020801 environmental engineering ,Anode ,Chemical engineering ,Electrode ,Iron Compounds - Abstract
Nanowires synthesized from metal oxides exhibit better conductivity than nanoparticles due to their greater aspect ratio which means that they can transmit electrons over longer distances; in addition, they are also more widely available than pili because their synthesis is not affected by the bacteria themselves. However, there is still little research on the application of metal oxides nanowires to enhance power generation of microbial fuel cells (MFC). In this study, a simple hydrothermal synthesis method was adopted to synthesize α-FeOOH nanowires on carbon paper (α-FeOOH-NWs), which serve as an anode to explore the mechanism of power generation enhancement of MFC. Characterization results reveal α-FeOOH-NWs on carbon paper are approximately 30–50 nm in diameter, with goethite structure. Electrochemical test results indicate that α-FeOOH nanowires could enhance the electrochemical activity of carbon paper and reduce the electron transfer resistance (Rct). Furthermore, α-FeOOH-NWs made the power density of MFC 3.2 times of the control device. SEM result demonstrates that nanowires are beneficial to the formation of biofilms and increase biomass on the electrode surface. Our results demonstrate that nanowires not only improve the electrochemical activity and conductivity of carbon paper but also facilitate the formation of biofilms and increase the biomass of the anode surface. These two mechanisms work together to boost extracellular electron transfer and power generation efficiency of MFC with α-FeOOH-NWs. Our study provides further evidence for the electrical conductivity of metal nanowires, promoting their potential applications in electricity generation such as MFC or other energy development fields.
- Published
- 2020
39. Economic and environmental sustainability for anaerobic biological treatment of wastewater from paper and cardboard manufacturing industry
- Author
-
Ahmed Tawfik, Marwa H. Bakr, Mahmoud Nasr, Junaid Haider, Mohammed k.Al Mesfer, Hankwon Lim, Muhammad Abdul Qyyum, and Su Shiung Lam
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Sewage ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Wastewater ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Pollution ,Bioreactors ,Manufacturing Industry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Anaerobiosis ,Methane - Abstract
The sustainable application of an up-flow anaerobic baffled reactor (UABR) to treat real paper and cardboard industrial effluent (PCIE) containing bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1, 3-diol) was investigated. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11.7 h and a bronopol concentration of 7.0 mg L
- Published
- 2022
40. Evaluation of ion exchange resins for the removal of dissolved organic matter from biologically treated paper mill effluent
- Author
-
Desmond Richardson, Mojgan Bassandeh, Pierre Le-Clech, Alice Antony, and Greg Leslie
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Wastewater ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Adsorption ,Dissolved organic carbon ,Environmental Chemistry ,Benzopyrans ,Freundlich equation ,Ion-exchange resin ,Effluent ,Chromatography ,Ion exchange ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Ion Exchange Resins ,business ,Carbon ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
In this study, the efficiency of six ion exchange resins to reduce the dissolved organic matter (DOM) from a biologically treated newsprint mill effluent was evaluated and the dominant removal mechanism of residual organics was established using advanced organic characterisations techniques. Among the resins screened, TAN1 possessed favourable Freundlich parameters, high resin capacity and solute affinity, closely followed by Marathon MSA and Marathon WBA. The removal efficiency of colour and lignin residuals was generally good for the anion exchange resins, greater than 50% and 75% respectively. In terms of the DOM fractions removal measured through liquid chromatography-organic carbon and nitrogen detector (LC-OCND), the resins mainly targeted the removal of humic and fulvic acids of molecular weight ranging between 500 and 1000 g mol(-1), the portion expected to contribute the most to the aromaticity of the effluent. For the anion exchange resins, physical adsorption operated along with ion exchange mechanism assisting to remove neutral and transphilic acid fractions of DOM. The column studies confirmed TAN1 being the best of those screened, exhibited the longest mass transfer zone and maximum treatable volume of effluent. The treatable effluent volume with 50% reduction in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was 4.8 L for TAN1 followed by Marathon MSA - 3.6L, Marathon 11 - 2.0 L, 21K-XLT - 1.5 L and Marathon WBA - 1.2 L. The cation exchange resin G26 was not effective in DOM removal as the maximum DOC removal obtained was only 27%. The resin capacity could not be completely restored for any of the resins; however, a maximum restoration up to 74% and 93% was achieved for TAN1 and Marathon WBA resins. While this feasibility study indicates the potential option of using ion exchange resins for the reclamation of paper mill effluent, the need for improving the regeneration protocols to restore the resin efficiency is also identified. Similarly, care should be taken while employing LC-OCND for characterising resin-treated effluents, as the resin degradation is expected to contribute some organic carbon moieties misleading the actual performance of resin.
- Published
- 2013
41. Comparison of treatment options for removal of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter from paper mill effluent
- Author
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Sandra Ciputra, Ross Phillips, Des Richardson, Greg Leslie, and Alice Antony
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,Chemical Fractionation ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Fluorescence ,Adsorption ,Dissolved organic carbon ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Water Pollutants ,Organic matter ,Effluent ,Environmental Restoration and Remediation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Charcoal ,Environmental chemistry ,Water treatment ,Ion Exchange Resins ,Nanofiltration ,business ,Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ,Filtration ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Recycling paper mill effluent by conventional water treatment is difficult due to the persistence of salt and recalcitrant organics. Elimination of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from paper mill effluent was studied using three treatment options, ion exchange resin (IER), granular activated carbon (GAC) and nanofiltration (NF). The removal efficiency was analysed based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorogenic origin of the DOM fractions. For IER, GAC and NF treatments, overall removal of dissolved organic carbon was 72%, 76% and 91%, respectively. Based on the hydrophobicity, all the three treatment methods majorly removed hydrophobic acid fractions (HPhoA). Further, IER acted on all fractions, 57% of HPhoA, 44% of transphilic acid and 18% of hydrophilics, substantiating that the removal is by both ion exchange and adsorption. Based on the molecular weight, IER and GAC treatments acted majorly on the high molecular weight fractions, whereas NF eliminated all molecular weight fractions. After GAC adsorption, some amount of humic hydrolysates and low molecular weight neutrals persisted in the effluent. After IER treatment, amount of low molecular weight compounds increased due to resin leaching. Qualitative analysis of fluorescence excitation emission matrices showed that the fulvic acid-like fluorophores were more recalcitrant among the various DOM fractions, considerable amount persisted after all the three treatment methods. Three treatment methods considerably differed in terms of removing different DOM fractions; however, a broad-spectrum process like NF would be needed to achieve the maximum elimination.
- Published
- 2010
42. Genotoxicity assessment of pulp and paper mill effluent before and after bacterial degradation using Allium cepa test
- Author
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Mohtashim Lohani, Izharul Haq, Sharad Kumar, Abhay Raj, and G.N.V. Satyanarayana
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Mitotic index ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Binucleated cells ,Meristem ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,Wastewater ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Lignin ,Water Purification ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bioremediation ,Enterobacteriaceae ,Botany ,Onions ,medicine ,Mitotic Index ,Environmental Chemistry ,Food science ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Chromosome Aberrations ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Mutagenicity Tests ,Pulp (paper) ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,030104 developmental biology ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Peroxidases ,engineering ,business ,Genotoxicity ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
A lignin peroxidases-producing Serratia liquefaciens was used for bioremediation of pulp and paper (P&P) mill effluent. The treatment led to reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, lignin and phenolic content by 84%, 72%, 61% and 95%, respectively. The effluent detoxification was studied by genotoxicity assays using Allium cepa L. (onion) root tip cells. Genotoxicity studies included measuring mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in root tip cells following treatment with 25, 50, 75 and 100% (v/v) of effluent. The root tip cells grown in untreated effluent showed a significant decrease in MI from 69% (control) to 32%, 27%, 22% and 11% at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% effluent concentration, respectively. This indicated that the untreated effluent was highly cytotoxic in nature. Further, root tip cells, when treated with different concentrations of effluent showed various CA and NA including c-mitosis, stickiness, chromosome loss, chromosome break, anaphase bridge, multipolar anaphase, vagrant chromosomes, micronucleated and binucleated cells. The MI observed in root tip cells grown in bacterial treated effluents at similar concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100% v/v) showed an increase of 33%, 36%, 42% and 66%. CA showed a substantial decrease and in some instances, complete absence of CA was also observed. The findings suggest that S. liquefaciens culture could be a potential bacterial culture for bioremediation of P&P mill effluent, as it is effective in substantial lowering of pollutants load as well as reduces the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of effluent.
- Published
- 2016
43. Phytoremediation potential of a novel fern, Salvinia cucullata, Roxb. Ex Bory, to pulp and paper mill effluent: Physiological and anatomical response
- Author
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Suchismita Das and Kisholay Mazumdar
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Chloride ,Plant Roots ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Antioxidants ,Nutrient ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,Metals, Heavy ,Botany ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Hyperaccumulator ,Effluent ,Environmental Restoration and Remediation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,biology ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Pulp (paper) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Phytoremediation ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Environmental chemistry ,Textile Industry ,engineering ,Ferns ,Fern ,business ,010606 plant biology & botany ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The study was conducted with an aim to remediate effluent from a pulp and paper mill, after treating it for 28 days with an aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata. The effluent had high BOD, COD, TS, TSS, TDS, P, hardness and chloride, and several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn) above national limits. However, the plant survived a wide range of effluent concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, v/v), and flourished well, particularly at 25% (v/v), resisted membrane injury and generation of H2O2 and O2, showed better growth and induced all the major antioxidant enzymes. The plants also induced lipid peroxidation. Most of the elemental profiles were higher than the toxic levels stipulated for plants, indicating tolerance to metal. In fact, barring Fe, for Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mg and P, at all the effluent doses, and for Cd, Ni and Mn, up to 75% (v/v) effluent, greater concentrations were observed in leaf than in root. This plant was more suited for nutrient removal, as it effectively reduced BOD, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mg, P and increased dissolve oxygen. Further, pH, hardness, chloride, TS and Mn was reduced optimally by 25–50% (v/v) treatments. SEM revealed prominent structural damages from 50 to 100% treatments. Presence of Pb as well as Fe in the EDX peaks were observed in the cortex rather than in the root vascular zone. This plant could be suggested to be an effective phytoremediator of multi-contaminant effluent with maximum benefit at low doses (25–50%, v/v).
- Published
- 2016
44. Removal of tricaine methanesulfonate from aquaculture wastewater by adsorption onto pyrolysed paper mill sludge
- Author
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Marta Otero, Helena Nadais, Catarina I.A. Ferreira, Vânia Calisto, and Valdemar I. Esteves
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Fish farming ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Industrial Waste ,02 engineering and technology ,Aquaculture ,010501 environmental sciences ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Water Purification ,Adsorption ,Biochar ,Environmental Chemistry ,Aminobenzoates ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Waste management ,Sewage ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Temperature ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Contamination ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,Ultrapure water ,Environmental science ,business ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) has been widely used in intensive aquaculture systems to control stress during handling and confinement operations. This compound is dissolved in the water tanks and, once it is present in the Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RASs), MS-222 can reach the environment by the discharge of contaminated effluents. The present work proposes the implementation of the adsorption process in the RASs, using pyrolysed biological paper mill sludge as adsorbent, to remove MS-222 from aquaculture wastewater. Adsorption experiments were performed under extreme operating conditions, simulating those corresponding to different farmed fish species: temperature (from 8 to 30 °C), salinity (from 0.8 to 35‰) and different contents of organic and inorganic matter in the aquaculture wastewater. Furthermore, the MS-222 adsorption from a real aquaculture effluent was compared with that from ultrapure water. Under the studied conditions, the performance of the produced adsorbent remained mostly the same, removing satisfactorily MS-222 from water. Therefore, it may be concluded that the produced adsorbent can be employed in intensive aquaculture wastewater treatment with the same performance independently of the farmed fish species.
- Published
- 2016
45. Upflow anaerobic filter for the degradation of adsorbable organic halides (AOX) from bleach composite wastewater of pulp and paper industry
- Author
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S. A. Chiplonkar, T.Y. Yeole, K.L. Lapsiya, D.V. Savant, Prashant K. Dhakephalkar, Dilip R. Ranade, and N.S. Deshmukh
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Bleach ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,Electron donor ,Acetates ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Bacteria, Anaerobic ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Reductive dechlorination ,Bioreactor ,Environmental Chemistry ,Effluent ,Chromatography ,Hydrocarbons, Halogenated ,Chemistry ,Water Pollution ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Biodegradation ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Hypochlorous Acid ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Glucose ,Biofilter ,Anaerobic filter ,Adsorption ,Filtration - Abstract
The removal of AOX from bleach plant effluent of pulp and paper industry was studied using upflow anaerobic filter. In this paper biodegradation of AOX at different concentrations and effect of electron donors like acetate and glucose thereon in an upflow anaerobic filter at 20 d HRT is described. Results showed significant improvement in AOX degradation when electron donors such as acetate and glucose were supplemented to the influent. AOX degradation was 88% at 28 mg AOX L(-1) and 28% at 42 mg AOX L(-1). The percent degradation efficiency was enhanced to 90.7, 90.2, and 93.0 at 28 mg AOX L(-1) when the influent was supplemented with glucose, acetate and both glucose and acetate, respectively. Similarly, the efficiency was 57, 56.6 and 79.6 at 42 mg AOX L(-1) when the influent was supplemented with glucose, acetate and both glucose and acetate, respectively. The GC-MS analysis data indicated that supplementation of the influent with electron donor increased the biodegradability of number of chlorinated organic compounds.
- Published
- 2009
46. Semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) for monitoring PCDD and PCDF levels from a paper mill effluent in the Androscoggin River, Maine, USA
- Author
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David L. Courtemanch, Aria Amirbahman, Lucner Charlestra, and Howard H. Patterson
- Subjects
Paper ,Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,Rivers ,Environmental Chemistry ,Maine ,Water pollution ,SPMD ,Effluent ,Benzofurans ,Persistent organic pollutant ,Geography ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated ,Pollution ,Environmental chemistry ,Water quality ,business ,Surface water ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Polychlorinated dibenzofurans ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Paper mill effluents may contain polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) that are normally generated due to chlorinated bleaching of pulp and paper. We used the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) to monitor PCDD/F levels upstream and downstream of a paper mill on the Androscoggin River, in Jay (ME). Following the 36 day deployment, SPMD dialysis and cleanup, the samples were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs in SPMDs (sum of all tetra-through octachlorinated congeners) ranged from 4.71 pg g(-1) to 26.26 pg g(-1). Five out of the targeted 17 toxic congeners were detected, including: 2,3,7,8-TCDF; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDD. Permeability reference compounds (PRCs) were used for in situ calibration of the SPMD sampling rate (Rs). In all sites, water concentrations were the highest for OCDD (0.081-0.103 pg l(-1)), and the lowest for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF (0.005-0.009 pg l(-1)). There was not a consistent pattern of upstream-downstream gradient in the PCDD/F levels. This suggested that processes other than the mill in Jay (multiple sources, river dynamics) governed the flux of PCDD/Fs in the sampling locations. The SPMD results were validated by comparison to other studies on the Androscoggin River and elsewhere, confirming the potential of the device as a useful monitoring technique for PCDD/Fs in large river systems.
- Published
- 2008
47. A previously uncultured, paper mill Propionibacterium is able to degrade O-aryl alkyl ethers and various aromatic hydrocarbons
- Author
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Yong Hak Kim, Myeong Hee Yu, Karl-Heinrich Engesser, Cheolju Lee, and Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,Hydrocarbons, Aromatic ,Lignin ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Dioxygenases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biotransformation ,Dioxygenase ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Rhodococcus ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic chemistry ,Benzene ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Aryl ,Propionibacterium ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Anisole ,Pollution ,Toluene ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Aromatic hydrocarbon ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Ethers - Abstract
A previously uncultured Propionibacterium was isolated from a highly diluted sample (10(-6)mL) of activated sludge of paper mill effluent. The isolate MOB600 was able to grow on anisole, phenetole, benzene, toluene, phenol, styrene and biphenyl, although it used only limited carbon sources in the minimal media. The partial DNA sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene was 93% identical to Luteococcus peritoni CCUG38120 as the closest neighborhood in the family Propionibacteriaceae. Strain MOB600 produced 2-methoxyphenol and 2-ethoxyphenol seemingly in an unproductive pathway from the degradation of anisole and phenetole, respectively. It had a substrate preference to favor 3-alkoxyphenols over 2-alkoxyphenols. Formation of 3-hydroxylated O-aryl alkyl ether was substantially proved by the nearly 1:1 biotransformation of substrate-analogous 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene to 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol (sesamol) showing end-product inhibition. The strain converted 2-/3-methoxyphenols to 3-methoxycatechol. The extradiol ring fission of 3-methoxycatechol appeared to take place in the production of a yellow-colored 2-hydroxymuconate derivative, thereby being able to release methanol spontaneously. High specificity polymerase chain reaction screening for bacterial dioxygenases revealed that the genomic DNA encoded at least three ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase large subunits. Being consistent with substrate availability for this strain, the obtained sequences were closely related to large subunits of an isopropylbenzene 2,3-dioxygenase, a benzene 1,2-dioxygenase, a biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase, a benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase and a putative dioxygenase in Rhodococcus strains. Our results demonstrate that strain MOB600 may play a major role in the degradation of lignin-like O-aryl alkyl ethers and various aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in activated sludge of paper mill effluent.
- Published
- 2009
48. Toxicity of pulp and paper solid organic waste constituents to soil organisms
- Author
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Kathryn O'Halloran, D. Scott Fraser, and Michael R. van den Heuvel
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Municipal solid waste ,Biosolids ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Soil biology ,Industrial Waste ,Toxicity Tests ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental Chemistry ,Effluent ,biology ,Waste management ,Chemistry ,Earthworm ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Biodegradable waste ,biology.organism_classification ,Wood ,Pollution ,Waste treatment ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Environmental chemistry ,Resin acid ,Resins, Plant ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This study examined the potential biological hazard of pulp and paper waste solids. The solids examined were chosen on the basis of the range of wood-related organic extractives and were either primary solids screened from the effluent stream before secondary treatment, or biosolids from aerated stabilisation lagoons. Acute effects were tested at the level of plants, invertebrates and soil microbes using an oat germination and growth test, earthworm survival and reproduction test, an enchytraeid worm survival and reproduction test, and standard measures of microbial respiration. This was further benchmarked against a marine bacteria toxicity test using extract of the waste solids. Resin acids and resin acid neutrals made up the greatest proportion of organic extractives measured in biosolids whereas resin acids and fatty acids were the main constituents detected in primary solids. Examination of the tissue of earthworms from the tests revealed no net bioconcentration of the organic extractives. The waste solids were not acutely toxic to any of the soil organisms as tested without any dilution. Conversely, extracts of the waste solids demonstrated toxicity in the marine bacteria. In some cases, the solid waste material enhanced the growth of plants, earthworm reproduction and microbial respiration. The only adverse affect was that reproduction of enchytraeids was reduced by some of the waste solid treatments. However these effects did not appear to be associated with concentrations of resin acid neutrals and resin acids in these materials. Overall pulp and paper wastes were relatively benign in terms of toxicity to the soil organisms tested.
- Published
- 2009
49. Should the term ‘metallic iron’ appear in the title of a research paper?
- Author
-
Chicgoua Noubactep
- Subjects
Zerovalent iron ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Reducing agent ,Environmental remediation ,Iron ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Groundwater remediation ,Metallurgy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Corrosion ,Metal ,Metals ,Permeable reactive barrier ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Environmental Chemistry ,Groundwater ,Environmental Restoration and Remediation ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Reactive material - Abstract
Over the past three decades, groundwater remediation using permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) has proven to be effective. The majority of installed PRBs uses metallic iron (Fe(0)) as a reactive material. However, the success of implemented Fe(0) PRBs is yet to be rationalized as Fe(0) is a generator of iron oxides (contaminant scavengers) and secondary reducing agents (e.g. Fe(II), Fe3O4, H2, green rust), This communication demonstrates that Fe(0) is not an environmental reducing agent. Therefore, more science-based investigations are needed to optimize the operation of Fe(0) PRBs. In particular, Fe(0) PRBs and Fe(0)-based water filters should be regarded as particular cases of “metal corrosion in porous media”. A key feature of such systems is that the extent of Fe0 corrosion temporally depends on the residual porosity (capillarity). Thus, the functionality of any Fe0 PRB should be monitored in a way that the time-dependent variation of the kinetic of iron corrosion is discussed.
- Published
- 2022
50. Characterisation and optimisation of three potential aerobic bacterial strains for kraft lignin degradation from pulp paper waste
- Author
-
Hemant J. Purohit, Ram Chandra, Abhay Raj, and Atya Kapley
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Color ,Industrial Waste ,Bacillus ,Lignin ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Paenibacillus ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Environmental Chemistry ,Food science ,Effluent ,Phylogeny ,Sewage ,biology ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Biodegradation ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Bacillales ,Bacteria, Aerobic ,chemistry ,Aerobie ,business ,Kraft paper - Abstract
Eight aerobic bacterial strains were isolated from pulp paper mill effluent sludge. Out of eight through nutrient enrichment technique three potential aerobic bacterial strains ITRC S(6), ITRC S(7) and ITRC S(8) were found capable to effectively degrade the kraft lignin (KL), a major byproduct of the chemical pulping process and main contributor to the colour and toxicity of effluent. Further, these potential strains (ITRC S(6), ITRC S(7) and ITRC S(8)) were biochemically characterised as Gram variable small rod, Gram negative rod and Gram positive rod respectively. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing showed 95% base sequence homology and it was identified as Paenibacillus sp. (AY952466), Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus (AY856831), Bacillus sp. (AY952465) for ITRC S(6), IITRC S(7) and ITRC S(8), respectively. In batch decolourization experiments Bacillus sp. ITRC S(8) reduced the colour of lignin amended mineral salt medium, pH 7.6 by 65% after 6th d, at 30 degrees C, A. aneurinilyticus ITRC S(7) by 56% and Paenibacillus ITRC S(6) 43%. Under these conditions the three strains degraded the KL by 37%, 33% and 30%, respectively while the mixed culture of these three bacteria reduced colour by 69%, lignin by 40% and total substrate by 50% under same conditions. Biodegradation of the KL was not affected by low (
- Published
- 2007
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