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Two new isobenzofuranone derivatives (1 and 2) together with six known compounds (3–8) were isolated from the roots of Phlomis betonicoides, a highly sweet plant in China. Their structures were determined by means of HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1–8 were tested for their anti-rotavirus activity. The results showed that compounds 1–8 exhibited potent anti-rotavirus activity with therapeutic index value 7.5–16.4.

Two new coumarins, 6-hydroxymethyl-3-prenyl-7-methoxycoumarin (1) and 6-hydroxyethyl-3-prenyl-7- methoxycoumarin (2), together with three known coumarins (3–5), were isolated from the roots and stems of Yunyan-300, a variety of Nicotiana tabacum L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their anti-methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity and their antioxidant activity. The results revealed that compounds 1 and 2 showed good anti-MRSA inhibitions with IZD of 12.2 ± 1.8 and 11.8 ± 1.5 mm, respectively, and antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.65 and 4.85 μg/mL, respectively.

Two new anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) xanthones, 4,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-methylxanthone (1) and 7-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-4-methoxy-1-methylxanthone (2), were isolated from the whole plants of Comastoma pedunculatum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 showed high anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates of 48.5 and 63.6%, respectively. These rates are higher than that of positive control.

Two new conjugated ketonic fatty acids, (10E,12E)-ethyl 9-oxo-octadeca-10,12-dienoate (1) and (14S)-(10E,12E)-methyl 14-hydroxy-9-oxo-octadeca-10,12-dienoate (2), were isolated from the leaves of Vernicia fordii collected from Hunan Province of China. Their structures were characterized by means of spectroscopic analyses. All of them were tested for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines.

Two new naphthalene derivatives, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-7-(3-methyl-2-oxobut-3-enyl)-1-naphthaldehyde (1) and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-2-oxobut-3-enyl)-1-naphthaldehyde (2), together with two known naphthalene derivatives (3 and 4), were isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 showed good inhibition with IZD of 14.5 ± 1.2 and 15.2 ± 1.3 mm, respectively.

A new benzylated alkamide, N-(3-methoxybenzyl)hexadec-9Z-enamide (1), and a known analogue (2) were isolated from the roots of Lepidium meyenii. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. All the isolated alkamides were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines but found to be insignificant at concentrations up to 40 μM.

Two new diphenyl ethers, 1-[2-methoxy-4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-6-methylphenyl]-ethanone (1) and 1-[4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl]-ethanone (2), together five known diphenyl ether derivatives (3–7), were isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis fukushii. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity. Compounds 1 and 2 showed good inhibition with IZD of 13.8 ± 1.5 mm and 14.6 ± 1.6 mm, respectively.

Two new isocoumarins, (3R)-methyl-8-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxydihydroisocoumarin (1) and (3R)-methyl-7,8-dimethoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)dihydroisocoumarin (2), together with three known isocoumarins (3–5), were isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activities of compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated. Compounds 1 and 2 showed anti-TMV activities with inhibition rates of 21.8 and 18.6% at the concentration of 20 μM, respectively.

Two new alkaloids, 3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-7H-benzo[de]quinolin-7-one (1) and 3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methoxy-6,9-dimethyl-7H-benzo[de]quinolin-7-one (2), together with two known alkaloids (3 and 4) were isolated from the seeds of Cassia alata. Their structures were determined by means of HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1–4 were tested for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity. The results revealed that compounds 1–4 have potential anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates of 29.2, 38.5, 24.2, and 28.8% at the concentration of 20 μM, respectively. The inhibition rates of 1 and 2 are higher than that of the postive control.

Two new anthraquinones, alataquinones A and B (1 and 2), together with two known anthraquinones (3 and 4), were isolated from the barks of Cassia alata. Their structures were determined by means of HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1–4 were tested for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity. The results showed that compounds 1–4 exhibited moderate anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates in the range of 22.8–26.4%.

Two new isoquinoline alkaloids, fistulaquinolines A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the barks of Cassia fistula. Their structures were determined by means of HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity. The results showed that the two compounds showed weak anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates of 18.9 and 22.6%.

Two new chromones, fistulachromones A and B (1 and 2), together with three known chromones (3–5), were isolated from the twigs of Cassia fistula. Their structures were determined by means of HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activities. Compounds 1 and 2 showed high anti-TMV activities with inhibition rates of 27.5 and 30.8%, respectively. These rates are close to that of positive control.

Two new chalcones, podocarchalcones A and B (1 and 2), together with five known chalcones (3–7), were isolated from the whole plants of Desmodium podocarpum. All of their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1–7 were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity, and they exhibited activity with inhibition rates in the range of 15.2–22.4%, respectively.

Two new flavones, 6,4′-dimethoxy-8-formylflavone (1) and 6,7-dimethoxy-8-acetyl-4′-hydroxyflavone (2), together with five known flavones (3–7), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Hypericum chinense. The structure of 1–7 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity. The results showed that compound 1 shows high anti-TMV activity with an inhibition rate of 31.4%, which is close to that of the positive control.

Two new phenolic compounds, 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (1) and 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (2), together with six known phenols (3–8), were isolated from the stems of Cassia siamea. The structure of 1–8 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1–8 were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 have potential anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates of 28.2 and 23.5%, respectively. Compounds 3–8 also showed anti-TMV activity with inhibition rates in the range of 11.6–19.8%.

Two new anthraquinones, siameaquinones A (1) and B (2), together with seven known anthraquinones (3–9), were isolated from the stems of Cassia siamea. The structure of 1–9 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 were also evaluated for their cytotoxicities against five human tumor cell lines. The results revealed that compound 1 showed moderate cytotoxicities against A549 and SHSY5Y cells with IC50 values of 5.2 and 6.3 μM, and compound 2 showed moderate cytotoxicities against NB4 and SHSY5Y cells with IC50 values of 8.8 and 7.5 μM, respectively.