Search

In this review we discuss how nanomaterials can be integrated in diagnostic paper-based biosensors for the detection of proteins, nucleic acids and cells. In particular first the different types and properties of paper-based nanobiosensors and nanomaterials are briefly explained. Then several examples of their application in diagnostics of several biomarkers are reported. Finally our opinions regarding future trends in this field are discussed.

Reactions and purifications, including carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, can be carried out on a cellulose support on which the substrates are non-covalently absorbed.

Cellulose chromatography paper provides a novel non-covalent support for synthesis and in-situ purification of multi-dimensional arrays.

The main paper conservation methods are presented, classified in the following categories: preparation of the intervention, disinfestation and disinfection/sterilization, surface/dry cleaning, wet cleaning, chemical stabilization, paper repairs, consolidation and strengthening. Treatment documentation is also discussed. The targets, the historical aspects, the general principles, the materials and equipment, the acceptance and criticism pertaining to each method are briefly reviewed, and the most important research for their evaluation is presented. Several paper stabilization strategies, such as deacidification and iron gall ink stabilization, applicable to paper are elucidated. Specific consolidation and strengthening methods for paper, such as lamination and paper splitting are also discussed. The review mainly focuses on the established methods, but experimental, abandoned or insufficiently documented methods are also included. Shortcomings and limitations of several methods were found in the literature, concerning health issues, limited effectiveness, adverse side-effects on the treated artefacts and restricted applicability.

Paraformaldehyde was employed as a hydride source in the palladium-catalyzed hydrodehalogenation of aryl iodides and bromides. High throughput screening using a paper-based colorimetric iodide sensor (PBCIS) showed that Pd(OAc)2 and Cs2CO3 were the best catalyst and base, respectively. Aryl iodides and bromides were hydrodehalogenated to produce the reduced arenes using Pd(OAc)2 and Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst. This catalytic system showed good functional group tolerance. In addition, it was found that paraformaldehyde is the hydride source and the reducing agent for the formation of palladium nanoparticles.

A new direct thermal full color recording paper named TA paper has been on the market. TA paper has three recording layers : an outermost yellow color forming layer, a magenta layer and an innermost cyan color forming layer. The yellow color forming layer comprises a diazonium salt decomposable by 420 nm light and a coupler which reacts to form a yellow dye. The magenta comprises a diazonium salt decomposable by 365 nm light and a coupler which reacts to form a magenta dye. The cyan color forming layer comprises a basic leuco dye and a phenolic color developer.In this article we will describe how to design functional materials for TA paper such as diazonium salts, couplers, basic leuco dyes, phenolic color developers and ultraviolet absorber precursors.

V2O5·0.44H2O nanobelts are hydrothermally synthesized from mixtures of V2O5, H2O2, and NH4H2PO4 (H2O, autoclave, 180 °C, 48 h, 99% yield).

A new hydroxylated resin acid from the biologically treated effluents of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill has been identified as 13 β-hydroxyabietan-18-oic acid. This hydroxy acid appears to be an anaerobic degradation product of abietic acid.

Current processes for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass focus on the production of high-quality cellulosic fibers for paper, board, and viscose production. The other fractions that constitute a major part of lignocellulose are treated as waste or used for energy production. The transformation of lignocellulose beyond paper pulp to a commodity (e.g., fine chemicals, polymer precursors, and fuels) is the only feasible alternative to current refining of fossil fuels as a carbon feedstock. Inspired by this challenge, scientists and engineers have developed a plethora of methods for the valorization of biomass. However, most studies have focused on using one single purified component from lignocellulose that is not currently generated by the existing biomass fractionation processes. A lot of effort has been made to develop efficient methods for lignin depolymerization. The step to take this fundamental research to industrial applications is still a major challenge. This review covers an alternative approach, in which the lignin valorization is performed in concert with the pulping process. This enables the fractionation of all components of the lignocellulosic biomass into valorizable streams. Lignocellulose fractions obtained this way (e.g., lignin oil and glucose) can be utilized in a number of existing procedures. The review covers historic, current, and future perspectives, with respect to catalytic lignocellulose fractionation processes.

In this paper, the characteristics of physical and chemical composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in China were reviewed and the statistical indexes, namely mean value, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and t-test, were applied to analyze the physical composition, proximate, ultimate analysis, and heating value. Listed in decreasing sequence, the physical components of Chinese MSW are in food residue, non-combustibles, plastics, paper, textiles, wood waste, and rubber. In food residue, the average elementary hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) content varied greatly with samples and the chlorine (Cl) and moisture contents were extraordinarily high. While conversely, the components of wood waste were simple and different components displayed little disparity in characteristics. The elemental compositions of paper and textiles were also simple. The properties of chlorine-free plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene) were consistent, with high volatile matter, carbon (C) and H content. The mean higher heating value (HHV) of polrvinyl chloride (PVC) was about a half of that of chlorine-free plastics, because the Cl content of PVC was approximate 50%. It suggested that plastics with or without chlorine should be separated as possible. The HHV of different rubbers varied sharply, from 21,812 to 38,868 kJ/kg. A model was proposed to predict the proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value from physical composition, in which the PVC fraction in plastics and the supplementary moisture coefficient were introduced. The results showed that the predicted results fitted well with the measured ones.