Search

The protein constituents of the larval diets of queen and worker honeybees were separated by continuous paper electrophoresis. The electrophoretic patterns of royal jelly of any age and the early worker diet were similar and comprised five ninhydrin-reactive bands or fractions. Fraction 1 (nearest the cathode) contained lysine as a free amino acid. Fractions 3 and 4 appeared to be complex polypeptides. Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine and/or leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and an unidentified substance were found in chromatograms of the acid hydrolyzate of fraction 3; the hydrolyzate of fraction 4 contained the same amino acids except for threonine. Fractions 2 and 5 were not characterized. Electrophoresis of the diet of worker larvae older than 3 days showed a pronounced fading of all bands, attributable to the dilution of the solids by the addition of honey which occurs at this time. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between the protein fractions of royal jelly and worker diet which would account for the differentiation of female honeybees into queens and workers. The decrease with age in the percentage of protein in the worker diet may be significant.

Seventeen species of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera showed chemical differences by the method of paper chromatography in an evaluation of the method for taxonomic purposes. The analyses were complicated by pattern differences evident in larval, pupal, and adult stages of some species. Geographic isolates of Malacosoma disstria Hbn. as well as of Chamaepsila rosae (F.) and physiological entities within Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) show identical patterns; however, differences are found at specific levels. Paper chromatography is therefore a valuable taxonomic tool, especially as the technique is capable of considerable refinement.

A new ultramicromethod for the quantitative estimation of amino acids by paper partition chromatography is described. The material required and the procedure adopted are detailed. As an application of this new method, a quantitative estimation of the free amino acids present in the blood of the last larval instar of Galleria mellonella (L.) is presented. The results obtained, when converted into total amino nitrogen, compare favorably with total amino nitrogen results already published in the literature.

Reproducible live wet weights may be obtained for medium to large larvae of Metriocnemus knabi and Chironomus attenuatus after blotting them on filter paper for 1 min. To obtain reliable measures of wet weight for smaller larvae the blotting time must be reduced in proportion to the surface area/volume ratio of the larvae. Dry weights are easily obtained by oven drying at 60 °C for 24 h but drying for several days does not affect the results. A temperature of 100 °C decreases die percentage dry matter in C. attenuatus. Both species display an increase in percentage dry matter with increasing size. The extent to which the gut is filled with food has no effect on the percentage dry matter. Attempts to determine dry weight directly from preserved larvae were unsuccessful.

Nineteen free amino acids and four ninhydrin-positive compounds were detected in the haemolymph of fifth-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus by the technique of thin-layer chromatography. On the sixth day after feeding, tyrosine and tryptophan appeared in the haemolymph. Their concentration increased until the 12th day when testing stopped. The concentrations of alanine, asparagine, cystine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and threonine fluctuated moderately from day to day. The results obtained by thin-layer chromatography differed from those of a similar study in which the technique of paper chromatography was used.

An extract of each of Aedes aegypti (L.), A. atropalpus (Coq.), and Culex pipiens (L.) was shown by paper chromatography to contain 12 ninhydrin-staining peptides. None of these peptides from the A. aegypti extract was capable of eliciting skin reactions in a volunteer sensitive to A. aegypti bites. A reaction equivalent to that caused by a mosquito bite was produced by an estimated 10−3 g of dialyzed A. aegypti extract from which the ninhydrin-staining peptides had been removed. Of the solvents tested in attempting to fractionate this active material, the most suitable was 65% acetone. By this means, A. aegypti extract was shown to contain at least four fractions capable of producing skin reactions in volunteers sensitive to A. aegypti bites.

Freshly caught intermolt lobsters show a highly significant elevation of blood glucose after a few minutes of mild stress. Females show a significantly greater increase than males. The small amounts of other sugars in the blood are great enough to explain the increase in glucose, and chromatographic analysis shows that they diminish under stress. In postmolt animals the stress hyperglycaemia is not as great but is still significant; the difference between the sexes is not apparent. Lobsters held in commercial pounds were found to be in a hyperglycaemic condition. The stress of commercial handling and prolonged fasting brings about significant changes in blood sugars and the sexes react differently. The rather better survival of females under these conditions may also be significant.

The size at which crustaceans become mature can be a useful gauge in the study of environmental effects on field populations. The use of probability paper in rigorously defining the mean size at onset of sexual maturity avoids some of the confusion inherent in other methods of assessing size at maturity and permits an objective comparison of differences between discrete populations. Both logical and mathematical considerations in the use of probability paper for analyzing field data have been treated; and some sample data reveal how one might detect environmental effects on population structure. In this case the data indicated that mole crabs (Emerita analoga) may have grown at different rates in proximate populations.

Previous papers dealing with behaviors and activities of blood cell nuclei have been recording mainly results with the imprint method and observations of blood cells cultured in vitro. The present paper demonstrates that the Feulgen "gentle squash" method as well as digestion with N HCl followed by toluidine blue staining at pH 4 reveals the same nuclear behaviors as the imprint method. Imprinting on millipore filters with subsequent fixation in Zenker's acetic solution followed by the Feulgen or toluidine blue staining method (the latter with or without previous N HCl digestion) is reported for the first time. The millipore imprint preserves a thicker layer of cells than imprinting on glass slides. Also cell stages which may not easily stick to glass seem to adhere well to the millipore filter. The filter imprint may in places present as many cell layers as a thin slice cut on the microtome, but without the disadvantage of having large or elongated cell stages cut into pieces by the microtome knife.

The paper describes two species of Haemobaphes (Copepoda: Lernaeoceridae) found on fishes in the waters of British Columbia. The species are: H. diceraus Wilson, 1917 and H. intermedius sp.nov., whose adult, modified females have been found in Georgia Strait. In addition, lernaeocerid larvae of the genus Haemobaphes have been found and several developmental stages are described. The paper also discusses the present status of the genus Haemobaphes and speculates on the possible life cycles of the two species described.

In Part I of this paper consideration was given to the role of climate in the initiation of outbreaks of the spruce budworm in New Brunswick. Analysis of the available weather data showed that the 1912 and 1949 outbreaks developed after several consecutive dry summers. Support was given to the theory of climatic release, which explains the time and place of outbreaks on a climatic basis. However, the recorded history of the spruce budworm also shows that high populations appeared in New Brunswick shortly after "spreading" through Quebec, and this suggests that the New Brunswick outbreaks are also a continuation of this spread. In the present part of the paper consideration is given to the role of dispersal. Moth dispersal is a more effective agent of spread than larval dispersal. Moths may be transported by convectional and turbulent air currents for long distances. Light traps used to detect the incidence of moth movements, showed that large segments of a population may be transferred from one area to another. Unspent females often predominate in these movements. Moth invasion was not detected before the 1949 outbreak although there is evidence from other sources that it occurred in 1948. When deposited in dense, mature, softwood stands, the moths can create outbreaks, but when deposited in young, open, or mixed-wood stands the ensuing high populations soon decline unless bolstered by repeated invasions. Populations in New Brunswick showed gradual and general increases as early as 1947. It is thought probable that these increases resulted from the build-up of local populations through climatic release. The nearest highly-populated centers were over 100 miles to the west in 1947. Later, invasion of moths from centers outside of the Province may have hastened the process.

The experiments described in this paper show that two species of chickadees learn from one another about the location and nature of potential feeding places when they are foraging together in mixed flocks in large aviaries. In the first experiment, I show that when an individual of one species finds a single food item, members of the other species modify their foraging behavior over the next few seconds so that they put more effort into searching near the site of the find. This applies to both species. Further, members of both species modify their foraging behavior when a bird of the other species searches in a place unsuccessfully. This response to an unsuccessful search is similar to, but weaker than, the response to a food find. The second experiment shows that when the two species are trained to forage in different positions in the experimental trees, they converge in their foraging behavior when they are put in mixed flocks, This is a result of copying. The third experiment shows that individuals of both species are more likely to discover a completely new foraging place if they are in the presence of an experienced bird of the other species.I discuss these results in relation to theories on the adaptive significance of flocking, and conclude that learning about potential feeding places from other species is an important function of mixed flocks, at least for some species. This does not exclude the possibility of other functions of mixed flocks.

Three genera of predacious mites in the subfamily Phytoseiinae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) are known to occur in Canada and Alaska. Chant reviewed the genus Phytoseius Ribaga in Canada, and Chant and Hansell reviewed the genus Amblyseius Berlese in Canada and Alaska. The present paper, based on examination of several thousands of specimens, describes, keys, and figures the 20 species of Typhlodromus Scheuten known to occur in Canada and Alaska, and includes full collection records. Two new species arc described.

This paper describes some effects of experimental electrical fields on the amount of movement of Drosophila and Calliphora. Activity in Drosophila was temporarily reduced by sudden exposure to a potential gradient as low as 10 to 62.5 v/cm and of constant polarity. The period of reduced activity was prolonged by reversing the field polarity at 5-minute intervals. A more transient reduction of activity was observed in Calliphora; however, a much stronger field was necessary to produce the effect. The results do not support the idea that prestorm increases in insect activity are related to potential gradient disturbances. The possibility of effects of insect size on the response to an electrical field is discussed.

This investigation is based upon the examination of 205 muskrat carcasses taken at various times between October 1944 and May 1947 and derived from 17 different localities in British Columbia. Seventy-four per cent of these carcasses were parasitized by 13 species of internal parasites. These included: trematodes, Echinostomum coalitum, Echinoparyphium contiguum, Quinque-serialis quinqueserialis, Notocotylus urbanensis, and Plagiorchis proximus; cestodes, Hymenolepis evaginata and Hymenolepis octocoronata; nematodes, Capillaria ransomia, Trichuris opaca, and Hepaticola hepatica and a species of Acanthocephala, related to the genus Polymorphus (Family Corynosomidae). Two larval cestodes were found infecting the liver; the strobilocercus, Cysticercus fasciolaris (Taenia taeniaformis) and a proliferating cysticercus, Cladotaenia sp. Pathological lesions in the muskrats resulted from two different pulmonary infections, infections of wounds, and a type of tumor. It was found that: the muskrats in this province were not extensively parasitized; hence mortality due to excess parasitism is probably negligible. This paper includes a review of the parasites of the muskrat that have been recorded by other workers.

The metacercarial stage of Gymnophalloides tokiensis has a mid-ventral pit which was mistaken in the original description for a wide genital pore. The genital pore is small, on the anterior edge of the ventral sucker, and not surrounded by prominent muscle fibers. Other corrections of the original description include paired, compact vitellaria (referred to as Mehlis gland), a bipartite (not globular) seminal vesicle, and an ovary smaller than the testes; no eye spots or a seminal receptacle are present.Yamaguti's (1971) synonymy of Lacunovermis Ching, 1965 with Gymnophalloides is rejected because of the differences in the location and type of genital pore. In contrast to G. tokiensis, both L. conspicuus and L. macomae (Lebour, 1908) Loos-Frank, 1970 have a wide genital pore that opens some distance from the ventral sucker and both ventral pit and genital pore are surrounded by strong muscle fibers.Two of Yamaguti's (1971) footnotes about gymnophallid trematodes are corrected. In my 1965 paper, I did not synonymize Gymnophalloides with Meiogymnophallus but replaced Gymnophalloides as emended by James (1964) with the name Meiogymnophallus. I did not synonymize Gymnophallus oidemiae, now M. minutus (Cobbold, 1859) Bowers and James, 1967, with G. somateriae but regard them as distinct species.

This paper constitutes a "stocktaking" of biological control in Canada. The success or failure of each of 31 Canadian biological control projects is assessed. Past experiences in Canada are analyzed, and recommendations for future work are made. The meaning of the term "control" is defined in an economic context. Lloyd's (1960) suggestion regarding the influence of host plant longevity on the success of biological control is rejected, and a new concept based on the type of injury inflicted by the pest is substituted. There is a discussion on the philosophy of biological control and some of the popular misconceptions regarding it. Some dangers of biological control are suggested. Smith's (1929) analysis of the population effects of multiparasitism is challenged. The simultaneous introduction of many exotic species of parasites and predators is not favored and a strong plea for more discrimination and caution in the selection of species for introduction is voiced. The need for research in this field is emphasized, and fields of research are suggested. The philosophy of a biological control research program is outlined.

This paper deals with the locomotor movements of four fish species, Salmo gairdnerii irideus Gibbons, Ambloplites rupestris rupestris (Rafinesque), Ictalurus nebulosus nebulosus (Le Sueur), and Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus), and the locomotor patterns displayed by non-conditioned animals in constant conditions of light and darkness.The entries into the 16 sectors of the tank were uniformly distributed; there was no preference shown by the fish for any one sector of the experimental tank, regardless of the light condition.Most animals with the exception of the rock bass displayed a definite pattern of locomotor movements, consisting of a range of turning angles. Variations in this pattern were not significant from day to day under similar experimental conditions of light.Frequencies of right- and left-handed turns showed individual differences in a large number of bullhead and pumpkinseed, whereas there were no differences in rock bass. Thigmotaxis and vision might play a role in this turning behavior.Animals displayed a different angular pattern of locomotion under light and dark conditions. Rock bass and pumpkinseed showed a preference for short angle turns whereas rainbow trout made turns of longer angles. Bullhead showed no change in the magnitude of the angles of turn.

This paper is concerned with the Diplodiniinae of 14 reindeer from the Canadian Arctic. One new species, Polyplastron arcticum n.sp., is described, and eight other species of Diplodiniinae redescribed. A key to the species of Diplodiniinae of reindeer has been compiled.

Ecological and biological similarities and differences were observed in these three populations. These variations may partially be explained by the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters in which the specimens were collected. They may also be due to trophic relations which will be described in another paper.

In the present, the third in a series of papers on Monogenea from the Bay of Quinte area, 20 species of the subfamily Ancyrocephalinae Bychowsky, 1937 and one species of the family Tetraoncidae Bychowsky, 1957 are presented. The 21 species of the monogenetic trematodes collected are as follows: Actinocleidus fusiformis (Mueller, 1934) Mueller, 1937, A. gibbosus Mizelle and Donahue, 1944, A. mizellei sp. n., A. recurvatus Mizelle and Donahue, 1944. Cleidodiscus alatus Mueller, 1938, C. capax Mizelle, 1936, C. glenorensis sp. n., C. pricei Mueller, 1936, C. robustus Mueller, 1934, C. stentor Mueller, 1937, C. vancleavi Mizelle, 1936, Urocleidus acer (Mueller, 1936) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. adspectus Mueller, 1936, U. dispar (Mueller, 1936) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. ferox Mueller, 1934, U. fundulus Mizelle, 1940, U. furcatus (Mueller, 1937) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. hargisi sp. n., U. principalis (Mizelle, 1936) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. rogersi sp. n., and Tetraoncus monenteron Diesing, 1858. Descriptions and drawings of the new species and comprehensive measurements of the remaining species are presented.

This paper describes and illustrates the behavior of blast cell nuclei recorded by a motion picture camera through a phase contrast microscope. This behavior includes extension and contraction of the nuclei to present the classically accepted patterns of a rounded nucleus at one moment and an elongated often twisted shape a few seconds later. The motion involved is not amoeboid action. The elongated nucleus is not accepted in the literature as a normal pattern of a blast cell nucleus but it obviously should be. After an extension the nucleus contracts again presenting the classical rounded form commonly associated with blast cells.The authors believe that this nuclear behavior is a natural function of the blast cell and that it occurs many times during the life history of this cell. It is especially characteristic of the time when the blast cell is releasing most of its nuclear contents to form free basic nuclear units and other components of the blood. A comparison is made with similar blast cells and their nuclear variations in a Feulgen "gentle squash" preparation which is lightly counterstained with fast green F.C.F.

The sexual response of male Schizocosa crassipalpis (Emerton), S. avida (Walckenaer), Pardosa moesta Banks, and P. saxatilis (Hentz) to filter paper discs previously exposed to females was studied in the laboratory. Evidence indicates that the females secrete a nonvolatile substance which the males receive through contact chemoreception and which excites them sexually. Attempts to demonstrate an olfactory cue in the sexual response were unsuccessful. The substance was found to be species specific except in S. crassipalpis. It was produced by adult females regardless of age or mating history. Male response was similarly not affected. The substance was active for about 4 weeks. It was labile to treatment with ether or benzene and could not be extracted with either solvent. The sites of its secretion and perception have not been ascertained.

This paper presents a description of the cells of the normal mesenteric lymph node of the rabbit. The work evolved from a study of the developmental history of the plasmacyte in this organ. The imprint method was used in the preparation of the slides. Several cellular stages not previously recorded in the literature are described.

The authors have studied the hypopial nymphs (Acarina, Sarcoptiformes) living in phoretic association with mammals in Canada. So far only two species have been recorded from Canada. In the present paper six additional species are recorded and among these one is new and is described here.

Analyses of the somatic complements of Hylemya antiqua, H. brassicae, H. cilicrura, H. crucifera, H. floralis, H. fugax, H. planipalpus, and H. trichodactyla (?) have been made following techniques described in the first paper of this series. All species, except H. fugax, have 12 chromosomes. These 12-chromosome species fall naturally into three main groups differing in average arm ratios and in other respects. H. fugax males have 13 chromosomes and females have 14, both including five pairs of submetacentric autosomes. One to three supernumerary chromosomes were found in a few larvae of H. cilicrura. Small intraspecific differences were found between collections of H. brassicae from different geographic locations. The results with this genus emphasize the inaccuracy of referring to complements which look similar as the same or identical.

The reaction of the intermediate host to the presence of the hydatid cyst in all animals follows a generally similar pattern, modified somewhat by the species of host and the organ invaded. This reaction is a complex of factors which vary in kind as well as degree as the parasite slowly grows. These include the effects of growth and development, excretions and secretions, and the enlargement of a laminated protective membrane; the host reacts by a stage of inflammation, repair, and the deposition of a fibrous tissue adventitia. The host reaction is not organically attached to the parasite which if not killed continues to grow to a considerable size (optimum about 10 cm) causing increased pressure atrophy of the host tissue. In the early stages of growth there is a great local production of tissue eosinophiles by the host, which later gradually subsides.This paper describes the histology of the effect of Echinococcus granulosus on the livers of pigs, sheep, bovines, deer, and equines and the reaction to its presence.

Female black flies were taken abundantly in fan traps, on "sticky" mannequins, and on "sticky" flesh-colored paper cylinders when carbon dioxide was released beside them, but few were taken without the carbon dioxide. More flies were taken from the cylinders placed horizontally than vertically and more from the ends of the horizontal cylinders than from the mid-portions. More flies landed on the ends of the vertical cylinders near which the carbon dioxide was escaping than on the opposite ends. Many flies were collected using human breath as a stimulus. Heating the silhouettes did not predictably affect their attractiveness. The combined results indicate that carbon dioxide and vision are especially significant to the orienting and landing of Simulium venustum.

Larvae of Cephus cinctus were held at constant temperatures between −15 and −30 °C and the incidence of freezing was recorded. A linear relation with high correlation coefficient was obtained when the logarithm of mean freezing time was plotted against temperature. Mean time to freeze doubles with each 0.53° rise in temperature; within the range studied, it increased from 1.2 seconds at −30° to more than a year at −17°.A family of freezing curves showing the course of freezing at a series of constant temperatures permits approximation of the course of freezing during a regime of fluctuating temperatures such as would occur naturally in hibernacula.From this paper and two preceding ones by the writer, it is now apparent that the general temperature range within which an insect nucleates and freezes is determined by intrinsic factors (nucleating agents and body water), whereas the specific freezing temperature within this range is determined by extrinsic factors (cooling pattern and the element of chance that attends nucleus formation.)

Retinae of fish exposed to 9 × 102 ft-c are more fully adapted to light than those of fish exposed to 10−1 ft-c. Retinae of the former group take a shorter time to attain the same state of adaptation as that of the latter. However, they take a longer time than the latter to attain their own maximum state of adaptation. Retinae of fish subjected to darkness after exposure to 9 × 102 ft-c are not dark-adapted even after 70 minutes. The retinal epithelial pigment of fishes placed in darkness from light of 10−1 ft-c dark-adapts in 45 minutes while the cones do so in 25 minutes. The retinal index indicates that dark-adaptation occurs 45 minutes after subjection to dark. Hypotheses presented in a previous paper are discussed in the light of these results.

This paper presents the continuation of studies on blood cell behaviors published earlier by Engelbert.It was then shown that "nuclear bodies" named "basic nuclear units" passed through several stages of a nuclear life history which was believed to hold the key to blood cell cytogenesis. Blood cell polymorphism or pleomorphism is believed to be products of the many staged nuclear life history. The nuclear life history can be experimentally altered, for example by foreign proteins. The basic nuclear units are believed to be reproductive organelles.Additional evidence of nuclear behaviors fitting into the nuclear life history is presented. Formation and release of vesicles by myeloblast nuclei was demonstrated earlier. Evidence is presented here to show that the production and release of these intranuclear vesicles is not a sign of degeneration, but a process by which new cells can be produced through reassociation of released nuclear materials. Some released vesicles become red blood cells. Extreme variations in shape of myeloblast nuclei are not signs of degeneration, but are characteristic nuclear behaviors associated with nuclear activity.The release of new small nuclei, intranuclear vesicles, and various granules are nuclear activities leading to formation of new cells.

This paper reports the continued investigations into nuclear behaviors and activities of blood cells.Further proof of the extreme changes in shape of the almost naked nuclei of blast cells and evidence of the motility of such nuclei are presented. Further evidence for the release of intranuclear vesicles which become red blood cells is given. The cyclic nature of the life history of lymphocytes, which was first postulated in 1956 (Engelbert (5)), is again emphasized, also the extreme changes in morphology of the whole nucleus as well as the basic nuclear units which take place during the life history. The nucleus should be regarded as a federated composite structure—a federate autonomy—made up of smaller structures, the basic nuclear units, that each have a certain autonomous potential, which comes into play when they leave the composite federation. The nuclear federation can become very large forming polypoid nuclei. Naked nuclei can form "cytoplasm" by contracting and thus squeezing nucleoplasm out into a rim around the nucleus.

This paper deals with the structure of the vitelline membrane of Lytta viridana as seen through the light microscope and the electron microscope. Through the light microscope, the vitelline membrane of a freshly laid egg appears to be porous. This condition persists for 15–30 min. During this time the pores become progressively smaller until the membrane becomes solid and continuous. The electron microscope reveals that the vitelline membrane of the freshly laid egg is actually composed of a three-dimensional membranous system which condenses into a homogeneous membrane after 15–30 min. The apparent porosity of the membrane as seen through the light microscope is interpreted in terms of its fine structure, and the belief is expressed that solidification of the membranous system is initiated by sperm penetration.

Two of the three species recorded in this paper (Ceratonereis scotiae sp. n. and Nereis diversicolor O. F. Müller) were collected some years ago, but hitherto their occurrence has not been noted. The third (Tharyx marioni (Saint-Joseph)) was collected recently for the first time in Canadian waters.

This paper presents descriptions of the calls and visual displays of the cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis, and suggests some motivational factors behind the displays. Of the several calls, some occur in highly specific situations as exemplified by the piping call of the male during courtship feeding. Others occur in more than one context, an example being the chitter call used in intense situations of agonism or alarm. In agonistic encounters, several calls of similar structure occur together.Among the displays the most interesting are those used in courtship, namely, song-flight, song-dance, lopsided, and courtship-feeding displays. All of them share components with non-display actions, but the motivations behind them appear to be complex.The displays of the cardinal are similar in some cases to those of other richmondenine finches and to those of birds in the related subfamilies Emberizinae and Carduelinae.

This paper comprises a list of the parasites from vertebrates collected in the Sudan (East Africa) by the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3.

This paper deals with the ranges of hares in an area of the Quebec Laurentians which is characterized by a heterogeneity of vegetation structure. The vegetation structures are described, and the relation of the hares to this environment is shown in terms of utilization. Modifications of rates and areas of movements of the hares are correlated to physical and climatic factors. By expanding trap lines from main study areas, and by gang-trapping, social aspects of individuals are studied. Conclusions reached are: (a) vegetation structure plays an important role in determining the ranges of hares; (b) climatic and physical factors dampen or activate movements within the ranges; (c) female hares are consistent in their choice of browse and cover areas whereas males are not; (d) daily ranges of males and females in summer and winter are found to be about 4 acres; (e) modifications of daily ranges of hares are decreases when females care for young, and increases when males move from one female's range to another; (f) the total ranges of males is ultimately determined by the sum of the ranges of the female hares which they court.

The amino acids of new and old foliage of flowering and non-flowering balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were investigated using two-dimensional descending paper chromatography. The data were analyzed for variation associated with age of foliage, age of tree, and flowering condition. The concentration of foliar amino acids was greater in balsam fir than in white spruce, and greater in new foliage than old foliage.The difference in concentration between foliage of flowering and non-flowering trees was smaller. However, the new foliage of flowering fir had higher levels of most of the amino acids examined than any other foliage category. This appears to reflect the known suitability of these foliage categories for spruce budworm larvae. While the data presented do not quantify the ecological significance of this apparent correlation, they do support the theory that variations in the nutritional quality of host plants play a very important role in the dynamics of herbivore populations.

This paper deals with the early embryonic development of Neodiprion banksianae Roh., N. nanulus Schedl., and N. sertifer Geoff., up to the initiation of winter diapause. Methods of preparation are described and the course of development is traced and described with the aid of two text-figures and two plates. The three species were found to enter diapause at approximately the same stage, but some differences in the details of their embryonic structure were discovered.

This study deals with segmentation and the segmental appendages in Lytta viridana from 88 to 132 h. The emphasis is on head segmentation. The first part of the paper describes the development of the appendages at 88, 120, and 132 h. The main changes involve the rotation of the mandibles through 120° in a posteromedian direction, which begins shortly before 88 h and is complete at 132 h, the fusion of the labial appendages at 120 h, and the movement of the labium forward in front of the maxillae at 132 h. Blastokinesis, which in this species is limited to the formation of a prominent secondary dorsal organ, occurs at 120 h. The second part describes the cephalic apodemes and tentorium at 88, 120, and 132 h. Cephalic apodemes appear in the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, and labial segments. Since the labrum arises from two appendage-like rudiments, possesses mesoderm that arises in situ and is provided with coelomic sacs, and has a pair of apodemes, it is considered to be appendicular. Hence the head is believed to consist of an acron and six metameres.

This paper deals with the morphology of the chorion and associated structures in the egg of Lytta viridana as observed through the light microscope and the electron microscope. The chorion proper is a thin, single layer exhibiting a delicate banded pattern at high magnification. The micropyles are extremely complex protrusions of the chorion, having central cavities from which flap-like arms extend at various angles. These flaps exhibit the same banding pattern as the chorion, although the periodicity is more variable. Exterior to the chorion is found a frothy mucilaginous material which holds the eggs together in a clump after they are laid. Between the chorion and the vitelline membrane a thin layer of homogeneous material is found in laid eggs. The peculiar characteristics of these structures are compared with those of other insect eggs, and their significance in connection with water conservation, respiration, and sperm entry is discussed.

This paper presents a light microscope study of the cytology of the cells which secrete a substance into the lumen of the spermatheca of Rhodnius prolixus. On the basis of histochemical tests, the material in the lumen appears to be a mucoprotein or glycoprotein. It is suggested that the secretion provides a source of energy for the maintenance of the spermatozoa.

In the same clam host, the metacercaria of Gymnophallus somateriae differs from those of Lacunovermis conspicuus and Meiogymnophallus multigemmulus in the body shape and spination; small, irregular vitellaria; and lyre-shaped excretory bladder. The adult from diving ducks differs from Levinsen's description in the shorter posterior range of the uterus and shorter length of the eggs. The fusiform body, sucker ratio, location of the ventral sucker in the posterior third of the body, and bipartite seminal vesicle with large distal portion and smaller proximal portion are characteristic of the species. G. somateriae of Odhner (1900, 1905) belongs to a new genus and new species because of the size and location of the genital pore and will be described in the next paper. G. gibberosus Loos-Frank, 1971 is closely related to G. somateriae but has a ventral sucker in the middle third of the body, a uterus only in the anterior half of the body, and a proximal seminal vesicle smaller in diameter than the ventral sucker.

This paper describes a bacteriological study of strains of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland producing disease in codling moth larvae and an investigation of their pathogenicity. Strains of the bacterium were pathogenic to the codling moth by feeding or by injection.

Honey bee studies would be facilitated and extended if a reliable method of rearing honey bees in the laboratory were devised. Most failures in development occur in the postcapping stages. Therefore, fully fed larvae or pupae of all three castes were removed from the comb and reared in the laboratory in various ways to ascertain if the precapping or postcapping techniques were at fault. Developmental failure was measured by an arbitrary "scale of success" in which the prepupal and preimaginal ecdyses were scored according to the distance the skin was shed.Routine handling of the postcapping stages with forceps does not appear to affect development, and exposure to room temperatures and humidities is damaging only to drone larvae and pupae. Hindgut intimae should not be removed by hand. Prepupae and pupae, in natural cells, had high ecdysal scores when held at 20–80% R.H. probably because water vapor loss is reduced by the cell cappings. However, outside the natural cell the postcapping stages can best be reared at 80% R.H. and pupae can also be reared at 60%. The best material on which to rear the bees is paper tissue or surgical gauze. Pupae also rear well in wax grooves or on surgical cotton wool. However, when no cell is used, several abnormalities in development occur.

The presence of gametic compatibility on the subspecies, species, and generic level has been demonstrated in a number of bitterling species. In this paper the hybridization between Acheilognathus lanceolatus from Japan × Acheilognathus himantegus from Taiwan and Rhodeus amarus from Holland × A. himantegus has been reported. From both combinations, hybrids have been obtained with the aid of artificial insemination. They showed a male phenotype. Although bright nuptial colors were present in the spawning season, milt production by means of stripping was extremely small or absent. A diagram is presented showing the gametic compatibility between A. himantegus and three other allopatric bitterling species.

This paper describes the embryonic development of Lytta viridana from oviposition to the formation of the blastema. The egg has the features commonly found in an insect egg. Bilateral symmetry is shown by the shape of the egg, variation in thickness of the vitelline membrane, and distribution of the yolk components. In the newly laid egg the vitelline membrane is porous. This is believed to be the first record of this phenomenon in insects. During cell division chromatin elimination occurs along the spindle to the equatorial plane. It is especially marked in the first meiotic division, but continues into late cleavage. During the first 4 hours the periplasm flows first forward to the cephalic region and then caudad along the central axis. The belief is expressed that this movement is associated with the prefusion movements of the sperm and fertilization. Fertilization occurs at about 3 hours. During the first 14 hours of development, marked morphogenetic movements of the deutoplasm occur.

The somatic chromosome complements of nine sarcophagid species are described using methods presented in the first paper of this series. These species are Acridiophaga aculeata, Kellymyia kellyi, Protodexia australis, P. hunteri, Pseudosarcophaga affinis, Sarcophaga aldrichi, S. cooleyi, Sarcophaga "H", and S. reversa. P. affinis has 19 or 20 chromosomes whereas all the others have 12-chromosome complements most of which can be distinguished.

This paper describes the use of the serological procedure known as the precipitin test to study the rate of digestion of host blood in mosquitoes. In the laboratory, at constant temperatures, precipitin reactions were obtained on blood meals of Aedes aegypti eight days after engorgement when the mosquitoes were held at 11 °C. but only one or two days after engorgement when the holding temperature was 27 °C. Field studies with A. hexodontus in northern Manitoba also showed that temperature has a strong influence on the rate of blood digestion. Pertinent literature is reviewed and the limitations of the precipitin test are discussed. Until now little attention has been devoted in Canada to possible disease transmission by mosquitoes. Increasing interest in mosquitoes as vectors of the encephalitides and proved transmission of western equine encephalitis by Culex restuans in Manitoba suggest the importance of further knowledge of mosquito physiology.